Far-infrared Radiation Research Articles

Investigation on the mechanism of water activated via tourmaline powder

Herein, the mechanisms of tourmaline powder activating water were discussed via the performance of water cluster. The result suggested that the performance of water were improved by tourmaline powder. The surface tension 72.19 mN/m, dissolved oxygen 9.57 mg/L, and conductivity 0.53 us/cm of activated water were obtained at D50 of tourmaline powder 0.79 μm, dosage of tourmaline powder 20 g/L, processing time 10 min, and processing temperature 17 °C. Besides, assisted by the tourmaline powder, the full width at half maxima (FWHM) of 17O in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of water diminished from 1485 Hz to 533 Hz. The polarization electric field of tourmaline improved the water temperature to weaken and break the hydrogen bond. Based on the various infrared active vibrational bonds of tourmaline, the molecules resonate of water were promoted by the far-infrared radiation to cut off the hydrogen bonds and improve the activity of water.

Roasting process shaping the chemical profile of roasted green tea and the association with aroma features

Roasting process impacts the chemical profile and aroma of roasted tea. To compare the impacts of far-infrared irradiation and drum roasting treatments (light, medium and heavy degrees), the corresponding roasted teas were prepared from steamed green tea for chemical analyses and quantitative descriptive analysis on aroma, and correlations between volatiles and aroma attributes were studied. There were 8 catechins, 13 flavonol glycosides and 105 volatiles quantified. Under heavy roasting treatments, most catechins and flavonol glycosides decreased, and aldehydes, ketones, furans, pyrroles/pyrazines, and miscellaneous greatly increased, while far-infrared irradiated teas had distinct nutty aroma compared with the roasty and burnt odor of drum roasted teas. The weighted correlation network analysis result showed that 56 volatiles were closely correlated with the aroma attributes of roasted teas. This study reveals the differential chemical and sensory changes of roasted teas caused by different roasting processes, and provides a novel way for flavor chemistry study.

Strengthening mechanism of far-infrared radiation of tourmaline in iron-tailing ceramics

In recent years, the application of far-infrared ceramics in fuel activation, medical care, and stealth materials has attracted an increasing amount of attention. This article proposes an analytical method to determine ceramic formulation based on the chemical composition of tailings, in which the weight ratio of the iron ore tailings, calcium carbonate, and silica is 6:1:1. On this basis, 3 wt%, 5 wt%, 7 wt%, 9 wt%, and 11 wt% schorl was added to improve the far-infrared radiation performance of iron-tailing ceramics. The results showed that the far-infrared emissivity of iron-tailing ceramics was 0.887, this being lower than that of the experimental group, and the maximum value was 0.925 when 5 wt% schorl was added. The best far-infrared radiation performance obtained is summarized as being the isomorphic structure formed by substituting metal ions that changes the dipole moment between the molecules and reduces the symmetry of the crystal vibration.

Extraction assisted by far infrared radiation and hot air circulation with deep eutectic solvent for bioactive polysaccharides fromPoria cocos(Schw.) wolf

In this study, a new ternary choline chloride-deep eutectic solvent was used to efficiently extract bioactive polysaccharides fromporia cocosassisted by the new tool of the far infrared radiation (FIR) together with hot air circulation (HAC).

Special electromagnetic field-treated water and far-infrared radiation alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in rats by regulating haptoglobin

ABSTRACT Special electromagnetic field-treated water (SEW) and far-infrared radiation (FIR) can reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in rats inflicted by lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). However, little is known about its underlying molecular mechanism. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) of SEW and FIR interventions were obtained from a proteomics database. A total of 89 DEPs were identified. Enrichment analysis of DEPs was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. These DEPs were associated with the responses to LPSs, acute inflammation, extracellular exosomes, glucocorticoids, and electrical stimuli. The protein-protein interaction network was set up using the STRING database. Modular analysis was performed using MCODE in the Cytoscape software. Proteins Haptoglobin, Apolipoprotein B, Transthyretin, and Fatty acid binding protein 1 were among the core networks. A tail vein injection of LPS was used to establish the rat model with ARDS. Parallel reaction monitoring confirmed Hp protein expression. Inflammatory pathway factors were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This indicates that SEW and FIR can be considered as potential clinical treatment methods for ARDS treatment and that their functional mechanisms are related to the ability of alleviating lung inflammation through Hp protein adjustment.

Influence of Mg and Si content on infrared radiation performance of AP/HTPB system in each band

The limited effort in this paper is focused on studying the effects of different contents of high-energy additives on infrared radiation performance of AP/HTPB systems in each band. A Spectraline SC7000 imaging spectrometer was used to test the radiation performance of each band. The test results show that when the magnesium (Mg) content increases from 0 to 30%, the near-infrared radiation intensity is greatly increased. The near-infrared radiation energy increases from 19 to 125W/Sr by 558%, the mid-infrared radiation energy increases from 32 to 85W/Sr by 166%, and the far-infrared radiation energy increased from 9.4 to 12.8W/Sr by 36%.The ratio of θα/β/λ changed from 0.59:1:029 to 1.47:1:0.15. The increase of silicon (Si) content from 0 to 30% has a great contribution to the increase of the radiation intensity in the far-infrared band. The intensity of near-infrared radiation increased from 19 to 97W/Sr by 411 %, the energy of mid-infrared radiation increased from 32 to 64W/Sr by 82%, and the energy of far- infrared radiation increased from 9.4 to 40W/Sr by 326%. The ratio of θα/β/λ has changed from 0.59:1:0.29 to 1.52:1:0.63.

Care for perineal tears in vaginal delivery: An update for midwife

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study will be to review several studies regarding the repair or treatment of perineal tears after vaginal delivery. This is expected to be an update for a midwife in daily caring. MethodsTwo electronic databases (PubMed and Sciencedirect) were searched to locate relevant literature about perineal tears/wound/laceration/trauma that is published in 2016–2021. 124 Pubmed articles and 452 ScienceDirect articles filtered successfully. The articles that have been obtained will be evaluated based on the inclusion criteria in this study. We summarize place and date, objective, design, samples, the measurement used, and research results. Results9 articles were found that matched the inclusion criteria. Three articles examined the effect of the type of suture on perineal pain, and another 6 discussed therapy to reduce the adverse effects of perineal tears. The therapies used are far-infrared radiation therapy, capacitive-resistive radiofrequency therapy, pelvic floor muscle training in early postpartum, cold therapy, and treatment with TheresienOl (natural oil). ConclusionSutures and technique/suturing second-degree perineal tears or a postpartum episiotomy can affect perineal pain. Cold gel pad therapy and treatment with natural oil on perineal wounds can affect perineal pain and wound healing.

Effect of Low Energy Far-Infrared Irradiation on Facial Skin for Healthy People

Objective: Utilizing VISIA skin tester to quantitatively evaluate the effect of low energy far-infrared irradiation on healthy people’s facial skin. Methods: 60 volunteers were selected in hospital from September 2019 to June 2020, and the total score of face, skin spots, texture, wrinkles and pores were observed before and after low energy far-infrared irradiation treatment with VISIA skin tester. Results: After 2 weeks of low energy far-infrared irradiation treatment, the total skin score of volunteers increased significantly (P < 0.01). In the itemized statistics, the moisture value, stain value and wrinkle value increased significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Low energy far-infrared irradiation can significantly improve the facial skin quality of healthy people.

High-Pressure Spectroscopy Study of Zn(IO3)2 Using Far-Infrared Synchrotron Radiation

We report the first high-pressure spectroscopy study on Zn(IO3)2 using synchrotron far-infrared radiation. Spectroscopy was conducted up to pressures of 17 GPa at room temperature. Twenty-five phonons were identified below 600 cm−1 for the initial monoclinic low-pressure polymorph of Zn(IO3)2. The pressure response of the modes with wavenumbers above 150 cm−1 has been characterized, with modes exhibiting non-linear responses and frequency discontinuities that have been proposed to be related to the existence of phase transitions. Analysis of the high-pressure spectra acquired on compression indicates that Zn(IO3)2 undergoes subtle phase transitions around 3 and 8 GPa, followed by a more drastic transition around 13 GPa.

The effectiveness of far-infrared irradiation on foot skin surface temperature and heart rate variability in healthy adults over 50 years of age: A randomized study.

Background:Far-infrared irradiation (FIR) is used in the medical field to improve wound healing, hemodialysis with peripheral artery occlusive disease, and osteoarthritis but seldom used in ameliorating poor lower extremity circulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of FIR on changes in foot skin surface temperature (FSST) and autonomic nerve system (ANS) activity to evaluate its effectiveness in improving lower limb circulation.Methods:A randomized controlled study was conducted. Subjects (n = 44), all over the age of 50 years and satisfying the inclusion criteria, were randomly allocated into 2 groups. The intervention group received FIR on a lower limb for 40 minutes and the control group received no intervention. Left big toe (LBT), right big toe (RBT), left foot dorsal (LFD), right foot dorsal (RFD) surface skin temperature, autonomic nervous activity, and blood pressure were assessed.Results:The main results were skin surface temperature at the LBT increased from 30.8 ± 0.4°C to 34.8 ± 0.4°C, at RBT increased from 29.6 ± 0.4°C to 35.3 ± 0.4°C and LFD increased from 31.9 ± 0.3°C to 36.4 ± 0.4°C, RFD increased from 30.7 ± 0.3°C to 37.7 ± 0.2°C. FIR caused a significant increase of the FSST ranging in a 4°C to 7°C increase after 40 minutes irradiation (P < .001). The ANS low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) activity showed a statistically significant increase in the FIR group (P < .05) but not the LF/HF ratio.Conclusion:FIR significantly increased the FSST from between 4°C and 7°C after 40 minutes irradiation, which might improve lower extremity circulation and regulation of ANS activity.

Ultra-monochromatic far-infrared Cherenkov diffraction radiation in a super-radiant regime

Nowadays, intense electromagnetic (EM) radiation in the far-infrared (FIR) spectral range is an advanced tool for scientific research in biology, chemistry, and material science because many materials leave signatures in the radiation spectrum. Narrow-band spectral lines enable researchers to investigate the matter response in greater detail. The generation of highly monochromatic variable frequency FIR radiation has therefore become a broad area of research. High energy electron beams consisting of a long train of dense bunches of particles provide a super-radiant regime and can generate intense highly monochromatic radiation due to coherent emission in the spectral range from a few GHz to potentially a few THz. We employed novel coherent Cherenkov diffraction radiation (ChDR) as a generation mechanism. This effect occurs when a fast charged particle moves in the vicinity of and parallel to a dielectric interface. Two key features of the ChDR phenomenon are its non-invasive nature and its photon yield being proportional to the length of the radiator. The bunched structure of the very long electron beam produced spectral lines that were observed to have frequencies upto 21 GHz and with a relative bandwidth of 10–4 ~ 10–5. The line bandwidth and intensity are defined by the shape and length of the bunch train. A compact linear accelerator can be utilized to control the resonant wavelength by adjusting the bunch sequence frequency.

WARMING EFFECT OF BLANKETS WITH HIGH FAR-INFRARED EMISSIVITY ON SKIN MICROCIRCULATION IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS

Vascular complications are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Effective strategies to improve circulation appear to be another important issue in addition to the interventions of blood glucose control. Previous studies have shown that the biological effects on humans after using the materials containing ceramic particles emits far infrared radiation (FIR). The present study is to investigate the warming effect of the fabrics containing specified metals in diabetic patients. A total of 28 diabetic patients were blinded and randomly assigned to treatment group ([Formula: see text]) and control group ([Formula: see text]), respectively. The subjects of treatment group were ministered with the blankets with fibers containing the specified metals, while the subjects of control group were provided with blankets of ordinary material. The skin temperature and microcirculatory perfusion were monitored before and after 20-min use of the blankets at shoulder and bilateral calves. After warming with blankets, the treatment group revealed a higher increased ratio of skin perfusion than control ([Formula: see text]), while there was no prominent variation on the wavelet spectrum of the perfusion signal. Although it is already a known fact that passive FIR warming has the advantages of safety and convenience, our results suggest that warming by wearing the textiles containing the specified metals with high FIR emissivity is a solution for daily skin care of diabetic patients.

Drying characteristics and quality of Stevia rebaudiana leaves by far-infrared radiation

The far-infrared drying technique was used to dry Stevia rebaudiana leaves, and the drying rate, drying kinetics, the glycoside content of dried Stevia rebaudiana leaves and surface structure of the dried material were explored at different drying temperatures (45 °C、50 °C、55 °C、60 °C、65 °C), irradiation height (60 mm、120 mm、180 mm、240 mm、300 mm). Under different conditions, the moisture rate decreased and the drying rate increased significantly with the increase in drying temperature and the decrease in irradiation height, Weibull model fits the drying curves well (R2 > 0.99). The range of the estimated water diffusion coefficient Dcal was 0.841 8 × 10−4–2.945 3 × 10−4 m2 s−1, and the range of the effective water diffusion coefficient Deff was 0.835 9 × 10−6–3.629 1 × 10−6 m2 s−1. The activation energy was 28.79 kJ mol−1 determined by Arrhenius equation. By comparing the glycoside content of dried products under different drying conditions, it was found that far-infrared drying could better retain the glycoside content. The drying temperature have the batter effect on active ingredients of samples when it increased from 45 °C to 55 °C, the stevioside and rebaudioside A increased from 7.01 to 7.88 mg to 7.44 and 8.58 mg, respectively. Far-infrared drying technology could increase the number of micropores on the surface and inside the materials and improve the quality of dried products. This study explored the law of water transfer during the drying process of Stevia rebaudiana leaves and provided a theoretical reference for the research and application of Stevia rebaudiana leaf drying technology.

Moisture transfer and microstructure change of banana slices during contact ultrasound strengthened far-infrared radiation drying

To explore water transfer and structure change during contact ultrasound strengthened far-infrared radiation drying (CU-FIRD) on banana slices, the effects of far-infrared radiation (FIR) temperature and contact ultrasound (CU) power on drying process, water transfer change, microstructure and pore evolution were studied. The results showed that the drying time could be shortened obviously by increasing FIR temperature and CU power. The effective moisture diffusivity values of banana slices were between 2.28 × 10−10–6.12 × 10−10 m2·s−1, which increased with the rises of FIR temperature and CU power. The moisture changes in banana slices during CU-FIRD were analyzed by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). There were three kinds of water status in banana slices including bound water, immobilized water and free water. Free water was the main water in banana, and the increases of both FIR temperature and CU power could obviously shorten the removal time of free water. The immobilized water in banana slices increased first and then decreased during the drying process, and the improvements of FIR temperature and CU power could accelerate its mobility and migration. There was no significant change for bound water, which was the main water left in banana slices after drying. The SEM and shrinkage ratio results showed that higher FIR temperature and CU power could reduce the structure shrinkage of banana samples, increase the porosity, and generate more diffusion micro-channels with larger size, so as to speed up the migration process of water in banana. CU-FIRD could improve the porous structure of banana samples, enhance the heat and mass transfer process, and accelerate the migration and diffusion of water.

Far-IR Absorption of Neutral Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Light on the Mechanism of IR-UV Ion Dip Spectroscopy.

Gas-phase IR–UV double-resonance laser spectroscopy is an IR absorption technique that bridges the gap between experimental IR spectroscopy and theory. The IR experiments are used to directly evaluate predicted frequencies and potential energy surfaces as well as to probe the structure of isolated molecules. However, a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms is, especially in the far-IR regime, still far from complete, even though this is crucial for properly interpreting the recorded IR absorption spectra. Here, events occurring upon excitation to vibrational levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by far-IR radiation from the FELIX free electron laser are followed using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy. These studies provide detailed insight into how ladder climbing and anharmonicity influence IR–UV spectroscopy and therefore the resulting IR signatures in the far-IR region. Moreover, the potential energy surfaces of these low-frequency delocalized modes are investigated and shown to have a strong harmonic character.

The effect of postoperatively applied far-infrared radiation on pain and tendon-to-bone healing after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a clinical prospective randomized comparative study.

BackgroundThe effects of far-infrared radiation (FIR) on the treatment of rotator cuff diseases remains unknown. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of FIR after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with regard to postoperative pain and healing.MethodsThis prospective randomized comparative study included 38 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair due to a medium-sized tear. Patients were randomly divided into the FIR or control group (n = 19 per group). In the FIR group, FIR with an FIR radiator started 1 week postoperatively for 30 minutes per session twice daily. It lasted until abduction brace weaning at 5 weeks postoperatively. We assessed pain using a pain visual analogue scale (pVAS) and measured the range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder at 5 weeks, and 3 and 6 months, postoperatively. The anatomical outcome was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging at 6 months postoperatively.ResultsAt 5 weeks postoperatively, the average pVAS score was lower in the FIR group than in the control group (1.5 ± 0.8 vs. 2.7 ± 1.7; P = 0.019). At 3 months postoperatively, the average forward flexion was higher in the FIR group (151.6° ± 15.3° vs. 132.9° ± 27.8°; P = 0.045), but there was no significant difference at 6 months postoperatively. There was no significant difference in healing failure between the groups (P = 0.999).ConclusionsFIR after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair could be an effective and safe procedure to reduce postoperative pain, thereby facilitating rehabilitation and better ROM in the early postoperative period.

Effects of radiation temperature on dehydration and moisture migration in banana slices during far‐infrared radiation drying

The changes in the various water states of bananas dried at different far-infrared radiation (FIR) temperatures were investigated via low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). Results revealed that increasing FIR temperatures could significantly enhance drying rates. Scanning electron microscopy results demonstrated that FIR heating could produce additional porous structures in dried bananas and that porosity increased with the elevation of FIR temperatures. LF-NMR results revealed that high FIR temperatures were associated with significant changes in the peak areas of different water states, indicating that increasing FIR temperature was beneficial to hastening water migration. Free water was removed first during drying. At the end of drying, residual moisture in banana samples was dominated by bound water. The images of moisture distribution in banana slices at various FIR temperatures revealed the regulatory mechanism of moisture transfer. Water was gradually lost from the outside to the inside of samples, and high FIR temperatures accelerated dehydration rates. Practical applications Far-infrared radiation (FIR) drying is a high-efficiency modern drying technology with the advantages of high dehydration speed and uniform heating. This study confirmed that FIR drying could significantly reduce dehydration duration compared with traditional hot-air drying. The increase in FIR temperature could expand mass transfer microtunnels, accelerate water migration, and shorten drying time. Therefore, FIR drying is an effective and prospective method for the rapid dehydration of banana slices and other agricultural products.

Irradiation effect of a submillimeter wave from 420 GHz gyrotron on amyloid peptides in vitro.

On using the far-infrared radiation system, whether the irradiation effect is thermal or non-thermal is controversial. We irradiated amyloid peptides that are causal factors for amyloidosis by using a submillimeter wave from 420 GHz gyrotron. Fluorescence reagent assay, optical and electron microscopies, and synchrotron-radiation infrared microscopy showed that the irradiation increased the fibrous conformation of peptides at room temperature for 30 min. The temperature increase on the sample was only below 5 K, and a simple heating up to 318 K hardly induced the fibril formation. Therefore, the amyloid aggregation was driven by the far-infrared radiation with little thermal effect.

Improving the electrocatalytic performance of Pd for formic acid electrooxidation by introducing tourmaline

Palladium is the most effective catalyst with high initial activity for formic acid electrooxidation (FAEO) in direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs), but the low performance of DFAFC comparing to H2-PEMFC and the accumulation of COad poisoning species on palladium restrict the commercialization of DFAFC. Herein, a novel and efficient FAEO catalyst, tourmaline modified Pd (Pd/TNP@SC) are prepared. A class of core@shell structured carbon coated tourmaline (TNP@SC) are equipped as the catalyst support to efficiently utilize the spontaneous polarization-induced electric field and far-infrared radiation of tourmaline for FAEO reaction. Physical and electrochemical measurements suggest that the existence of electric field and far-infrared radiation of tourmaline promote synthesizing smaller Pd nanoparticles, weakening the Pd-O bond, increasing molecular vibration and migration rate, and dissociating water molecules into OHad to spontaneously convert COad into CO2. Even under potentials applied higher than 0.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), Pd/TNP@SC catalysts still have high FAEO activity. Among all the Pd/TNP@SC catalysts investigated in this study, Pd/TNP@SC-800 owns the strongest electric field and far-infrared radiation, exhibits the best activity for FAEO, which is 3.1 times higher than that of tourmaline-free catalyst (Pd/SC)), and excellent CO-tolerance during FAEO reaction. This work provides an effective catalyst design strategy for FAEO.

Effect of oxygen content on the reaction course and radiation performance of Si/MTV system

Large numbers of studies show that silicon (Si) will not be oxidized into silicon fluoride (SiF4) and silicon oxide (SiO2) in the MSiTV (Magnesium Silicon Teflon Viton) system, which causes a waste of energy. The limited efforts in this paper focused on adding the oxidant barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2) to the MSiTV pyrotechnics to study the oxidation reaction course and the effect of oxygen content on the radiation combustion performance. The infrared radiation of the agent during the combustion process is tested with a Spectraline SC7000 imaging spectrometer, and the combustion performance such as the burning area and radiation temperature is tested by the SC7000 thermal imager. The solid combustion products of the medicament are collected in a vacuum box combustion experiment and tested by infrared spectroscopy for their combustion products. Assumed that the amount of oxygen in the air participating in the reaction is constant. Then the oxygen difference theory (The calculation method is listed at the end of 3.1) can be used to calculate the hypoxia degree of the pyrotechnics and simply predict the oxidation reaction history. The experimental results show that the oxidation sequence of MSiTV compositions can be divided into 3 steps with the increase of oxidant content. The first step is to oxidize the incompletely reacted Magnesium (mg) to Magnesium Oxide (MgO). The radiation performance changes little during this process for the reaction release a lot energy and make up for the mass loss of MTV. The second step is the carbon ash oxidized to generate CO which greatly reduce the emissivity of the agent. The near-infrared radiation (NIR) spectral energies was reduced by up to 33% from 724.2 J/g*sr to 484.8 J/g*sr and the mid-infrared radiation (MIR) spectral energies reduced by up to 27% from 298.0 to 218.6 J/g*sr. The third step is the simultaneous oxidation of Si to SiO2 and Carbon monoxide (CO) to (carbon dioxide) CO2 by excess oxygen. The NIR intensity gradually decreases from 484.8 J/g*sr to 232.3 J/g*sr and the MIR spectral energies decreases from 218.6 J/g*sr to 122.3 J/g*sr for the reduction of MTV content even though the oxidation of Si released much heat. The far-infrared radiation (FIR) spectral energies of the pyrotechnics increased from 29.2 W/Sr to 59.9 W/Sr, an increase of 105% owing to the strong emissivity of Si in FIR. At this moment, the near-middle-far infrared ratio changed from 2.4: 1: 0.15 of MTV to 1.9: 1: 0.5.