Fan Outlet Research Articles

Energy and Exergy Analyses of Forced Draft Fan for Marine Steam Propulsion System during Load Change

A forced draft fan, used for the supply of combustion air into the steam generator of the conventional liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier was analyzed from the aspect of energy and exergy. The power delivered from the induction motor to the fan was calculated using the manufacturer’s data. The most significant impact on the fan energy power losses is from the air temperature difference between the fan outlet and inlet. The fan energy power losses are inversely proportional to the fan energy efficiency, and the values are between 19.9% and 63.4%, for the entire range of observed steam system loads. The fan exergy destruction depends primarily on the driving power and on the air mass flow rate. At higher loads, an important influence on the fan exergy destruction is from the air pressure at the fan outlet. The exergy efficiency change of the analyzed fan, for the range of observed steam system loads, is directly proportional to the rate of change in the air mass flow, whereas the obtained values of exergy efficiency are between 5.10% and 53.93%. The impact of ambient temperature on the fan exergy destruction and exergy efficiency exhibits is different than in most other steam system components. A change in ambient temperature of 10 °C causes a change in the exergy efficiency of the forced draft fan less than 0.5% in the entire range of observed steam loads.

Study of the optimal pitch angle of jet fans in road tunnels based on turbulent jet theory and numerical simulation

The diffusion angle of the air jet and the optimal pitch angle (OPA) of the jet fan are studied and compared through turbulent jet theory and FLUENT numerical simulation in this paper. The optimal design pitch angle of jet fans with different outlet diameters and velocities is systematically provided, rather than based on a specific outlet diameter and velocity of the jet fan or only put forward a rough range. The results show that, tilting the fan outlet with a certain angle can reduce the wall shear stress (WSS) and improve the pressure-rise coefficient. The full diffusion angle (FDA) is greatly influenced by the outlet diameter and velocity, while the semi-diffusion angle (SDA) is relatively steady and fluctuates around 6°. Meanwhile, the OPA is hardly affected by the outlet velocity and mainly influenced by the outlet diameter. The OPA is 8° for the jet fan with the diameter less than or equal to 900 mm and 6° for the jet fan diameter more than 900 mm. Moreover, the pressure-rise coefficient will be improved under the OPA and the relative increase rate is between 5.9% and 44.5% compared with that of no pitch angle. This study can provide reference and guidance for the performance research of alternative jet fans in fire case and the optimization design of ventilation systems in road tunnels.

Application of the Symmetric Model to the Design Optimization of Fan Outlet Grills

In this study, different designs of the opening pattern of computer fan grills were investigated. The objective of this study was to propose a simulation analysis and compare it to the experimental results for a set of optimized fan designs. The FLUENT computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation software was used to analyze the fan blade flow. The experimental results obtained by the simulation analysis of the optimized fan designs were analyzed and compared. The effect of different opening pattern designs on the resulting airflow rate was investigated. Six types of fans with different grills were analyzed. The airflow velocity distribution in the simulated flow channel indicated that the wind speed efficiency of the fan and its influence were comparable with the experimental model. The air was forced by the fan into the air duct. The flow path was separately measured by analog instruments. The three-dimensional flow field was determined by performing a wind speed comparison on nine planes containing the mainstream velocity vector. Moreover, the three-dimensional curved surface flow field at the outlet position and the highest fan rotation speed were investigated. The air velocity distribution at the inlet and the outlet of the fan indicated that among the air outlet opening designs, the honeycomb shaped air outlet displayed the optimal performance by investigating the fan characteristics and the estimated wind speed efficiency. These optimized designs were the most ideal configurations to compare these results. The air flow rate was evenly distributed at the fan inlet.

Civil turbofan engine exhaust aerodynamics: Impact of fan exit flow characteristics

It is envisaged that future civil aero-engines will operate with greater bypass ratios compared to contemporary configurations to lower specific thrust and improve propulsive efficiency. This trend is likely to be accompanied with the implementation of a shorter nacelle and bypass duct for larger engines. However, a short bypass duct may result in an aerodynamic coupling between the exit flow conditions of the fan Outlet Guide Vanes (OGVs) and the exhaust system. Thus, it is imperative that the design of the exhaust is carried out in combination with the fan exit profile. A parabolic definition is used to parameterise and control the circumferentially-averaged radial profiles of stagnation pressure and temperature at the fan OGV exit. The developed formulation is coupled with a parametric exhaust design approach, an automatic computational mesh generator, and a compressible flow solution method. A global optimisation strategy is devised comprising methods for Design of Experiment (DOE), Response Surface Modelling (RSM), and genetic optimisation.A combined Design Space Exploration (DSE) comprising both geometric, as well as fan exit profile variables, is performed to optimise the exhaust geometry in conjunction with the fan exit profile. The developed approach is used to derive optimum exhaust geometries for a tip, mid, and hub-biased fan blade loading distribution. It is shown that the proposed formulation can ameliorate adverse transonic flow characteristics on the core after-body due to a non-uniform bypass inflow. The hub-loaded profile was found to be most penalising in terms of exhaust performance compared to the mid and tip-loaded variants. It is demonstrated that the combined fan exit profile and exhaust geometry optimisation offers significant performance improvement compared to the fixed inflow cases. The predicted performance benefits can reach up to 0.19% in terms of exhaust velocity coefficient, depending on fan loading characteristics. A notable improvement is also noted in terms of bypass nozzle discharge coefficient. This suggests that the combined optimisation can lead to an exhaust design that can satisfy the engine mass-flow rate demand with a reduced geometric throat area, thus potentially offering further exhaust size and weight benefits.

Influence of different underexcited operations on thermal field in the turbogenerator end region with magnetic shield structure

The losses and temperatures of end parts will increase obviously in the turbogenerator end region under underexcited operation. In order to study the influence of different underexcited operations on temperature of end parts in the turbogenerator end region with magnetic shield structure, a turbogenerator is considered as an example in this paper. Three-dimensional transient electromagnetic field of turbogenerator end region is given. The magnetic density distribution of clamping plate and magnetic shield is researched. The losses of end parts and stator end cores from three-dimensional transient electromagnetic field calculation are applied to end region as heat sources under different underexcited operations. Pressure value of fan outlet and velocity values of different inlets from flow network calculations are applied to end region as boundary conditions in the 3-D fluid and thermal coupling analysis model. Further, fluid field and thermal field are calculated under different underexcited operations. The distribution laws of fluid velocity and fluid temperature in the turbogenerator end region are determined. The temperature distribution laws of the stator-end copper windings, press finger, clamping plate, screen plate, magnetic shield, and stator end cores are studied under different underexcited operations. The accuracy of numerical calculation is validated by measured values.

A novel approach for heat transfer enhancement in composite fins

This paper main goal is aimed at a paradigm shift in the enhancement of heat transfer rate between finned surfaces and surrounding fluid by presenting a novel approach in composite fins. This approach consists in using high thermally conductive coatings on top of the finned substrate in order to increase the local temperature along the fin washed surface. In the present paper a high thermal conductivity coating has been applied to an aeroengine vane of different shape and dimensions subject to icing conditions at high Reynolds numbers and where the main aim was to keep the vane warm as to avoid icing in aerospace applications. Numerical simulations have been carried out to ascertain the range of thickness of the coatings to be used to maximise the wanted effect. Both short Engine Section Stator (ESS) and longer fan Outlet Guide Vane (OGV) have been modelled, having different final goals. In the case of longer OGV, an additional novel design modification has been suggested to enhance further the heat transfer along the vane length by the use of the internal webs. The experimental validation also carried out at much higher Reynolds numbers than that reported in Buffone et al. (2005), demonstrate that the novel concept of heat transfer enhancement in composite fins is a simple and yet powerful strategy in a wide range of Reynolds numbers. A fin analysis has been performed of both the present ESS vane the fins tested in Buffone et al. (2005) at much lower Reynolds numbers and shows that the improvement obtained with the coated fins tested in Buffone et al. (2005) is much larger than the coated ESS vanes investigated in the present study. This said, the present study demonstrates that the use of high conductive coatings in composite fins can keep the ESS vanes ice free, something that was not possible with uncoated vanes. It is important to note that the actual optimal thickness of the thermally conductive coatings is a function of Biot number, fin shape, dimensions and thermal conductivities of fin substrate and coating; depending on the application, a proper design of the fin substrate and coating should be carried out.

Radical Guide Vane Design and Optimization

Turbofan engines are connected to the airframe by a pylon that crosses the bypass duct downstream of the fan. The presence of the pylon generates a potential field that influences the upstream flowfield. Distortion generated by the pylon can be detrimental to the fan stability and integrity, and as such it must be controlled. This work presents a new method for the two-dimensional design of fan outlet guide vane cascades in the presence of the potential flow distortion caused by the pylon. The method, based on surface singularities, is capable of mitigating the distortion while preserving the performance of the nominal cascade. Design targets are achieved by manipulating both airfoil geometry and position within the cascade. Because the distortions caused by the pylon obey essentially inviscid fluid mechanics, the variation in load and loss parameters across the cascade can be approximated surprisingly well with a singularity method. The design rationale of controlling the incompressible load distribution leads to cascades with uniform load and loss even when viscous and compressible effects are considered using high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics. The new approach provides a significant speed-up over methods based on computational fluid dynamics and is valuable as an initial design tool.

An analysis of selected jet fans used in chambers of KGHM mines with respect to the air stream range

The ventilation hazards occurring in the mining of Polish copper ores are related to environmental conditions and exhaust gas emissions from mining machines and equipment.Mitigation of these hazards requires adequate ventilation of underground excavations. The main sites for the exploitation of copper ore are the chambers excavation, ventilated by means of jet fans. The prevailing gas and thermal conditions at the chambers require the provision of an adequate air supply. The air stream supplied to a chamber must ensure that the gases generated in the production process are diluted to concentrations not exceeding the limit values specified in the regulations, and that the air temperature does not exceed the limit value.The article presents the results of parameters measurement of 6 jet fans installed in a chamber excavation. The axial-flow jets had diameters 400–800 mm, nominal air flow rates from 3.4 m3/s to 11 m3/s and nominal pressure increase 670–1770 Pa. The following parameters were measured: the flowing air velocity, total and dynamic pressure, and air physical parameters. The measurement of air velocity was performed at the excavation cross-sections at distances of 20, 40 and 60 m from the fan outlet. Based on the results obtained, the fan parameters were determined, such as air volumetric flow, draft strength and air stream power. The following parameters were defined in the measurement cross-sections: velocity fields, average and maximum velocities. Determination of the range of air streams generated by the fans being tested accounted for an important aspect of the study. The in situ research was carried out in the chamber excavation located at the KGHM copper mine at Rudna.Based on the results obtained, it was found that the maximum air velocities reached, respectively: 20 m from the fan outlet - from about 1 m/s to 3 m/s, 40 m from the fan outlet - from 0.15 m/s to 0.42 m/s, whereas only thermal movements of the air were observed at 60 m from the fan outlet.According to Polish regulations, only two fans can be used for chamber excavations of up to 60 m in length. The other fans have an airflow range below the required 45 m value. It was also found that the outlet volumetric flow, the outlet air stream power, shape and compactness of the stream constitute a significant factor influencing the range of the air stream.

Analysis of complex fluid flow and temperature field in the turbogenerator end region with magnetic shield structure under underexcitation operation

The large electromagnetic losses and high temperature rise under underexcitation operation are the main issues of large turbogenerator design. In order to study the eddy current losses, fluid velocity, and temperature distribution in the turbogenerator end region with magnetic shield structure under underexcitation operation, three-dimensional transient electromagnetic field of a 1250 MW turbogenerator end region is investigated. The losses of end parts and stator end cores (heat source) are obtained under underexcitation operation. Velocity values of different inlets and pressure value of fan outlet (boundary condition) are determined by flow network calculation. Meanwhile, three-dimensional fluid and thermal fields are calculated. The distribution of fluid flow between magnetic shields is obtained. The temperature distribution of end parts and stator end cores in the end region of large turbogenerator is studied under underexcitation operation with 0.9 pf lead. Calculation results are compared with experiment data, which provides a reliable basis for the design and operation of larger turbogenerator.

Numerical analysis of end part temperature in the turbogenerator end region with magnetic shield structure under the different operation conditions

Due to the serious overheating problem of end parts in the large turbogenerator end region, accurate calculation of end-part temperature has become a key design factor. In this paper, 3-D fluid and thermal coupling model in the end region of 1250 MW turbogenerator are given. The loss values gained from 3-D transient electromagnetic field calculation are applied to the solving end region as heat sources. Pressure value of fan outlet and fluid velocities of end region inlets from flow network calculation are applied to the solving end region as boundary conditions in the 3-D fluid and thermal coupling analysis model. The fluid flow and temperature distribution of end parts in the end region of large turbogenerator with magnetic shield structure are studied under the different operation conditions. The distribution of fluid velocity in the ventilation duct of stator end core is obtained. The temperature distribution laws of stator-end copper coils, screen plate, finger plate, press plate, and magnetic shield are researched under the different operation conditions. The location of the highest temperature point in the turbogenerator end region with magnetic shield structure is determined. The accuracy of numerical calculation is validated by experimental measured values.

Eulerian-Lagrangian CFD modelling of pesticide dust emissions from maize planters

An Eulerian-Lagrangian 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of pesticide dust drift from precision vacuum planters in field conditions was developed. Tractor and planter models were positioned in an atmospheric computational domain, representing the field and its edges. Physicochemical properties of dust abraded from maize seeds (particle size, shape, porosity, density, a.i. content), dust emission rates and exhaust air velocity values at the planter fan outlets were measured experimentally and implemented in the model. The wind profile, the airflow pattern around the machines and the dust dispersion were computed. Various maize sowing scenarios with different wind conditions, dust properties, planter designs and vacuum pressures were simulated. Dust particle trajectories were calculated by means of Lagrangian particle tracking, considering nonspherical particle drag, gravity and turbulent dispersion. The dust dispersion model was previously validated with wind tunnel data. In this study, simulated pesticide concentrations in the air and on the soil in the different sowing scenarios were compared and discussed. The model predictions were similar to experimental literature data in terms of concentrations and drift distance. Pesticide exposure levels to bees during flight and foraging were estimated from the simulated concentrations. The proposed CFD model can be used in risk assessment studies and in the evaluation of dust drift mitigation measures.

Numerical calculation of CHTC on end metal parts and flow in end region of a turbogenerator

The convection heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) distribution of surfaces of end metal parts directly affects the temperature distribution of end metal parts. In this study, a large turbogenerator is analysed. To study the CHTC distribution of surfaces of end metal parts in detail, a three-dimensional (3D) fluid and thermal analysis model of whole turbogenerator end region is established. The losses of end metal parts from 3D transient electromagnetic field calculation are provided to end metal parts as heat sources. Pressure values of end-region outlets and fluid velocity of fan outlet from flow network calculation are provided to end region as boundary conditions in the 3D fluid and thermal analysis model. CHTC distribution laws of the surfaces of the clamping plate, finger plate, and copper screen are studied in detail by the finite volume method. The fluid flow and temperature distribution of end metal parts are determined in the end region of the turbogenerator. The calculated results are compared with measured data.

Axial Fan Performance under the Influence of a Uniform Ambient Flow Field

In their application to air-cooled condensers, axial fans are often subject to the detrimental influence of ambient flow fields at their inlet or outlet. While effects have been investigated mostly under perpendicular cross-flow conditions on fans operating as part of an array in their target design point, this study aims at examining the integral influence of uniform ambient flow fields on a single axial fan over a wide operating range. For this purpose, a wind tunnel fan test rig has been designed and assessed. Multiple angles between uniform ambient flow field and fan axis are examined in their integral influence on the characteristic curve of two distinct industrial axial fans with varying inlet modifications. Increasingly with the fan flow rate, perpendicular inlet cross-flow was found to always have a detrimental influence on fan performance. The straight bladed fan reacted less sensitively than the forward skewed fan, and the adverse cross-flow influence could be reduced with an inlet guard grille and with short conical shroud extensions. Cross-flow at the fan outlet showed potential static fan pressure increases at low flow rates.

Drying grain using solid fuel

The use of alternative sources of liquid (gaseous) fuel to produce a coolant, including for grain drying, has been studied in contrast to burning conventional fuels, which hinders their use. A characteristic feature of the use of combustion units for burning plant waste is a sufficiently long ignition and preheating, preceding the drying. At the same time, a large amount of heat is accumulated in the furnace casing, which can be partially used for batch drying for the next batch of grain and completely for the latter, which will increase the efficiency of the process. Drying is one of the main operations in post-harvest grain processing, the fate of the crop depends largely on the quality of drying. Both flow and periodic drying are common in farms. Periodic drying, as a rule, uses the same dryers as for flow or specialized. The technology of this drying in dryers equipped with liquid or gas furnaces is well developed and does not cause difficulties - kindle the furnace, cyclically dry the grain to the conditioned moisture, cut off the fuel supply, cyclically cool and unload the dryer. The pause between the drying of adjacent lots without ignition and heating of the furnace is determined by the cooling time of the masonry to the temperature of stable ignition and burning of volatiles plus 150-200 °С, depending on the moisture content of solid particles of plant waste. The duration of ignition is a function of the mass of the furnace chamber, its heat capacity, the temperature of the flue gases and the heat transfer coefficient. At ignition of liquid fuel its duration is not less than 20 min. To dry the last batch of grain, the mass of the burnt chamber must be at least 0.7 times the mass of the grain in the dryer. The duration of heating the furnace is completed by stabilizing the temperature of the flue gases at the outlet of the exhaust fan, but not less than 1 hour.

Experimental investigation of an annular diffuser for axial fans at different inflow profiles

Axial fans are used in power plants for fresh air supply and flue gas transport. A typical configuration consists of an axial fan and annular diffuser which connects the fan to the following piping. In order to achieve a high efficiency of the con-figuration, not only the components have to be optimized but also their interaction. The present study focuses on the diffuser of the configuration. Experiments are performed on a diffuser-piping configuration to investigate the influence of the velocity profile at the fan outlet on the pressure recovery of the configuration. Two different diffuser inlet profiles are generated, an undisturbed profile and a profile with the typical outlet characteristics of a fan. The latter is generated by the superposition of screens in the inlet zone. The tests are conducted at a high Reynolds number (Re ? 4?105). Mean velocity profiles and wall shear stresses are measured with hydraulic methods (Prandtl and Preston tubes). The results show that there is a lack of momentum at the outer wall of the diffuser and high shear stresses at the inner wall in case of the undisturbed inflow profile. For the typical fan outlet profile it is vice versa. There are high wall shear stresses at the outer wall while the boundary layer of the inner wall lacks momentum. The pressure recovery of the undisturbed inflow configuration is in good agreement with other studies.

The Application of Advanced Technique of Fan Frame Unit on High Bypass Ratio Aero Engine

High bypass ratio aero-engine was widely used on military and civil aviation domain, as the power of larger aircraft. Fan frame unit was the main bearing frame of high bypass ratio aero-engine, which composed of strut, HUB MID BOX and external bypass parts. Resin/composite was used on external bypass parts(acoustic liner, containment ring, fan outlet guide vane and fan case skin fillets), which not only reduced the weight and manufacturing cost, but also improved the noise absorption, containment and anti-fatigue ability of engine. The design of composite was becoming a key technique for high bypass ratio aero-engine. In special test of the core engine, nitrogen cooling system was designed to cool the cavity of spool. The nitrogen pipeline passed through the inner cavity of fan frame, then inserted into NO. 3 bearing seal, so nitrogen gas was sent into the cavity of core engine spool. On high bypass ratio aero-engine, the external bypass and fan frame inner cavity were the design platform for advanced technique, such as composite and pipeline system, and also provided guarantee for reliable operation of engine.

Development of a Portable Pneumatic Grain Broadcasting Unit

The present research was carried out in El-Sharkia Governorate, El-Sowa Village in 2014 season to develop and evaluate a portable pneumatic grain broadcasting unit under Egyptian conditions in clay soil. The study included three fan peripheral speeds of 1.7, 1.97 and 2.18 m/s with three grain path lengths of 50, 100 and 200 mm from air outlet under two types of dry and germinated grains. These parameters were evaluated with horizontal and vertical fan comparing to manual broadcasting on rice grains (Giza 178). Broadcasting width, coefficient of variance (CV), coefficient of distribution uniformity, consumed energy according to power requirements and total costs were determined under split-split plot design with three replicates for all treatments. The obtained results showed that fan peripheral speed of 2.18 m/s and outlet path length of 100 mm with horizontal fan gave the best results for all tests. The highest broadcasting widths of 10.2 and 8.8 m were obtained under horizontal fan with dry and germinated grains, respectively. The least values for CV were under fan peripheral speed of 2.18 m/s and 100 mm outlet path length. CV values were 20.22, 18.25, 17.33 and 22.21, 21.15, 19.10 under fan peripheral speed of 1.7, 1.97 and 2.18 m/s with 100 mm outlet path length for dry grains with horizontal and vertical fan positions, comparing to 47.50 for manual broadcasting. While the highest values of C.U. were 79.78, 81.75, 82.67 and 77.79, 78.85, 80.90 obtained at the same previous conditions. For germinated grains, CV values were 25.23, 21.12, 19.11 and 27.23, 25.15, 21.45 for horizontal and vertical fan, respectively comparing to 49.71 for manual broadcasting under the same fan peripheral speeds and outlet path length. The highest values of C.U. are 74.77, 78.88, 80.89 and 72.77, 74.85, 78.55 obtained at the same previous conditions. Consumed energy values were 0.56 and 0.87 kWh/fed, for dry and germinated grains, respectively. The broadcasting costs were 10.60 and 13.85 LE/fed for dry and germinated grains, respectively comparing to 20 LE/fed with the traditional method.

Fan-independent air balancing method based on computation model of air duct system

This paper presents a novel fan-independent air balancing method based on computational model of air duct system. The method involves five procedures: 1) model formulation, 2) data acquisition, 3) parameter identification, 4) balancing calculation and 5) adjusting implementation. The duct network model consists of models of components like fans and conduits and assembles them by the conservation laws. Instead of using parametric model with constant parameters, the fan is re-modeled as a variable pressure source. The supply pressure near the fan outlet is measured in addition to the conventional measurements of pressures and airflows at the terminals. A model identification algorithm is designed to estimate both duct model parameters and fan pressure. The optimal damper positions corresponding to the desired airflow distribution are computed by the obtained model. In this way, damper adjusting strategies are generated by the computing results where a novel indicator is introduced to handle variations of fan pressure. The performance of this method is validated in a simulated duct network system with eight terminals. The results show that modeling fan as variable pressure source can achieve balancing accuracy within 2% error. Comparing to the previous method base on parametric fan model, this method has advantages of better accuracy, stronger robustness and higher efficiency under various conditions of fan characteristics and disturbances.

Experimental and numerical investigation of optimum design of semi industrial heat recovery steam generator inlet duct

The optimization of Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs) is one of the key parameters to optimize the efficiency of combined cycle power plants. One of the major characteristics in the field of HRSG design and optimization is the investigation of flow within the body from the hydrodynamics point of view. Making uniform flow with minimal pressure loss over time has been an interesting issue for HRSG designers and manufacturers. In this research study, a comprehensive analysis and assessment of flow patterns in the tradition zone of inlet duct of horizontal HRSG is conducted using both experimental and numerical methods. The HRSG is modeled in 1/10 scale-down and velocities are measured by an anemometer device (KM 909 model) at diverse points in its selected sections. Numerical simulation is performed to compare with different results of experimental study in order to ensure the validity. In this study, the difference rages of inlet duct angle are analyzed and finally the optimum model in terms of flow was compared with initial model by using smoke test. The results shown that inlet duct with 23° angle and movable plate with 200mm length is better than others based on hydrodynamics with minimum velocity deviation and pressure loss between the outlet of fan and transition zone.

DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE PNEUMATIC GRAIN BROADCASTING UNIT

The present research was carried out in El-Sharkia Governorate, El-Sowa Village in 2014 season to develop and evaluate a portable pneumatic grain broadcasting unit under Egyptian conditions in clay soil. The study included three fan peripheral speeds of 1.7, 1.97 and 2.18 m/s with three grain path lengths of 50, 100 and 200 mm from air outlet under two types of dry and germinated grains. These parameters were evaluated with horizontal and vertical fan comparing to manual broadcasting on rice grains (Giza 178). Broadcasting width, coefficient of variance (CV), coefficient of distribution uniformity, consumed energy according to power requirements and total costs were determined under split-split plot design with three replicates for all treatments. The obtained results showed that fan peripheral speed of 2.18 m/s and outlet path length of 100 mm with horizontal fan gave the best results for all tests. The highest broadcasting widths of 10.2 and 8.8 m were obtained under horizontal fan with dry and germinated grains, respectively. The least values for CV were under fan peripheral speed of 2.18 m/s and 100 mm outlet path length. CV values were 20.22, 18.25, 17.33 and 22.21, 21.15, 19.10 under fan peripheral speed of 1.7, 1.97 and 2.18 m/s with 100 mm outlet path length for dry grains with horizontal and vertical fan positions, comparing to 47.50 for manual broadcasting. While the highest values of C.U. were 79.78, 81.75, 82.67 and 77.79, 78.85, 80.90 obtained at the same previous conditions. For germinated grains, CV values were 25.23, 21.12, 19.11 and 27.23, 25.15, 21.45 for horizontal and vertical fan, respectively comparing to 49.71 for manual broadcasting under the same fan peripheral speeds and outlet path length. The highest values of C.U. are 74.77, 78.88, 80.89 and 72.77, 74.85, 78.55 obtained at the same previous conditions. Consumed energy values were 0.56 and 0.87 kWh/fed, for dry and germinated grains, respectively. The broadcasting costs were 10.60 and 13.85 LE/fed for dry and germinated grains, respectively comparing to 20 LE/fed with the traditional method.