Famous Person Research Articles

Russian–Vietnamese mutual perceptions from linguistic and cultural perspectives

This paper investigates Russian–Vietnamese mutual perceptions based on the empirical, questionnaire-based approach. As the preliminary stage of a large-scale study devoted to revealing mutual representations of the Russian and Vietnamese people, ethnic portraits and self-portraits were compiled based on the linguistic data collected. The authors consider the study and its results as the further development of the theoretical and experimental approaches to the investigation of ethnic identification and self-identification processes. The survey participants were Russian and Vietnamese university students. The comparative analysis of the results demonstrated similarities and differences in the characteristic and personified (anthroponymic) self-portraits and portraits of the two peoples. Among the ten most frequently mentioned qualities to describe each other, kindness emerged as the only common feature. Regarding ethnic portraits, the most frequently mentioned characteristics of the Russians were hospitality, friendliness, and intelligence; while the Vietnamese portrait included such traits as hard-working, kind, and gay. The most frequent self-identification characteristics mentioned by the Russians were patience and courage, while the Vietnamese described themselves as united, hard-working and patriotic. The conclusion is made that ethnic portraits and self-portraits may differ considerably, as demonstrated above. Data obtained were systemised and analysed based of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Human Values, which resulted in noteworthy cross-cultural differences in the perception of openness to change and conservation. Data on the personified portraits and self-portraits of Russian and Vietnamese people are of interest. The collection of names of important or just famous persons as typical representatives of the people has been collected and analysed. The combined application of the international theories and the Russian ethnic conflictology approaches may contribute to gaining a clearer picture of Russian and Vietnamese mutual and self-perceptions, which in its turn will lead to a more effective intercultural dialogue.

Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizon.

The creation or manipulation of facial appearance through deep generative approaches, known as DeepFake, have achieved significant progress and promoted a wide range of benign and malicious applications, e.g., visual effect assistance in movie and misinformation generation by faking famous persons. The evil side of this new technique poses another popular study, i.e., DeepFake detection aiming to identify the fake faces from the real ones. With the rapid development of the DeepFake-related studies in the community, both sides (i.e., DeepFake generation and detection) have formed the relationship of battleground, pushing the improvements of each other and inspiring new directions, e.g., the evasion of DeepFake detection. Nevertheless, the overview of such battleground and the new direction is unclear and neglected by recent surveys due to the rapid increase of related publications, limiting the in-depth understanding of the tendency and future works. To fill this gap, in this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview and detailed analysis of the research work on the topic of DeepFake generation, DeepFake detection as well as evasion of DeepFake detection, with more than 318 research papers carefully surveyed. We present the taxonomy of various DeepFake generation methods and the categorization of various DeepFake detection methods, and more importantly, we showcase the battleground between the two parties with detailed interactions between the adversaries (DeepFake generation) and the defenders (DeepFake detection). The battleground allows fresh perspective into the latest landscape of the DeepFake research and can provide valuable analysis towards the research challenges and opportunities as well as research trends and future directions. We also elaborately design interactive diagrams (http://www.xujuefei.com/dfsurvey) to allow researchers to explore their own interests on popular DeepFake generators or detectors.

Применение методов искусственного интеллекта для решения задач поиска семантических ассоциатов на примере топонима «Москва»

Actual problems of toponymy imply the study of individual words in order to restore the conceptual meaning of geographical names lost, to find out how they reflected the characteristic features of the terrain, the type of ac-tivity of the people inhabiting it, etc. The purpose of the study is to determine the origin of the toponym Moskva by using artificial intelligence methods. The GeoWAC fastText embedding model based on the corpus of Russian-language texts of the RusVecteres service is used to calculate semantic similarity between words. The model assumes defining the semantic associates of toponyms by using the vector representation of words in the semantic space and finding the lexical vectors most closely located to the vector of the original word. To analyze a toponym there is applied a methods of semantic associates, a cluster analysis, a combined method based on the method of transformation of a word with a lost meaning and the analysis of semantic associates for a set of word transformants. The method is formalized by using a model that determines the similarity of the studied word and associates based on different versions of the model for one or more text corpora. The associated words obtained by the artificial intelligence are considered as a semantic cluster, and the calculated cosine similarity between vectors is considered as a measure of the similarity of elements in the cluster. To identify various hypotheses of the origin of the toponym Moskva there has been carried out a cluster analysis of the totality of the first ten vector associates for all transformants of this word. As a result, four hypotheses were advanced: “a famous man”, “firearms”, “beekeeping”, “blood-sucking insects”. The probabilities of the occurrence of these hypotheses are based on the study of the frequency of words in the corpus 
 of the language. The main hypothesis is a “famous person”.

From COVID-19 Treatment to Miracle Cure

From COVID-19 Treatment to Miracle Cure

The Hierarchical Relationship Between the Relational-Self and the Collective-Self During Attention Processing.

BackgroundUnder the Chinese collectivist cultural system, people emphasize social connections with close others and members of in-groups. Collectivism can be divided into the following two forms: relational collectivism (privileges relational self [RS]) and group collectivism (emphasizes collective self [CS]). Previous researchers have found a hierarchy between the RS and CS, resulting in different degrees of recognition advantages. However, the hierarchy between the RS and CS is unclear and may depend on the specific processing stage. Therefore, this research compared the hierarchy between these two selves during different processing stages using an eye-movement method.MethodsThe sample consisted of thirty-eight young adults aged between 18 and 24 years old (M = 20.45, SD= 1.62). Each participant finished a dot-probe task featuring high-relevant (HR, ie one’s mother’s name and China) and low-relevant (LR, ie, name of a famous person and USA) information about the RS and CS and neutral information. Further, the eye-movement (EM) indices were collected simultaneously.ResultsA stronger reaction time bias and longer total gaze duration revealed that young people in China focus more on RS information, indicating that Chinese people prioritize the RS over the CS at late stages of attentional processing.ConclusionInformation on interpersonal relationships and information on the in-group both catch people’s attention quickly and easily, but only RS information can maintain attention for longer. Understanding the hierarchy of the RS and the CS may provide more evidence for self-construal in the Chinese collectivist cultural context. The importance of the RS prompting that the interpersonal and close relationships are more important to the development of the self, suggesting that it is necessary to pay more attention to the impact of interpersonal support on people’s mental health in clinical applications.

Person identity‐specific adaptation effects in the ventral occipito‐temporal cortex

Identifying the faces of familiar persons requires the ability to assign several different images of a face to a common identity. Previous research showed that the occipito-temporal cortex, including the fusiform and the occipital face areas, is sensitive to personal identity. Still, the viewpoint, facial expression and image-independence of this information are currently under heavy debate. Here we adapted a rapid serial visual stimulation paradigm Johnston et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.002) and presented highly variable ambient-face images of famous persons to measure functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adaptation. fMRI adaptation is considered as the neuroimaging manifestation of repetition suppression, a neural phenomenon currently explained as a correlate of reduced predictive error responses for expected stimuli. We revisited the question of image-invariant identity-specific encoding mechanisms of the occipito-temporal cortex, using fMRI adaptation with a particular interest in predictive mechanisms. Participants were presented with trials containing eight different images of a famous person, images of eight different famous persons or seven different images of a particular famous person followed by an identity change to violate potential expectation effects about person identity. We found an image-independent adaptation effect of identity for famous faces in the fusiform face area. However, in contrast to previous electrophysiological studies, using similar paradigms, no release of the adaptation effect was observed when identity-specific expectations were violated. Our results support recent multivariate pattern analysis studies, showing image-independent identity encoding in the core face-processing areas of the occipito-temporal cortex. These results are discussed in the frame of recent identity-processing models and predictive mechanisms.

Mykhailo Bernov as a Pioneer of Hiking Tourism: Travels Through the South of Ukraine and the Ukraine and the Crimea (Part I. South of Ukraine. August, 1895)

This article examines the activities of Mykhailo Bernov as one of the founders of hiking tourism in the Russian Empire and Europe, his travels through Southern Ukraine, and then through the Crimea in the summer of 1895, the public updating of knowledge about the region and publishing activity. In the first part of this research, M. Bernov's travel route is reconstructed based on his travel notes «From Odessa on foot to Crimea. Letters of a Russian Pedestrian» (St. Petersburg, 1896) and his impressions of his journey through Southern Ukraine are detailed. The source research potential of notes is analyzed. It was concluded that M. Bernov created a wide and colorful picture of the life of the polyethnic population of the region at the end of the 19th century, recorded the peculiarities of their national culture and character, prospects for economic development and social inequality of different strata of the population. The main focus of M. Bernov's attention is concentrated on a person and his everyday, living observation sometimes leads to dispelling stereotypes about certain ethnic groups. He also communicated with ordinary people, but he tried to meet with the local administration, officials, military personnel, famous persons, and scientists. M. Bernov left interesting descriptions of visits to the estates of the wealthiest landowning families of Southern Ukraine – the Skadovskys and the Falz-Feyns. Among other things, the traveler notes the Ukrainian (including Cossack) component in the culture, history and population of the region. In general, M. Bernov is characterized by an imperial style of thinking, the use of derogatory names of ethnic groups and territories, which was common in the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century. The traveler often compares the natural beauty of Southern Ukraine with the landscapes of various parts of Europe, North Africa and other («Russian») provinces. He also wanted to see local monuments of architecture, history, archeology, art, museums, theaters. In general, the traveler considered the South of Ukraine to be an unattractive region for tourists due to the summer heat, dust, undeveloped infrastructure, etc.

Impact of celebrity disclosure on mental health-related stigma.

Mental health stigma and discrimination are global problems, and their reduction is recognised as an important public health priority. Involving celebrities in stigma-reduction is increasingly common. This Editorial considers the impact of celebrity disclosure on mental health-related stigma; that is, whether and how a famous person openly speaking about their experience of mental health conditions can reduce stigma. Potential explanations for how celebrity mental health disclosures can influence mental health-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours are outlined, followed by an overview of evidence on how celebrity disclosure operates to reduce stigma. Considering the available evidence, we provide a number of conclusions and recommendations for how celebrities can effectively be involved in anti-stigma efforts, and what considerations this requires. It is fair to say that celebrity disclosures can support stigma reduction efforts through increasing the public’s awareness of mental health, modelling behaviour and generating openness on speaking about mental health problems, and on seeking help when needed. However, whether celebrity disclosure achieves changes in mental health stigma-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours depends on the extent to which there is a match between the attributes of the famous person, the content shared in their disclosure narrative, and the intended audience of the message. Further research is needed on all these questions to better understand how to successfully utilise the potentially huge power of celebrity disclosure in large scale anti-stigma efforts.

From Pasir Ris to Pioneer: Singapore’s Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) names in relation to its identity.

This article examines the station names of 142 Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stations across Singapore’s five fully operational MRT lines using primary sources (digitised newspapers, maps, and press releases) and secondary sources (scholarly research on Singapore place names and information from government agencies). There are two research objectives: firstly, to determine the common naming strategies of Singapore’s MRT station names, and secondly, to analyse features of Singapore’s socio-political and linguistic identity by studying these names. Common naming patterns of Singapore’s station names include associative names, where the station is named after nearby physical or man-made features; descriptive names, where the name describes a particular aspect of the area; and eponymous names, where the station is named after a famous person or entity. We argue that station names reflect the state’s language and socio-political policies and shed deeper light on some of the complex and contradictory forces at play in the nation’s linguistic and socio-political identity. Singapore’s language shift towards English is evident as English is frequently used to name stations, particularly among newer MRT lines, where the public can suggest and vote on station names. At the same time, there are toponyms in local languages like Malay that serve as indexes of localness of the area around the station, showing the cultural dimension that station names have as metaphors for the area’s history and heritage. Yet, Singapore’s pragmatic socio-political identity ultimately means that the practical, referential function of names takes precedence over the cultural functions of naming.

Chapter 18 - Neural correlates of recognition and naming of famous persons and landmarks: A special role for the left anterior temporal lobe

The anterior temporal lobes (ATLs) have been shown to be crucial for recognition and naming of unique entities such as persons and places. In this chapter, we review previous research that identified the neural underpinnings of these processes, and discuss the convergence zone theory of conceptual knowledge and proper name retrieval. Lesion-deficit and neuroimaging studies have found that the temporal poles are essential for recognition and naming of unique persons and places. Research has shown laterality, in that the right anterior temporal pole is specialized for recognition and the left for naming. Here, we analyzed recognition and naming of persons and landmarks in a large neurologic sample (N=244) using the Iowa Famous Faces and Famous Landmarks tests. For both categories, education had a significant effect on recognition and naming performances, but age and gender did not. Lesion-symptom maps revealed lower naming scores for both Faces and Landmarks associated with lesions to the anterior and mesial left temporal lobe. Lower recognition scores were also linked to left temporal lobe damage, possibly due to the method we used for measuring recognition (verbally based). Overall, the results demonstrate the importance of the temporal lobes for recognition and naming of unique persons and places.

STRUCTURE AND SEMANTICS OF ALLUSION-REALIA IN THE FUNCTION OF EVALUATION PREDICATES AND RELATIVE ALLUSIVE EVALUATION PREDICATES

Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze the structure and semantics of allusions-realia in the function of evaluative predicates and relative allusive evaluation predicates. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using a set of general scientific and special research methods, namely: analysis, generalization and systematization of scientific and educational literature on literary studies, psychology, linguistics; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative, descriptive and analytical Results. The article considers allusive evaluation predicates represented by a wide range of structural and semantic diversity. Results. Allusive evaluation predicates are subdivided, by the nature of the interaction of the allusion denotation with the object of evaluation, into comparative, based on the comparison of the object of evaluation with the allusion denotation on the principle of their similarity, polarity or asymmetry, and relative based on his knowledge or attitude to the allusion denotation, or on the basis of the imaginary involvement of the object in a particular event, or its imaginary connection with some famous person, as a result of which the object acquires characteristics associated with the event or personality. In the form of textual representation, allusive evaluation predicates can be resembling of cultural realia and names of famous people, author’s occasionalisms, reviews of quotes, proverbs, sayings. In addition, denotations of allusions may undergo, at the discretion of the author, some modifications in order to maximize the specification of the evaluative meaning or its intensification. Regarding allusions-realia, it should be noted that theoretically any realia could be included in the evaluation of judgments, both positive and negative, because it can be viewed from different points of view. Still, in most cases, every fact gets in the minds of people or rather positive or rather negative colour. Therefore, being included in the work of art, realia brings with it its original sign, which can be preserved or changed depending on the light in which realia is presented.

Authoring esteem: Writing about vicarious and personal life story chapters boosts state self-esteem

Constructing personal life stories carries benefits for psychological adjustment. We examined whether writing about the life stories of parents (i.e., vicarious life stories) hold similar advantages. In Study 1, we adapted an established experimental paradigm to an online format. Participants wrote either about personal life story chapters or about famous persons (control condition) and completed pre- and post-measures of state self-esteem. We found the predicted interaction as self-esteem increased in the chapter but not in the control condition. In Studies 2 and 3, we added the critical condition of writing about vicarious chapters. Study 2 did not find the predicted interaction. Instead, all three conditions increased in self-esteem. Study 3, which used a new neutral control task (writing about historical events), showed that the two chapter conditions, but not the control condition, increased in self-esteem. This suggests that authoring life stories for both oneself and close others momentarily boosts self-esteem.

LITERARY HERITAGE OF MASHKHUR ZHUSUP KOPEYULY: PRESENT AND PAST

The article is devoted to the study of the literary heritage of the famous poet, philosopher, historian Mashhur Zhusup Kopeyuly, who lived in the second half of the XIX-early XX centuries. The more complicated the fate of the poet, more accurately describing the social realities of his time and the situation of life in the country, the more difficult his works reached the people. Briefly considering the poet's work from the first articles, the article analyzes the creative path of a famous scientist now working in the field of popular science. Mashhur Zhusup Kopeevich was a famous person of his time, a spiritual leader, and a master of deep teachings. The name of mashhur Zhusup remained in the heart of the country not only for his poetry, but also for his Holy, devout, piety and amazing way of life, unlike anyone else. The poet's work, through its rich channels of spiritual experience, saturates the people with religious and moral values. In accordance with the domestic demand of the population for the works of the poet, the research channels of Mashkhurtu are also expanding.

Shostakovich and Right Hand Weakness

Russian composer Dmitri Dmitrievich Shostakovich (25 September 1903-9 August 1975) is sometimes considered to be a famous person who suffered from ALS. However, there are no medical records that mention that his asymmetric weakness was due to ALS, and the exact diagnosis of his illness, which lasted over 17 years, is still obscure. The aim of this paper is to consider what kind of neurological disorder this great composer of the 20th century suffered from based on his piano recordings, photographs, and documents written by his colleagues.

Das Pasquill im frühneuzeitlichen Deutschland. Ein Kommunikationsmedium zwischen Schmähung und Kritik

Abstract The text deals with the genre ‘pasquill’ from the 16th to the 18th century in the German speaking world. Two strands of tradition can be ideally distinguished, which only gradually merge with each other. Originally, as in other regions of Europe, the Roman figure of the shoemaker Pasquino is adapted, who comments on actual politics or famous persons in mocking, more or less literary dialogues. This figure appears in printed works from the middle of the 16th century, mostly written by Protestants. At about the same time, the term ‘pasquill’ began to become synonymous with the mostly handwritten, anonymous libel, which is now increasingly criminalized by the authorities. The article characterises the early modern pasquill as a very special medium of communication, which served not only for personal defamation but also for objective criticism.

Iatrogenic depression: the case of Frederic Chopin

Psychological disorders caused by the doctor’s rash words are as common as the side effects of drug. Iatrogenic depression caused by ethical and psychological mistakes of doctors will never go away. Their frequency can be reduced only by improving the physicians’ skills in the fields of medical ethics and psychology. A clinical case analysis based on a famous person’s history of the disease is an effective pedagogical tool. The study aims to present the case of the famous Polish composer Frederic Chopin. The A comparative analysis of doctors’ objective actions and patients’ subjective evaluations of their actions were made based on a study of Chopin’s and Sand’s letters as well as the works of composer’s biographers. This approach provides a valuable opportunity to see doctors through the patient’s eyes. In the fall of 1838, during his rest in Majorca, the local doctors diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis in Chopin. The Majorcan doctors made a serious ethical mistake. They ignored the patient’s anamnesis vitae indicating his phthisiophobia and informed Chopin about the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and a poor prognosis in a very cynical manner. Chopin wrote: ‘One (doctor) said I had died the second that I am dying, the 3rd that I shall die’. Chopin perceived the diagnosis of tuberculosis as a ‘death sentence’, as a result of which he developed iatrogenic depression. All previous and subsequent Chopin’s doctors used other tactics: they prescribed the correct treatment, but the diagnosis was not voiced. The analysis shows the effectiveness of this tactic: Chopin lived another 10 years after the Majorcan episode. Chopin’s case shows typical doctors’ ethical and psychological issues in informing the patient about the dangerous diagnosis and poor prognosis as well as tactics for building a good physician‑patient relationship.

The meaning of Greta: a psychosocial exploration of Greta Thunberg

This article explores the social meaning of Greta Thunberg. Time magazine made her Person of the Year 2019, claiming she has become a social phenomenon, a "global sensation". This article utilises psychosocial theory and new social movement theory to explore the social meaning of "Greta". It asks what "Greta" evokes in our "social imaginary" (Taylor, 2009, p. 146). What conscious and unconscious identifications are projected onto "Greta" that have made her the unlikely famous person she is? These questions are not about exploring her individual psychological, leadership, or character traits, but focus on Greta (now eighteen years old) as a social object (Latour, 2005) with a vast social network following her, including over 4.2 million Twitter followers, a new documentary film about her, and mainstream media coverage across the globe. Part one of this article outlines the context and libidinal economies that Greta operates within, and the theoretical influences the article draws upon. Part two outlines five core messages that Greta transmits, and the meanings that emerge from observing social reactions to her. The article ends with a conclusion summarising the social meanings of Greta.

Protection of a Famous Person’s Surname in the Light of the European Union Trade Mark Regulation

Purpose: The main goal of the paper is to analyse the possibilities and rules of management of the protection of a famous person’s surname based on the provisions of the Regulation 2017/1001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on the European Union trade mark (EUTMR). Moreover, the author aims at exploring whether the general principles of European Union trade marks protection are modified in view of the relation between a trade mark and a famous person in the case of the conflict between a trade mark containing a famous person’s surname and a similar trade mark of another person. Design/Methodology/Approach: The author analyses and interprets legal provisions of EUTMR and a variety cases concerning the problem of a famous person’s surname protection based on the EUTMR provisions. Findings: A specific theory of a trade mark neutralization is applied in the case of a conflict between a trade mark containing a famous person’s surname and a similar trade mark of another person. Furthermore, in such a conflict the general rule formulated by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the SABEL case (“the more distinctive the earlier mark, the greater will be the likelihood of confusion”) tends to be modified by CJEU. Practical Implications: The paper is addressed to both lawyers dealing with the protection of intangible assets (particularly personal names and trade marks) and managers of famous persons. Originality/Value: The article contains a comprehensive analysis of the subject matter. The possibilities and principles of protection of a famous person’s surname on the ground of the EUTMR are discussed in the context of specific cases, including the latest ones, to enable the author to detect the specific approach to the matter that tends to be applied by the courts.

Elsa Joubert’s Cul-de-sac: A disability politics reflection

Elsa Joubert’s 1978 novel Die swerfjare van Poppie Nongena, translated into English and a number of other languages and adapted into a play and a film, is recognized as one of the 100 best African books of the twentieth century, a landmark in South African writing. The work and its reception have drawn heated criticism around the politics of race, gender, privilege, and voice. Critics have expressed discomfort at the popularity of the book with white readers during apartheid, when other books dealing so clearly with racial oppression and dispossession were vilified and even banned. In 2017, at the age of 95, Joubert published the third volume of her memoirs under the title Spertyd (later translated into English as Cul-de-sac). I suggest that this memoir fits into the categories both of the “Somebody memoir” and the “Some body memoir”, in the typology developed by G. T. Couser. Cul-de-sac is both the memoir of a famous person (a “somebody”) and an account of a life lived in a non-normative body, that of a very old and increasingly frail person. Cul-de-sac deals unflinchingly with highly personal issues to do with experiences related to incarceration and enfeeblement. I suggest that these issues, though personal, are also profoundly political, an issue which has been overlooked in the critical reception of the memoir. Furthermore, Joubert implicitly used the publication of the memoir as the basis for a platform on which to engage politically with South Africa’s leadership regarding the rights of very old people, like herself, during the Covid-19 lockdown. It is inevitable that in South Africa, issues of race and to some extent gender are predominant in discussions of the politics of writing, but to ignore the age and disability politics of Cul-de-sac is to lose an important aspect of the work’s significance.

Recognition and naming test of the Portuguese population for national and international celebrities.

Research on familiar faces has been conducted in different countries and resort to celebrities faces, stimuli that are highly constrained by geographic context and cultural peculiarities, since many celebrities are only famous in particular countries. Despite their relevance to psychological research, there are no normative studies of celebrities’ facial recognition in Portugal. We developed a database with 160 black and white pictures of famous persons' faces in this work. The data collection took place in two different studies. In study 1, participants were asked to recognize and name celebrity faces; while in study 2, celebrity names were rated for AoA, familiarity, and distinctiveness. Data were gathered from two different samples of Portuguese young adults aged between 18 and 25 years old, and both procedures were performed online through a questionnaire created in Qualtrics software. This database provides ratings of AoA, familiarity, facial distinctiveness, recognition rate, and naming rate for each celebrity, which will allow further selection of celebrities, based on these five attributes, for studies using Portuguese samples. Also, possible relationships between these five variables were analyzed and presented, highlighting facial distinctiveness as a predictor for both naming and recognition rate of celebrity faces.