Famous Mountain Research Articles

New periodic solutions for a class of singular Hamiltonian systems

In this paper, we apply a variant of the famous Mountain Pass Lemmas of Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz and Ambrosetti-Coti Zelati with (PSC)c type condition of Palais-Smale-Cerami to study the existence of new periodic solutions with a prescribed energy for symmetrical singular second order Hamiltonian conservative systems with weak force type potentials.

Beyond the Mountain Pass: Some Applications

Abstract We will survey three applications of the famous Mountain Pass Lemma by Antonio Ambrosetti and Paul H. Rabinowitz, [6]. Precisely, we will present some results on the following problems: A model of growth and roughening of surfaces, usually called Kardar-Parisi-Zhang model. A supercritical problem involving Hardy-Leray potential with the pole at the boundary. A fourth order nonlinear problem related to epitaxial growth. The common characteristic of all these problems is that we have some extra difficulties in order to apply the Mountain Pass Lemma.

GPU Based Rendering of Natural Atmospheric Phenomena

This paper explains and demonstrates a novel method of photorealistic simulation of two natural atmospheric phenomena, namely Emei Glory and Fog. Emei Glory is a natural phenomenon and can be observed in the area of famous Emei Mountain in China. The back-scattering effect of water droplet in fog causes this phenomenon. We use Mie scattering theory to simulate the glory and fog. Then calculate the spectral scatter intensity. For rendering, we adopt the method of single scattering integral to generate the whole scene by exploiting the parallel computation power of GPU. We demonstrate our synthetic results compared with the photographs at last.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSTRUCTION OF YAMA-DERA AT SAGAMI-KOKU IN PRE-MODERN PERIOD AND PARTICIPATION OR PART OF MYOUO-TARO

In Japanese pre-modern period at Sagami-koku and surrounding area, Mt.Oyama and Oyama-dera is one of the most famous mountain and tample. Edo-bakuhu bad been constructing its buildings continually, but main executive organ was shifted over from Edo-bakuhu to Oyama-dera. A technical expart named Myouo-taro lived at the foot of Mt.Oyama. He had taken action each time to acquire a managerial position of construction, and his purpose materialized finally. This was the unusual case compared with other construction of temples that Edo-bakuhu took lead. The primary factor of it consists in the peculiar context of Oyama.

Taishan shigandang 泰山石敢当 by Ye Tao 叶涛 (review)

Book Notes 157 Maoshan Daojiao zhi 茅山道教志 Edited by YANG SHIHUA 杨世华 and PAN YIDE 潘一德. Wuhan: Huazhong shifan daxue chubanshe, 2007. ISBN 978-7-5622-3518-7. RMB 28.00 hardcover. This is a much-needed gazetteer about one of the more famous mountains in Daoist history, Maoshan in Jiangsu province. It builds on a 1998 gazetteer, Jurong Maoshan zhi 句容茅山志 , which gave initial accounts of the mountain’s fate in the 20th century. Whereas the earlier gazetteer focused mostly on the destruction caused by Japanese troops in World War II, Yang and Pan’s new version gives invaluable information on the mountain’s arguably more severe destruction in the Cultural Revolution. It reveals for the first time that Maoshan’s signature five guan 观 and three gong 宫 were all functioning after the war, but that all five guan and one of the three gong were obliterated by the Cultural Revolution. Also unlike its predecessor, the new gazetteer includes temples outside the jurisdiction of Jurong County, thus giving a much more complete picture of the mountain’s Daoist life. The gazetteer also gives for the first time biographies of key actors in recent history and describes reconstruction efforts, which have restored the temple complex to one of the largest and most vibrant in China. Alas, temple reconstruction on Maoshan has proceeded so quickly that even this book is in some ways dated, missing completely three new temples that have opened. IAN JOHNSON, Beijing Taishan shigandang 泰山石敢当 Ye Tao 叶涛. Hangzhou: Zhejiang renmin chubanshe 浙江人民出版社, 2007. 180 pages. ISBN 978-7-213-03475-6. RMB 42.00 paper. This richly illustrated coffee-table book by folklorist Ye Tao presents many photographs of and much information on the apotropaic stone stelae known as shigandang, with a focus on Taishan and the surrounding areas. While the work is directed at a general rather than an academic audience, the material presented is based on many years of diligent fieldwork by the author, a researcher at the Institute of World Religions of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. It therefore provides a reliable and well-presented introduction to this subject matter. PHILIP CLART, Universität Leipzig ...

Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei (review)

Reviewed by: Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei Mario Poceski (bio) James M. Hargett. Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006. xvii, 294 pp. Hardcover $75.00, ISBN 0-7914-6681-7. An increasingly common approach to the study of Chinese religion is to explore local manifestations of discrete beliefs, traditions, and practices. Close attention to specific sites or localized manifestations of religiosity facilitates the unearthing of germane data and the development of fresh perspectives, thereby adding nuance and texture to our understating of the intricacy and richness of religious life in traditional (and modern) China. When properly contextualized, localized studies nicely supplement the many works that reflect a traditional focus on classical texts, paradigmatic thinkers, and mainstream schools of thought or practice, typically subsumed into one of the three main religious traditions in China, namely Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism. Within that context, especially fertile topics of study are the various mountains with rich religious associations and close links to Buddhism or Daoism, or sometimes a combination of both. Within the context of Chinese Buddhism, especially noteworthy are the four major Buddhist mountains, which over successive dynastic epochs grew into important pilgrimage sites, thriving centers of cultic activity, and key points in the sacred geography of China. The four Buddhist mountains are strategically located in different parts of China, and each is associated with a popular bodhisattva: Mt. Wutai 五台山 (in Shanxi) with Wenshu 文殊 (Mañjuśrī), Mt. Putuo 普陀山 (off the coast of Zhejiang) with Guanyin 觀音 (Avalokiteśvara), Mt. Jiuhua 九華山 (in Anhui) with Dizang 地藏 (Kṣitigarbha), and Mt. Emei 峨嵋山 (in Sichuan) with Puxian 普賢 (Samantabhadra). James Hargett’s informative and well-researched book is a comprehensive study of the history and position in Chinese culture of the last of these important mountains. With its breathtaking scenery, longstanding and illustrious history, and copious presence in Chinese literature, Emei has exerted a notable impact on the popular Chinese imagination. The mountain has elicited—and still continues to bring out—an array of responses and sentiments, both religious and secular. The book provides a wealth of materials that document the multifaceted developments that facilitated Emei’s gradual emergence as a famous mountains and a place renown for its sublime beauty—including its early reputation as an abode of Daoist immortals and its evocations by famous poets and writers—and details its rich history as a Buddhist pilgrimage site. Thorough his account of Emei’s history, the author contextualizes the intricate patterns of human interactions with the mountain. He also relates the growth of its iconic image, with its peculiar physical features and assorted properties, that secured its exceptional place in traditional Chinese culture. [End Page 101] In the introduction, the author informs us of his decision to structure the book as a guided journey on the mountain, from the monastery at its foothills up to its summit. This approach is adopted by him with the expressed intent of involving the reader and making the narrative more interesting. Instead of presenting himself as a guide, Hargett uses a travelogue written by Fan Chengda 范成大 (1126–1193), the noted Song dynasty (960–1279) literatus and official. Fan’s descriptions of his visit to Emei in 1177, along with the reflections on his experiences there—expressed by means of prose and poetry—are accompanied by the author’s extensive background information and commentary. I am not sure if that is the best way to structure the books as a whole; at any rate, Hargett uses Fan’s travel narrative with mixed results. To begin with, the basic structure articulated by the author is not really applied to the whole book, but only to chapters 3–6, which constitute less than half of the text. Moreover, in these chapters the combination of travelogue with commentary is not used with equal success. On occasions, they work pretty well together (e.g., chap. 6); at other places, however, the narrative flow is interrupted as the travelogue disappears for long stretches, and the reader faces page upon page of general or tedious historical detail and background information. For instance, after citing a passage in which Fan...

The Landscape of Words: Stone Inscriptions from Early and Medieval China by Robert E. Harrist, Jr (review)

Book Reviews 141 have other objects that signified flight and escape, such as a dragon-head staff that has a protruding tongue. Shao Tuo also possessed carved animal ornaments and wore clothes decorated with phoenixes. Interestingly, within the tomb there is also a sculpture that has a man standing on a bird’s head, as well as pieces of four chariots. The three appendices are particularly valuable since they contain carefully annotated translations of the divination and grave goods inventory texts that were buried in Baoshan tombs numbers 1 and 2. Without a doubt, this is a well-crafted and conceived study that furnishes us with a vivid example of how Warring States period nobles envisioned death and the tomb’s function. However, the author does not clinch her argument that the tomb was merely a way-station to the heavens. Since tombs were structured to be microcosms of the cosmos, it could well be that the grave goods ear-marked for travel were meant for journeys that would be solely conducted within the tomb and that the heavens themselves existed near the crypt’s ceiling. Despite this lingering doubt, the book offers a dizzying array of insights into early Chinese views of illness, death, and the afterlife; as a result, it is an invaluable resource for all students of Chinese religion. KEITH N. KNAPP, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina The Landscape of Words: Stone Inscriptions from Early and Medieval China ROBERT E. HARRIST, JR. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2008. xi, 397 pages. ISBN 978-0-295-98728-6. US$60.00, £34.00, hardcover. First-time visitors to any of China’s so-called famous mountains (mingshan 名山) are always surprised at the ubiquitous presence of writing on almost every flat, rocky surface in sight, especially at lower, more accessible locations. These inscriptions, called moya 摩崖 or moya shike 摩崖石刻 in Chinese, are not only a distinguishing characteristic of China’s betterknown mountains, but also—as amply demonstrated by Robert E. Harrist, Jr., in The Landscape of Words: Stone Inscriptions from Early and Medieval China—an essential feature of Chinese civilization itself. Composed by everyone from emperors and officials to pilgrims and tourists, moya writings are essential elements in defining the cultural geography of China. This is because many visitors to China’s mingshan do not ascend these heights “simply because they are there.” Rather, the more serious and conscientious (and, of course, literate) climber would actually read his way up the mountain. That is to say, during his ascent the climber would 142 Journal of Chinese Religions stop to inspect various inscriptions cut into rocks and walls, and thereby gather information on previous visitors, when and why his predecessors came to the mountain, and what they had to say in their inscriptions (when appropriate, connoisseur-climbers would also admire an inscription’s calligraphic beauty). Of course, in traditional China humans interacted with mountains in many different ways: some wrote poems or travel accounts, others sometimes took up residence in monasteries, and some even lived in caves. So, composing and then inscribing words on the mountain’s physical face was just one way of interacting with its environment. However, as Harrist convincingly demonstrates throughout his new book, it is an important one because the dynamic nature of this interactive process of new visitors “interacting” in situ with former ones in many ways affected how mountains were understood in traditional China and how the people who visited and wrote about them understood themselves. The Landscape of Words covers the history of moya inscriptions from the first through the eighth centuries (that is, late Han through High Tang), and it is the first study in English devoted exclusively to this form of writing. Harrist’s main focus is how inscriptions cut in stone relate to the landscape environments and historical contexts in which they were produced. With this goal in mind, the author concentrates on a select group of key moya sites in Shaanxi and Shandong and, drawing on materials from social, religious, political, and literary history, presents his description and analysis through a series of “journeys to the locations of four very different types of texts from different...

非鉄金属製錬プロセスと操業（株）ＹＡＫＩＮ大江山におけるフェロニッケル製錬と環境対策

Our company was established in 1934 as Oheyama Nickel Mining Industry Co., Ltd. to purpose to smelt nickel ore yielded from Mt. Oheyama, a famous mountain located in the north of Kyoto. In 1942, a nickel smelting plant by Krupp-renn process was built in this place.Krupp-renn process is one of the direct steel manufacturing process, which was developed in 1931 by German engineers to treat high silicate and low-grade ore effectively. Oheyama process is the only process in the world that uses Krupp-renn process except steel manufacturing.At the end of the War in 1945, this nickel smelting was suspended. In 1952, the Oheyama plant resume its operation with change of raw materials, from low grade ore to more concentrated nickel ore imported from New Caledonia.YAKIN Oheyama is now producing 1,000t of Ni as ferro-nickel a month.

A Hawken rifle and Bowie knife of John ‘Liver-Eating’ Johnson

An S Hawken marked muzzle-loading percussion half-stock mountain rifle and a massive Wade & Butcher marked Sheffield Bowie knife formerly belonging to the famous mountain man John ‘Liver-Eating’ Johnson of Red Lodge, Montana are examined in detail. The descriptions of ‘Liver-Eating’ Johnson’s legendary Hawken rifle and Bowie knife as described within the Crow Killer saga written by Raymond Thorp and Robert Bunker in 1958 are compared with Johnson’s actual rifle and knife. The conclusion is that Johnson’s arms do not conveniently match the descriptions of the Jacob Hawken rifle and the long-bladed, rosewood handled Bowie knife featured in the Crow Killer legends of the 1840s and 1850s. The Samuel Hawken rifle appears to be a late production Hawken mountain rifle that may even have been built by J P Gemmer in the 1860s or later, which easily falls within the known historically reliable dates for John ‘Liver-Eating’ Johnson in the northern Rocky Mountains from about 1862 to 1900. The heavily used Wade & Butcher Bowie knife may well date to the mid-19th century, but has antler handle scales instead of rosewood and a significantly shorter blade length than the knife described by Thorp and Bunker.

Correspondence analysis on images of Jiangxi Province as a tourist destination

This paper delineates the images of Jiangxi Province as tourist destination perceived by about 2000 sample visitors at Lushan Mountain and other 3 famous resorts (Jinggangshan Mountains, Longhushan Mountain, and Sanqingshan Mountain), with a result that the most common image is the famous scenic mountain image with partial attribute of image of religious culture destination. In order to reveal the similarities and dissimilarities of images among the four destinations, a correspondence analysis on 16 image attributes was employed. The results indicate that the tourists’ images on Longhushan Mountain, Sanqingshan Mountain and Lushan Mountain are very similar: having a lot of good tourist sites, famous mountain scenery, being close to nature and having good guide service, and others, but religious culture and good shopping facilities having not made deep impression on tourist, while Jinggangshan Mountains is famous for its red culture. The correspondence analysis visualizes the strengths and weaknesses of the destinations, which is useful for market positioning among the competitive places. Finally, some marketing suggestions for the four destinations were provided.

For sale — Scotland's most famous mountain range: Land ‘ownership’ in Scotland

The nature of land ownership is infrequently discussed by practitioners of outdoor education, though it is often central to the way they work. The recent controversy over the proposed sale of the Cuillin mountain range on the Isle of Skye in Scotland provoked heated discussion over rights to and benefits of this important place. The main point at issue was the role of the Cuillins as property, whether as that of one man or of society as a whole. This point raised questions about who should benefit, and how, from various kinds of ownership of land. It alerted interested citizens to the flexible and changing nature of relationships to land and hence to land use. This paper explores the origins of some of the confused and confusing ideas about property ownership. It uses this explanation to analyse voices from the media debate about the Cuillins as property, in order to understand the wide-ranging cultural assumptions used by different interest groups in responding publicly to the issue. The discussion that follows highlights for outdoor educators how understanding of long-standing traditions in the use of both public and private land is politically important for their practice. It suggests the importance of their having a pro-active role in public debate about the nature of land ownership and its relationship to land use.

Churchill Peaks and the politics of naming

AbstractThe highest mountain in North America bears two official names. While most visitors to Denali National Park in Alaska are familiar with the mountain's official name ‘McKinley,’ and with the frequently used Athabaskan name ‘Denali,’ the mountain also has a second official name: Churchill Peaks. This article traces the history and politics of naming Alaska's famous mountain, including the events that led to the addition of Churchill Peaks. Those events began when President Lyndon Johnson was unable to attend Winston Churchill's funeral in January 1965. The resulting controversy surrounding the naming of the great mountain reflects the ambiguous and often troubled relations between the national government and the remote northern periphery of the country.

Making a Place for Meaning in Early Qing Yangzhou

Making a Place for Meaning in Early Qing Yangzhou * Tobie Meyer-Fong (bio) During the Kangxi period (1661–1722), the poet and writer Dong Yining, who was at least an occasional presence on the Yangzhou literary scene, commented on the ways in which places acquired significance through famous individuals: The fame of mountains and rivers is mostly due to outstanding people. Before Su Shi’s excursion, the Red Cliff was just another stupid rock. Since Su Shi toured it, although the terraces are ruined and the pavilions are damaged, Red Cliff is still a famous mountain. 1 While visiting Red Cliff, Dong paid his respects to a portrait of Su Shi (1037–1101) and read the poems by Su inscribed on the cliff. He even timed his visit to correspond to the season of Su’s famous “Red Cliff Record.” Clearly it was through Su’s presence, and his creative legacy, that the place had significance for Dong Yining. As Craig Clunas has argued, the fame of a garden does not derive from “enduring intrinsic features of the site,” but rather from literary and artistic representations of the property, and especially the reputation of the producer of those representations. 2 While Clunas limits his discussion to gardens, his point can easily be applied to all famous sites. Fame and its transmission were crucial in the determination whether or not a site was significant, and both required the continuous intervention of literati [End Page 49] patrons either to create or uphold the legacy of the place. 3 Indeed, written by the appropriate person, a prose record could legitimate even a humble wineshop, lending it prestige and respectability in the eyes of literati tourists. 4 The “outstanding people” referred to by Dong Yining were not necessarily figures from the ancient past, as he himself knew. While special weight was given to sites linked to men like Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072), similar importance accrued to sites associated with contemporaries who were portrayed as analogous to (or incarnations of) their predecessors. Such an individual’s power to consecrate a place derived from a potent combination of political and cultural authority, and of course, consensus by the literati community that he possessed such talent and authority. 5 While the practices associated with the consecration of place and the characteristics of the consecrator remained relatively constant, the meanings and identities they engendered changed according to historical context. During the second half of the seventeenth-century, the consecration and maintenance of famous sites by literati patrons enabled elites to articulate new social and cultural identities in reaction to the social flux and political crises of the late Ming (1368–1644) and early Qing (1644–1911). The association between officially sanctioned cultural figures and famous sites marked a reassertion of centralizing political values and a rejection of the social confusion of the late Ming, even as personalities left over from the pre-conquest generation retained their cultural weight. Dong Yining would have been well aware of these developments, for he was associated with a literary network involved in the cultural (re)construction of Yangzhou. That literary network was at least nominally centered around Wang Shizhen, a young official from Shandong and an early Qing incarnation [End Page 50] of the model cultural figure. Wang Shizhen’s activities in Yangzhou gave new significance to a site, Red Bridge, and to the city itself, even as the bridge and the city enhanced the mythology that developed around Wang himself. In this article, I examine the processes through which Red Bridge acquired a position in the pantheon of sites significant to China’s transregional elite, Wang Shizhen became a model figure, and the city of Yangzhou gained new importance as a destination for literati and offical travelers. The literary construction of city, site, and man converged in the gatherings organized by Wang Shizhen at Red Bridge in 1662 and 1664. Wang Shizhen used these occasions in order to construct and define himself in the image of prominent cultural figures of the pre-conquest generation, who in turn used the bridge and its environs to reimagine the urban landscape of the late Ming. There are poignant and sometimes cynical...

A template for geophysical investigations of small landfills

When reviewing problems associated with industrial and domestic waste buried in landfills worldwide, it seems incongruous to even consider Switzerland with its famous mountain pastures and beautiful valleys. Yet within this tiny country are an estimated 40 000 small landfills, more than one per km2 of inhabitable land. Although most are expected to be harmless, Swiss government scientists have suggested that approximately 8000 will require continuous monitoring and that about 500 of the most dangerous sites will require major remedial work at a total cost in excess of $1.5 billion.

An analysis of Newton's projectile diagram

Newton's famous mountain projectile diagram, reproduced in countless science books, is analysed in detail - mathematically, graphically, and historically - perhaps for the first time. A study of the relationship between this diagram from Newton's On the System of the World and the written texts on projectile motion in this book and in the Principia reveals an ambiguity in Newton's presentation. We propose an explanation of the ambiguity based on an exploration of its roots in Newton's thought.

Comparing the Economic Value of Mountain Biking Estimated Using Revealed and Stated Preference

This research compares non-market valuation techniques by applying a count data travel cost method (TCM) and dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM) to a form of recreation for which it has not been previously applied: mountain biking. Due to mountain biking's increasing popularity these estimates of benefits may be useful in addressing conflicts. One of the most famous mountain biking sites in the US (Moab, Utah) was chosen as the site for which to apply these two models. The benefits that were estimated for trips taken in the spring of 1996 are US$205 and US$235,for the TCM and CVM, respectively.These values are not statistically different using conventional significant levels.

Notes on Li-shih chi-chuan: The Discovery of an Unpublished Manuscript of Li Chih's Ts'ang-shu

Chih (1527-1602) has written numerous works and the best-known are the Ts'ang-shu [TS] and Hsu Ts'ang-shu [HTSh]. During the reigns of Wan-li and T'ien-ch'i, Mr. was successively impeached in memorials, being regarded as eccentric and heretical, confusing and deluding the mind of the people. Ku Yen-wu [1613-1682] launched the most vitriolic attack against him in Jih-chih lu, ch. 20, under the entry Li Chih, even to the point of castigating him as a sick man.2 In recent years, however, Chih's status has gradually received increased attention, and, because the times have changed, the evaluation has also been completely different, and he is being hailed as a representative of the progressive thinkers of the Ming period. [The title of] his TS was originally taken from the idea of concealed in the famous mountain ( )3: and he did not plan to print it at first. In the 18th year of Wan-li (1590), when he published his Fen-shu [FS] in Mach'eng, Chih already took notice of the TS in its preface. Mo...

Two New Species of the Genus Osmia from Japan and N. China (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)

This paper reports the results of two important findings which were made on the genus Osmia of Japan during last 23 years since Yasumatsu and Hirashima published the revisional work in 1950 (Mushi 21 (1) : 1-18, 3 ~1s.). As early as 1953, Dr. R. Ishikawa of the National Museum of Natural History, Tokyo, collected two females of a strange species belonging to the subgenus Melanosmia, which will be described as ishikawai sp. nov. in this paper, at fairly high altitude of Mt. Meakan, one of the famous mountains in Hokkaido. It was the discovery of the 6th species of Osmia of Japan. Unfortunately, no information of this species has been accumulated since the finding of it. Another discovery was made by Mr. K. Imai of the Hyogo Agricultural Experiment Station in 1972 in Himeji City, Hyogo Prefecture. He observed the species named as imaii sp. nov. in this paper was nesting in the trap nests of reed tubes set by himself. I was surprised to see the fact that such a distinct, formerly unknown species from Japan like this (unlike other Japanese species, hairs of the female bright red) was easily caught by trap nests in such a big city like Himeji. According to Mr. Imai’s investigation, the species is only found in Hyogo Prefecture so far, most common in the vicinity of Himeji City. It is very probable that the 7th species of Osmia of Japan is a recent immigrant from China. As stated below, the species is found also in Peking, N. China. This paper also reports the result of liberation of Osmia imaii in the Hakozaki campus of Kyushu University from the original stock gathered in Hyogo Prefecture. From the result a possibility is suggested of the management of this species for the pollinations of certain crops such as Brassica.

Suicidalabsprung von der Kleinebelts-Br�cke

Some famous towers, mountains and bridges appear to be favourite places for suicidal jumping (thantopedamy). This is to a small degree the case even with the Danish “Lillebaelt-bridge”. One such case, which displayed peculiar circumstances, is reported, and a total of 11 cases, including three instances of survival, are mentioned in tables. Psychological contagious mechanisms are considered important in the choice of this suicidal method.

Development of magmas and igneous rocks in the tertiary volcanism of Hungary

In the Tertiary history of the “Pannonian massif” — typical example of median masses — the most remarkable features are the considerable thinning out and the increase of accessibility of the crust. Diversities of its behaviour with respect to ascending selective (ionic) currents — which are considered as primary causes of volcanism — are manifest in the distribution and characteristics of igneous products: on the culmination area (core) of the mantle dome Neogene volcanism is represented exclusively by huge ash-flow blankets (in three cycles) totalling 15,000 cu. kms in volume, while famous volcanic mountains of the border area consist of “andesitic” explosion, effusion and shallow intrusion products of much less (5000 cu. kms) extension. The two distinct trends of composition and petrogenetic features are explained by different conditions of ascent of the igneous material: 1. diffuse and extremely slow rise combined with intense contaminations yields ash-flow outpourings of rhyolitic composition; 2. speedy issue along chimneys controlled by the border fractures of the median mass feed normal andesitic volcanism.