Rise To Families Research Articles

The Rise of Sonless Families in Asia and North Africa.

A neglected consequence of declining fertility is the likely rise of families with children of one sex-only sons or only daughters. Increases in such families present important demographic shifts that may weaken patrilineal family systems. We assess whether sons-only and daughters-only families rose in Asia and North Africa from the early 1990s to around 2015. Using 88 surveys and two censuses, we examine how the number and sex composition of children of mothers aged 40-49 changed across 20 countries, representing 87% of the region's population and 54% of the global population. We also compare observed trends to sex-indifferent counterfactuals, quantify contributions of fertility declines with decompositions, and investigate subnational trends in China and India. Increases in sons-only families were universal where numbers of children fell. Growth of daughters-only families was suppressed in patrilineal contexts, but these sonless families still rose significantly in 13 of 18 countries where numbers declined. By 2015, over a quarter of families in the region had only sons and nearly a fifth only daughters. There was considerable variation across countries: recent levels ranged from 28.3% to 3.4% daughters-only and from 40.1% to 6.0% sons-only. China and the rest of East Asia had the highest shares.

Review Essay: “It all begins with women”: Women's Resilience in Fascist Italy and War

Review Essay: “It all begins with women”: Women's Resilience in Fascist Italy and War

Guest Editorial: How I Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love Customization

Guest editorial The boom was great while it lasted, and the bust, at least in North America, has largely played out. Oil and gas companies and service companies have executed their traditional cyclical playbook, cutting staff and squeezing vendors to protect margins. With no quick recovery in sight, attention is now focused on more substantial, systemic cost cutting to improve finding and development costs and service company margins. One area of potential savings is the standardization of equipment used to complete and produce oil and gas wells. While all the equipment is “round with a hole in it,” the degree of customization evident today is staggering. Conventional wisdom says that if we could agree on and implement standard tools for oil and gas wells, we could drive unnecessary costs out of the system. However, customization of completion and production equipment can add significant value by improving efficiency and increasing production. While some standardization makes sense, it is important for the industry to implement cost-effective supply chain practices to efficiently deliver customization when it improves efficiency and increases production. Origins of Customization The current level of customization did not happen overnight. Service companies introduced simple tools and simple processes to design, manufacture, and install these tools. Initially, each tool had a few defined features such as “size” or “threads,” and a few options within each feature. Over time, we added additional features and expanded the number of options within each feature. The industry rarely did this in an organized, systematic manner. A new well chemistry required a different material, so a new material option was born. A customer wanted a new setting mechanism, so the setting mechanism feature expanded with another option. Features were added to handle high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. Service companies invested in R&D to develop differentiated technology, so the designs of tools to meet the same downhole conditions varied from company to company. Eventually, the simple tools had given rise to families with thousands of possible configurations to accommodate specific customer needs. Service company’s costs to deliver from a catalog of diverse low-volume products rose and lead times extended as every order became a special.

Rites and Rule: Kiyomori at Itsukushima and Fukuhara

Heather Blair offers a correction to the politically centered paradigm for early medieval history. English-language historians have generally focused on the political and military history of the Genpei War (1180-1185), attending to the war's victors, the Minamoto, while defining Taira no Kiyomori (1118-1181) primarily as a failed warrior. Placing Kiyomori in the context of Heian court culture, Blair instead argues that ritual played an important role in the Taira family's rise. Formulating a new theoretical model of ritual regimes, she first outlines the regime piloted by Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa (1127-1192), with whom Kiyomori interacted constantly, and then examines Kiyomori's ritual activities and their relation to his political career. Through a close analysis of Kiyomori's construction of a set of signature sites, rites, and texts—at both the ocean-side shrine Itsukushima and Fukuhara-Blair makes her case for the importance of ritual in twelfth-century politics.

:Transforming English Rural Society: The Verneys and the Claydons, 1600-1820

Between 1540 and 1920 the English elite transformed the countryside and landscape by building up landed estates which were concentrated around their country houses. John Broad's study of the Verney family of Middle Claydon in Buckinghamshire demonstrates two sides of that process. Charting the family's rise to wealth impelled by a strong dynastic imperative, Broad shows how the Verneys sought out heiress marriages to expand wealth and income. In parallel, he shows how the family managed its estates to maximize income and transformed three local village communities, creating a pattern of 'open' and 'closed' villages familiar to nineteenth-century commentators. Based on the formidable Verney family archive with its abundant correspondence, this book also examines the world of poor relief, farming families as well as strategies for estate expansion and social enhancement. It will appeal to anyone interested in the English countryside as a dynamic force in social and economic history.

Structures familiales et solidarités lignagères a Marseille au XVe siècle : autour de l'ascension sociale des Forbin

C'est au cours de la dernière décennie du xive siècle que le nom de Forbin fit son apparition sur la scène provençale. Après un court séjour aixois, le maîtrepeaussier bourguignon Guillaume Forbin s'établit définitivement à Marseille dans les années 1392-1394; la cité phocéenne était alors un grand centre de traitement des cuirs et des peaux.Une cinquantaine d'années plus tard, les Forbin comptaient, au milieu du xve siècle, au nombre des plus puissantes familles marchandes marseillaises. Enrichis dans le commerce maritime méditerranéen — ils se consacrèrent tout aussi activement au grand négoce levantin qu'au trafic du cabotage avec la Catalogne, le Languedoc et la Riviera génoise, ou bien encore à la lucrative exploitation des bancs coralligènes sardes — les deux premiers leaders familiaux, les frères Jean et Bertrand purent alors s'affirmer comme assureurs ou bailleurs de fonds de la municipalité ou de la monarchie angevine ; leur fortune leur ouvrit également les portes de Pédilité marseillaise : chargés à plusieurs reprises du ravitaillement en blé et en armes de la ville, investis de nombreuses missions d'ambassade, ils devaient enfin accéder par trois fois, en 1431, 1435 et 1451, à la charge de syndic, magistrature suprême de la cité.

A Distinguished Macedonian Family of the Roman Imperial Period

The discovery in 1977 of a large new segment of a previously known inscription has made it possible to identify the relationship between a prominent family of Stobi and one of the most distinguished Macedonian families of the second and third centuries after Christ. What is more, the study of inscriptions on theater seats at Stobi has resulted in the identification of other probable relatives and the municipal phylae to which they belonged. It now seems likely that Stobi was the origo of the family's progenitor, Septimius Silvanus Nikolaos. Those inscriptions and other epigraphical evidence bearing on the fortunes, careers, and home cities of the extended family are examined in this article. The family's rise to distinction in Macedonia is reflected in municipal priesthoods and magistracies, provincial offices, titles of high honor bestowed both by municipal and provincial councils, and, at least in one instance, attaining of senatorial and consular rank. The study also permits some observations on municipal and provincial institutions of the second-third centuries A. C. in Macedonia.

A Chinese Pioneer Family: The Lins of Wu-Feng, Taiwan, 1729-1895

In an absorbing account of a frontier family's rise to local eminence, from its pioneer days in eighteenth-century Taiwan through its attainment of gentry status there a century later, Johanna Meskill presents not just a family history but a social history of late imperial China as well. Originally published in 1979. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.