Family Economic Level Research Articles

여고생의 자기주도적 학습능력이 외모관리행동에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between self-directed learning ability and appearance management behavior of female high school students. Data collection was conducted in July 2023 for 231 female high school students living in the Gyeongnam region, and a questionnaire was used. For data analysis, frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, F test, Duncan test, and regression analysis were used with the SPSS program. The results of this study are as follows. The factors of high school girls' self-directed learning ability consisted of six dimensions: learning goal setting, self-reflection, learning will, learning avoidance, learning interest, and learning effort. The factors of female high school students' appearance management behavior consisted of six dimensions: plastic surgery, body shape, fashion, hair, health, and skin. Female high school students' self-directed learning ability and appearance management behavior were partially different according to monthly average pocket money, family economic level, and grades. The double grades showed a significant difference in the self-directed learning ability of female high school students. Self-directed learning ability of female high school students was found to be a variable that partially affects appearance management behavior. In particular, learning avoidance, self-reflection, learning interest, and learning effort of self-directed learning ability were found to be factors influencing appearance management behavior. It is expected that the results of this study can be used as useful information and basic data for educational guidance and program planning for adolescents.

Stress and Learning Achievements in University Students in Juliaca-Puno, Peru

The main objective of the development of the article was to determine the relationship between stress and learning achievements in university students from Juliaca, Puno, Peru. The methodology was developed based on a basic study, a correlational level of non-experimental design, with a longitudinal section in which a sample of 320 university students was used. Descriptive statistics and a Pearson chi-square correlation test were used. Based on the results, it was obtained that the average age of the students is 29 years, mostly female, single marital status, family economic level of the vital minimum, most have an average of 78.9 learning achievements, while the average learning achievements were 14.3. It was found that the dimensions of physical reactions (p=0.021), psychological reactions (p=0.03) and behavioral reactions (p=-0.035) were significantly related to learning achievements. As a conclusion, it was found that the physical, psychological and behavioral aspects of stress significantly affect the learning achievement of university students in the city of Juliaca.

Pengaruh Kondisi Ekonomi Keluarga terhadap Minat Belajar Al-Qur'an Ditinjau dari Jenjang Kelas (Penelitian di TPA Masjid ad-Dakwah)

This study aims to determine the influence of family economic conditions on interest in learning the Qur'an, viewed from grade levels, and its implications for strategies to enhance interest in learning the Qur'an. This research is a mixed-methods study, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. It employs two-way ANOVA with interest in learning the Qur'an as the dependent variable, and family economic conditions and grade levels as independent variables. Data collection techniques include questionnaires, observation, and interviews. The results show that: 1) there is no significant effect of family economic conditions on interest in learning the Qur'an; 2) there is no significant effect of grade level on interest in learning the Qur'an; 3) there is no significant interaction between family economic conditions and grade level on interest in learning the Qur'an; and 4) this research implies the importance of improving teaching quality, implementing policies that promote equal access to education regardless of family economic conditions, and fostering family involvement through education, attention, support, religious inculcation, and supervision of technology use.

How negative life events affect mobile phone addiction among college students

Mobile phone addiction, as an unhealthy internet usage habit, has had a significant negative impact on the physical and mental health of college students, especially in this vulnerable group. In view of this, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on various factors and their mechanisms that affect mobile phone addiction among college students, in order to provide a new perspective and methodology for preventing and intervening in data addiction among college students. In this research context, this study will comprehensively apply quantitative and qualitative research methods to deeply analyze the intrinsic relationship between negative life events, depression, and mobile phone addiction, in order to provide strong scientific basis for solving this problem.This study aims to explore the impact of negative life events on mobile phone addiction among college students and examine the mediating role of depression in this process. A two-year longitudinal study was conducted to conduct three consecutive questionnaire surveys on 5608 college students from a certain university. Research has found a significant positive correlation between negative life events and mobile phone addiction among college students, indicating that college students who experience more negative life events are more likely to develop mobile phone addiction behavior. Further analysis shows that depression plays a partial mediating role between negative life events and mobile phone addiction, that is, negative life events not only directly affect mobile phone addiction, but also indirectly promote the formation of mobile phone addiction by increasing individual depression levels. In addition, the study also found that gender Factors such as BMI and family economic level play important roles in the occurrence of mobile phone addiction.This study found that negative life events affect mobile phone addiction among college students, with depression as a mediating factor. This provides a new perspective for the theory of mobile phone addiction and a scientific basis for intervention. Reducing negative events, lowering depression, and improving self-control can effectively reduce addiction rates and promote the physical and mental health of college students. Future research can expand samples and regions, delve deeper into the mechanisms of action, and explore more intervention strategies.

The Relationship Between Family Economic Level and the Incidence of Anemia in Pregnant Women

The Relationship Between Family Economic Level and the Incidence of Anemia in Pregnant Women

Language ideologies and heritage language maintenance among Egyptian Nubian families: a comparative study of urban and rural families

ABSTRACT This article explores language ideologies in urban and rural Nubian families in Egypt toward Arabic, English, and Nubian, analysing how these families’ different language ideologies could influence heritage language maintenance. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observations with three urban and three rural families in Egypt, and qualitative content analysis was conducted to compare differences in parents’ ideologies between rural and urban Nubian families. The survey results show that parents from urban and rural families greatly emphasise Arabic learning. Parents in urban families are more willing to invest in their children's foreign language education. In contrast, parents in rural families consider Nubian to be of great significance for their children's education, which leads parents to prioritise having their children speak Nubian as the main language at home. They strongly recognise the value of the Nubian language in ethnic identity and cultural inheritance. The results suggest that parents’ language ideologies and heritage language maintenance in urban and rural Nubian families may be affected by macro factors (e.g. national language policy, socio-cultural environment) and micro factors (e.g. parents’ education level, family economic level).

Longitudinal trajectories of self-esteem, related predictors, and impact on depression among students over a four-year period at college in China

Self-esteem plays a crucial role in the psychological development of college students. Based on four-wave longitudinal data, this study empirically investigated the longitudinal trajectories of self-esteem, related predictors, and the impact on depression in a sample of Chinese college students. Piecewise growth mixture modeling was utilized to identify potential self-esteem trajectories. Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression models were employed along with the Kruskal‒Wallis test to analyze the factors that influence self-esteem development trajectories and assess variations in depression. The results showed that college students’ self-esteem trajectories can be divided into three categories: slowly decreasing (81.04%), rising then falling (16.94%), and falling then rising (2.02%). Various personal factors (e.g. ethnicity, family residence, self-reported health status, extroversion) and socioeconomic factors (e.g. closeness with classmates, family economic level, family social status, and the mother’s educational level) can influence the classification of students’ self-esteem development trajectories. Moreover, notable differences in depression were observed among students in different self-esteem trajectory groups. The results emphasize the imperative of implementing interventions to enhance self-esteem among college students.

Happiness and its relationship with locus of control and types of thinking among university students expected to graduate

The current research aims to identify happiness and its relationship with the locus of control and types of thinking in terms of social and economic variables among Zakho university students expected to graduate. The sample of the research consists of (638) students selected randomly from the University. For this purpose, the researcher used four scales, the scale of happiness feeling consists of (33) items and the scale for the measurement of locus of control consists (25) items, and two scales for measuring two types of thinking: inductive and deductive thinking consist of (17) items, after extracted psychometric properties, and for the purpose of data collection appropriated statistical methods were used. The results of the study indicated that participants have happiness in general and own internal locus of control, and use both inductive and deductive thinking, and also found that there are statistically significant differences according to variables: sex, specialization, marital status, and the family's economic level, in happiness and locus of control and types of thinking among students, and also found that there is no statistically significant differences according to the other variables with the happiness among university students expected to graduate and its relationship with their locus of control and types of thinking.

A survey on the current situation of serum vitamin A and vitamin D levels among children aged 2-

Objective: To investigate serum vitamin A and vitamin D status in children aged 2-<7 years in 20 cities in China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 2 924 healthy children aged 2-<7 years were recruited from September 2018 to September 2019 from 20 cities in China, categorized by age groups of 2-<3 years, 3-<5 years, and 5-<7 years. The demographic and economic characteristics and health-related information of the enrolled children were investigated. Body weight and height were measured by professional staff members. The serum vitamin A and vitamin D levels were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chi-square test and Logistic regression were applied to analyze the association between vitamin A and vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency as well as their underlying impact factors. Results: The age of the 2 924 enrolled children was 4.33 (3.42, 5.17) years. There were 1 726 males (59.03%) and 1 198 females (40.97%). The prevalences of vitamin A and vitamin D deficiency in enrolled children were 2.19% (64/2 924) and 3.52% (103/2 924), respectively, and the insufficiency rates were 29.27% (856/2 924) and 22.20% (649/2 924), respectively. Children with both vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies or insufficiencies were found in 10.50% (307/2 924) of cases. Both vitamin A (χ2=7.91 and 8.06, both P=0.005) and vitamin D (χ2=71.35 and 115.10, both P<0.001) insufficiency rates were higher in children aged 3-<5 and 5-<7 years than those in children aged 2-<3 years. Vitamin A and vitamin D supplementation in the last 3 months was a protective factor for vitamin A and D deficiency and insufficiency, respectively (OR=0.68 and 0.22, 95%CI 0.49-0.95 and 0.13-0.40, both P<0.05). The rates of vitamin A and D insufficiency was higher in children with annual household incomes <60 000 RMB than in those with annual household incomes ≥60 000 RMB (χ2=34.11 and 10.43, both P<0.01). Northwest and Southwest had the highest rates of vitamin A and vitamin D insufficiency in children aged 2-<7 yeas, respectively (χ2=93.22 and 202.54, both P<0.001). Conclusions: Among 20 cities in China, children aged 2-<7 years experience high rates of vitamin A and vitamin D insufficiency, which are affected by age, family economic level, vitamin A and vitamin D supplementation, and regional economic level. The current results suggest that high level of attention should be paid to vitamin A and vitamin D nutritional status of preschool children.

The association of depressive sarcopenia and cognitive decline among the elderly: Evidence from the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe

ObjectivesThe present study aimed to explore the relationship between baseline different sarcopenia statuses combined with different depression statuses and long-term cognitive functions. MethodsFinally, a total of 4289 individuals aged 50 years or older from wave 2 to wave 8 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe were included in this study. The generalized estimated equation model was used to explore the baseline effect of depression with sarcopenia on long-term cognitive function. Stratified Analyses according to gender, education, region, and family economic level were performed. Sensitivity analyses of wave 5 to wave 8 were conducted to ensure the robustness of the results. ResultsGroups of depression with non-sarcopenia (β = −0.40, 95%CI: −0.59 ~ −0.20, P < 0.001), non-depression with sarcopenia (β = −1.11, 95%CI: −1.91 ~ −0.31, P = 0.007), and depression with sarcopenia (β = −1.19, 95%CI: −1.89 ~ −0.50, P = 0.001) were inversely associated with cognition scores compared with the group of non-depression with non-sarcopenia. Stratified Analysis displayed differences in negative association of depression status with sarcopenia status and cognition. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. Other than numeracy, depression with sarcopenia (β = −1.81, 95%CI: −2.45 ~ −1.18, P < 0.001; β = −10.68, 95%CI: −1.05 ~ −0.31, P < 0.001; β = −0.51, 95%CI: −0.65 ~ −0.37, P < 0.001; β = −0.41, 95%CI: −0.55 ~ −0.27, P < 0.001) were inversely associated with cognitive function, orientation, words list learning test and fluency. ConclusionsPreliminary depressive sarcopenia appears to increase the risk of cognitive decline. There was a downward trend in total cognitive function. The effect of depression combined with sarcopenia on cognitive function may exist in differences in gender, education, region, and family economic level.

Association of Catastrophic Health Expenditure With the Risk of Depression in Chinese Adults: Population-Based Cohort Study.

Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, and it may have a lasting effect on one's whole life. As a form of financial hardship, catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) may be associated with depression. However, current evidence about the relationship between CHE and the risk of depression is insufficient. This study aimed to explore the relationship between CHE and the risk of depression among Chinese adults. In this study, we used 3 waves of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2012, 2016, and 2018. The CFPS are a nationally representative study covering 25 of 31 provinces in Chinese mainland and representing nearly 94.5% of the total population. We selected eligible household heads as participants, divided them into 2 groups by CHE events at baseline (exposed group: with CHE; unexposed group: without CHE), and followed them up. Households with CHE were defined as having out-of-pocket medical expenditures exceeding 40% of the total household nonfood expenditure, and people with depression were identified by the 8-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We first described the baseline characteristics and used logistical regression to estimate their effects on CHE events. Then, we used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs of depression among participants with CHE compared with those without CHE. Finally, we analyzed the subgroup difference in the association between CHE and depression. Of a total of 13,315 households, 9629 were eligible for analysis. Among them, 6824 (70.9%) were men. The mean age was 50.15 (SD 12.84) years. Only 987 (10.3%) participants had no medical insurance. The prevalence of CHE at baseline was 12.9% (1393/9629). Participants with a higher family economic level (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.15, 95% CI 1.02-1.31) and with the highest socioeconomic development level (aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04-1.34) had a higher prevalence of CHE than reference groups. During a median of 71 (IQR 69-72) person-months of follow-up, the depression incidence of participants with CHE (1.41 per 1000 person-months) was higher than those without CHE (0.73 per 1000 person-months). Multivariable models revealed that the adjusted hazard ratio for the incidence of depression in participants with CHE was 1.33 (95% CI 1.08-1.64), and this association appeared to be greater in participants without outpatient services (for interaction, P=.048). CHE was significantly associated with increased risk of depression among Chinese adults. Concentrated work should be done to monitor CHE, and more efforts to ensure financial protection need to be made to prevent depression, especially for people with high health care needs.

Hubungan Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Pendidikan Ibu dengan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif pada Ibu yang Memiliki Bayi Usia Lebih dari 6 Bulan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Gandus Tahun 2021

Exclusive breastfeeding is the best food given to babies during the age of 0-6 months without being interspersed with other additional food. However, in reality, there are still many breastfeeding mothers who do not provide exclusive breastfeeding to their babies due to various factors. In Indonesia, mothers who exclusively breastfeed their babies during the current month are still low, which is 2% of the total number of mothers who give birth. The behavior of breastfeeding mothers is based on Lawrence Green's (1980) behavioral theory, namely predisposing factors (knowledge, attitudes, education level, and work), enabling factors (family economic level), and reinforcing factors (family role). This study was conducted to see the various factors associated with low exclusive breastfeeding in infants in Gandus District. This study used descriptive analytic method with cross sectional approach, where the sample was 100 breastfeeding mothers. Sampling using Random Sampling method, namely Proportioned Stratified Random Sampling. The instrument in this study used a questionnaire. Data processing using manual system was done by univariate and bivariate analysis with Chi-Square test with level of sgnificant (alpha) 0.05. From the results of the study it is known that the value of x2 count is greater than x2 table for work (4.06&gt; 2.71), so there is a significant relationship between work and low exclusive breastfeeding. While the x2 value is smaller than the x2 table (knowledge (1.43 &lt; 2.71), attitude (0.34 &lt; 2.71), education level (0.10 &lt; 4.61), family economic level (0.44 &lt; 2.71), and family peren (0.58 &lt; 2.71), so there is no significant relationship with the low exclusive breastfeeding in infants. The suggestion from this study is that all parties involved in exclusive breastfeeding in infants can make various efforts to increase knowledge and awareness that are adjusted to all the resources available in the area.

Family economic trajectories and body mass index in Indonesia: Evidence from the Indonesian Family Life Surveys 2 to 5

Indonesia faces the double burdens of childhood obesity and malnutrition. A family's socioeconomic status has been suggested to be one of the most influential factors contributing to childhood nutritional problems. This study aimed to: 1) identify the distinct trajectories of family economics; and 2) assess whether a family's economic trajectory influences children’s body mass index (BMI). We analyzed trajectory patterns of family economic levels from 1997 to 2015 among 846 children aged under 3 years in 1997 using data from Indonesian Family Life Surveys. Trajectory patterns were identified with Group-Based Trajectory Modeling using the traj plug-in in STATA software. The BMI was classified according to 2007 World Health Organization growth standards. Adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRRs) of family economic level trajectories and children’s BMI were calculated using multinomial logistic regressions. We identified three distinct trajectories of family economic level: stable poorest, stable middle, and increasing richest. In the total sample, there were no significant relationships between a family's income trajectory and children’s BMI in the adjusted models. A significant relationship existed for male children, but not for female children, of compared to the poorest family trajectory group, male children in the increasing richest trajectory group were more likely to be overweight/obese (aRRR 6.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.22–30.62) after adjusting for age and BMI. The present results highlight the importance of early interventions to minimize the potential adverse impacts of excessive BMI later in adulthood.

The Impact of Family Economic Situation and Parents' Educational Expectations on Academic Performance of Junior High School Students

Under the new curriculum reform, an assessment and examination system adapted to the concept of quality education has been established. Academic performance remains the most direct way of reflecting students academic achievement, and the family is one of the most crucial elements influencing childrens performance, with parental expectations influencing the home education environment. This paper examines the influence of family economic conditions as a factor and parents educational values as a factor of cultural perceptions on their educational expectations. A study was done on the effects of family economic conditions and parental expectations on junior high school students academic achievement. Using information from the China Family Tracking Survey (CFPS) (2012-2016), this paper analyzes, through OLS regression, whether the influence of factors such as family economic level on junior high school students achievement changes as time changes. That is, the desire for children to receive higher levels of education has a significant positive effect on childrens current achievement ranking; the childs gender as male significantly improves current achievement ranking. The paper shows that the widening income gap raises parents educational expectations for their children by increasing their material aspirations. However, the effect of family income on junior high school students achievement was not significant; only parental expectations of education level and gender had a significant effect on achievement.

The Effect of Loneliness on Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Behavior in Chinese Junior High School Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model.

This study explore the interaction between loneliness and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors (hereinafter "NSSI"), and to further examine the mediating role of self-control and the moderating role of social connection. A total of 414 junior high school students (age 14.05±0.84) in Sichuan province in China were investigated on their loneliness, self-control, social connection and NSSI by questionnaire. (1) there was a significant positive correlation between loneliness and NSSI; (2) self-control played a mediating role in the relationship between loneliness and NSSI; and (3) after controlling for gender, family structure, and family economic level, the social connectedness played a moderating role in the relationship between loneliness and NSSI, as well as between self-control and NSSI. The results verify the relationship between loneliness and NSSI, expands and deepens the internal logical relationship between them, and provides a reference that can be used in the future for the prevention and intervention of NSSI in adolescents.

Associations among socioeconomic status, multimorbidity of non-communicable diseases, and the risk of household catastrophic health expenditure in China: a population-based cohort study

BackgroundMultimorbidity of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is increasingly prevalent among older adults around the world, leading a higher risk of household catastrophic health expenditure (CHE). As current powerful evidence was insufficient, we aimed to estimate the association between multimorbidity of NCDs and the risk of CHE in China.MethodsWe designed a cohort study using data investigated in 2011–2018 from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, which is a nationally-representative study covering 150 counties of 28 provinces in China. We used mean ± standard deviation (SD) and frequencies and percentages to describe baseline characteristics. Person χ2 test was employed to compare the differences of baseline characteristics between households with and without multimorbidity. Lorenz curve and concentration index were used to measure the socioeconomic inequalities of CHE incidence. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between multimorbidity and CHE.ResultsAmong 17,708 participants, 17,182 individuals were included for the descriptive analysis of the prevalence of multimorbidity in 2011, and 13,299 individuals (8029 households) met inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis with a median of 83 (interquartile range: 25–84) person-months of follow-up. 45.1% (7752/17,182) individuals and 56.9% (4571/8029) households had multimorbidity at baseline. Participants with higher family economic level (aOR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86–0.97) had lower multimorbidity prevalence than those with lowest family economic level. 82.1% of participants with multimorbidity did not make use of outpatient care. The CHE incidence was more concentrated among participants with higher socioeconomic status (SES) with a concentration index of 0.059. The risk of CHE was 19% (aHR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.16–1.22) higher for each additional NCD.ConclusionsApproximately half of middle-aged and older adults in China had multimorbidity, causing a 19% higher risk of CHE for each additional NCD. Early interventions for preventing multimorbidity among people with low SES could be intensified to protect older adults from financial hardship. In addition, concerted efforts are needed to increase patients’ rational healthcare utilization and strengthen current medical security for people with high SES to reduce economic disparities in CHE.

The Impact of Bancassurance Interaction on the Adoption Behavior of Green Production Technology in Family Farms: Evidence from China

In the context of increasingly severe resource and environmental constraints, accelerating family farms to take the path of green agricultural development is an urgent practical problem to be solved. The bancassurance interaction, an innovative form of financial support policy for agriculture, can effectively alleviate the risks and credit rationing problems faced by family farms in the operation process, provide new opportunities for green production of family farms, and is of great significance to promoting sustainable agricultural development. This study uses data from 564 planting family farms in Shaanxi Province to analyze the impact of the bancassurance interaction on adopting green production technology in family farms and its mechanism, paying particular attention to the heterogeneous effects of the family life cycle and family economic level. The results of this study show that the bancassurance interaction has a significant positive impact on the adoption of green production technology by family farms. Compared with agricultural credit and insurance, the effect of the bancassurance interaction on adopting green production technologies is more evident. The analysis of the impact mechanism shows that the bancassurance interaction can promote the adoption of green production technology in family farms through three channels: increasing investment in agricultural production, expanding the scale of land management, and strengthening exchanges of green technology. Among them, the effect of increasing agrarian production investment is the most pronounced. The heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of the bancassurance interaction on the green production technology of family farms varies significantly according to the family life cycle and economic level. Family farms at the dependency stage and low-income level were more willing to adopt green production technologies driven by the bancassurance interaction. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously innovate the interaction mode between banks and insurance companies, rationally allocating agricultural production factors and combining the actual situation of each family farm to strengthen the leading role of the bancassurance interaction in adopting green production technologies and promoting high-quality agricultural development.

Sociodemographic factors associated with weight perception of adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To systematically assess the main sociodemographic factors associated with weight perception of adolescents. All studies related to adolescents' weight perception were retrieved from seven databases from January 2001 to July 2022. A total of 13 Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords were used to identify qualified studies, and reference lists included in the retrieved studies were manually searched to identify potentially relevant publications. Two evaluators independently assessed the eligibility and extracted data of each study. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) risk of bias evaluation tool was used to evaluate the quality and bias risk of included studies. RevMan (version: 5.3) software was used to conduct heterogeneity test and meta-analysis. A total of 12 studies, published between 2003 and 2020, were selected and included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, consisting of 325,367 adolescents from five countries. The risk of bias evaluation indicated that risk of bias was low in five studies and moderate in seven studies. The results of meta-analysis showed that there were no differences in the weight perception accuracy among adolescents under different gender (odds ratio [OR] = 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88-1.15, p = 0.940), place of residence (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.83-1.16, p = 0.800), grade (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 0.68-4.42, p = 0.250), and family economic level (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.86-1.02, p = 0.140). Egger's linear regression showed that there was no significant publication bias in the primary analysis. The current analysis indicates that gender, place of residence, grade, and family economic level were not identified as influencing factors for adolescents' weight perception accuracy. Due to the limitations of the review and included studies, more robust trials are warranted in different social and economic environments to confirm our findings.

Association of screen exposure with psychosocial problems in primary school students.

This study aimed to investigate the current status of screen exposure and the factors related to screen exposure in primary school students and explore the relationship between screen exposure and psychosocial problems, which may provide evidence for the scientific use of electronic products and psychological interventions used in these children. The parents of 811 primary school students aged 6-12 years received a questionnaire survey in Beijing between January 13 and January 16, 2022. The demographic data and daily screen exposure time were collected, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) about their children was administered online. In 793 students, the average daily screen exposure of <2 h and ≥2 h was noted in 75.0% and 25% of patients, respectively. The mobile phone was the main medium for screen exposure (40.9%). The family's economic level, parental relationship, and main supervisor were related to screen exposure time (χ 2 = 44.8,14.5 and 12.4, P < 0.05). A low family economic level with a monthly income not meeting the basic living needs, poor parental relationship, and an elderly person responsible for supervision were related to increased screen exposure time. The abnormal emotional and behavioral symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity inattention, peer communication, prosocial behaviors, and a total difficulties score were found in 11.6%, 9.8%, 15.3%, 22.1%, 6.8%, and 13.4% of children, respectively. Excessive screen exposure was related to peer interaction and prosocial behaviors (χ 2 = 12.18 and 7.76, P < 0.05). The children with excessive screen exposure were more likely to have abnormal peer interaction (χ 2 = 12.09, P = 0.001) and prosocial behaviors (χ 2 = 7.76, P = 0.005). Excessive screen exposure was a risk factor for peer interaction problems (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the detection rate of excessive screen exposure is higher in primary school students, which is related to the family's economic level, parental relationship, and main supervisor. Excessive screen exposure is harmful to the psychosocial health of these children, which is characterized by abnormal peer intercommunion and prosocial behaviors. More attention should be paid to screen exposure time in primary school students.

PENGARUH KONDISI EKONOMI KELUARGA TERHADAP TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN ANAK DI DESA SIHABORGOAN BARUMUN

This study aims to find out whether there is a significant influence between family economic conditions on children's education levels. For this reason, this study includes two variables, namely family economic conditions as variable X and the level of education of children variable Y. This research was conducted at Sihaborgoan Barumun Jl. Binanga, Barumun Tengah District, Padang Lawas Regency. The population in this study is the entire sihaborgoan Barumun village community, and the sampling method used in this study is incidental sampling or coincidentally, the sample taken in this study is as many as 30 people. In analyzing the data, guttman scale method questionnaires were used for family economic conditions (variable X) and variable child education level (Y). Then the results are analyzed with inferential analysis. From the results of the analysis obtained the average value of family economic conditions is 84.5 in the category of "Excellent", the average value of the child's education level is 82.33 in the category of "Excellent". Based on the t test conducted on table 16 shows that the calculated value is 5,800 with a confidence level of 95% or an error rate of 5% thus 5,800&gt;1,699 then H0 rejected Ha accepted. Based on these results it can be concluded that the hypothesis is acceptable. This means that there is a significant influence between the Economic Condition of the Family on the Level of Children's Education in Sihaborgoan Barumun Village.