Family Warmth Research Articles

Embodiment of Parental Love Through the Medium of Wooden Matches in Expression Photography

This photographic work raises the theme of parental love through the medium of wooden matches in expression photography. This work focuses on life experiences, the daily activities of the creator while he was born and grew up full of love from his parents in Aceh. The theory of ideas that the creator uses in creating this work of Expression photography is in the form of Expression Photography, Composition, Semiotics and Lighting. This creation method also involves experimentation. The creative concepts and ideas displayed in this photo work are a reflection of the creator's daily life. The main object in making this work is a miniature person created from wooden matches. This work is inspired by the author's life story of the sincere love of his parents, as well as daily life activities that the author has experienced and felt. Rooted in a deep narrative of parental love, the project captures the essence of familial warmth and affection, depicting miniature wooden matchsticks involved in everyday activities as symbolic representations of the human experience. Each photo encapsulates a narrative of parental love and familial bonds, visually depicting moments of tenderness, joy and nurturing care. In "In Mother's Lap", "Happiness", "Dodaidi Swing", "Adab", and "Guardian", the creator visualizes the multifaceted nature of parental love, from caring for babies to guiding adolescence. These photos are a touching reminder of the eternal bond between parents and children, illustrating the profound impact that love and care can have on a child's development and well-being. Ultimately, through a blend of artistic expression and qualitative inquiry, the project “Parental Love through the Medium of Wooden Matching in Expressive Photography” transcends the realm of conventional photography, offering viewers a glimpse into the depth and richness of human relationships and experiences.

Family Climate, Perception of Academic Achievements, Peer Engagement in Cyberbullying, and Cyber Roles among Adolescents

Cyberbullying is a disturbing form of behavior associated with the use of communication technologies among adolescents. Many studies have been devoted to cyberbullies and cyber victims, neglecting an important growing group: cyberbullies who are also cyber victims. Moreover, few studies refer to all cyberbullying roles and factors associated with them. Therefore, the goal of this study is to examine differences in family climate, peers’ engagement in cyberbullying, and perception of academic achievements among involvements in cyberbullying roles. Data are collected by telephone or face-to-face from a sample of 277 eleventh- to twelfth-grade students in Israel who are asked to participate in the survey. Cyberbullying roles are composed of two variables—cyberbullies and cyber victims, creating four groups: cyberbullies, cyber victims, cyberbullies-and-victims, and non-involved. Three types of family climate are measured: warmth, order and supervision, and conflict. Respondents report their perceptions of peers’ engagement in cyberbullying. At the personal level, gender, perception of academic achievements, and school absence are measured. Multinomial logistic regression findings show that boys are more likely to be cyberbullies and cyberbullies-victims than are girls; family conflicts increase the odds of being cyberbullies and cyber victims; and family warmth decreases the odds of being cyber victims and cyberbullies-cyber victims. Perception of peers’ engagement in cyberbullying increases the odds of being cyberbullies and cyberbullies-victims. Perception of academic achievements and school absence have opposite effects on cyber victims, the former increasing the odds of being cyber victims and the latter decreasing them. The results emphasize the role of family and peers in adolescents’ cyber behavior. Limitations and conclusions are discussed.

Street Food in Visual Media in Turkey: Food Mediatization in Tourism

Visual media has played a significant role in driving various transformations since its inception. The media has often portrayed gastronomy as a visual spectacle, showcasing allure, a reassuring image, and authenticity. Countries endeavor to enhance their gastronomy tourism by not only presenting their human and natural assets but also highlighting their distinct food and beverage cultures through visual media. This study aims to analyze the depiction of street food in Turkey in both national and international visual media and to explore the extent to which the promotion of street cuisine has been leveraged within the context of gastronomy tourism. The study seeks to contribute to future efforts aimed at making street food a compelling attraction in Turkey???s gastronomy tourism. For this study, an extensive literature review was conducted and semiotic analysis was applied to visual media components. National and international productions featuring street food in Turkey were analyzed across 10 distinct categories. ??stanbul emerged as the most prominently featured city in these productions. Furthermore, ??stanbul???s multicultural nature and its history of migration from various regions allow it to reflect the culinary cultures of different parts of Turkey. Based on the findings within the scope of this study, the emotions, thoughts, and messages evoked by visual media materials depicting street food in Turkey can be summarized as follows: a sense of camaraderie, social engagement, delightful gastronomic experiences, intriguing encounters, a feeling of familial warmth and authenticity, nostalgia, a sense of belonging, cross-cultural interaction, and visually striking presentations.

Predictors of Aggression, Disruptive Behavior, and Anger Dysregulation in Youths with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience difficulties related to aggression, disruptive behavior, and regulation of emotions that precipitate these behaviors (i.e., anger). The extent to which aggression, disruptive behaviors, and anger dysregulation are correlated with distinct or overlapping factors has not yet been explored. The present study examined whether aspects of participant demographics, individual youth functioning, caregiver stress, and family warmth contributed to youth aggression, disruptive behavior, and anger dysregulation. Participants were caregivers of 511 youths with ASD. Analyses revealed that significant proportions of variance in aggression, disruptive behaviors, and anger dysregulation were accounted for by shared variables pertaining to demographics, the individual youth, and caregiver stress. Implications of treatment and future research are discussed.

Conscientious Objection Based on Patient Identity

Conscientious Objection Based on Patient Identity

Family Relationships and Alcohol Consumption: Interaction with the Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR)

Introduction: The interaction of environmental and inherited factors determines how a young person becomes involved in problem behaviours such as drinking alcohol. We have investigated whether the association of family relationships with early experience with alcohol is related to variation in the serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR). Methods: We used data of the two birth cohorts of the Estonian Personality Behaviour and Health Study (original n = 1,238) at age 15 and 18 years. Data were self-reported in a laboratory setting. Results: Family relationships at age 15 years were significantly related to the frequency of drinking alcohol. Specifically, association of Warmth in Family (closeness and support within family) with consuming alcohol was in a negative, while maltreatment (misprize and abuse) in a positive relationship with alcohol consumption. At age 18 years, the effects of family relationships on consuming alcohol were lower and no longer statistically significant (p values >0.10). The associations between family relations and alcohol use at age 15 years varied by the 5-HTTLPR genotype: at this age, the impact of the family relations, both Warmth and Maltreatment, on the frequency of drinking alcohol was statistically significant among participants with the S/L genotype, and while rather similar results were obtained for the S/S genotype, no relations were apparent between family relations and consuming alcohol in subjects with the L/L genotype. Conclusion: These findings reveal that family relations are related to alcohol consumption, dependent upon the 5-HTTLPR genotype. This is compatible with the hypothesis that the S-allele carriers are more malleable by the environment.

Peculiarities of arrangement of children in orphans and foster families during martime

The article examines the functioning of family-type orphanages and foster families as important forms of placement of orphans and children deprived of parental care in martial law. Attention is drawn to the peculiarities of the reception of orphans and children deprived of parental care in family-type orphanages and foster families during military events in Ukraine. Particular attention was paid to the legislation of Ukraine on social protection of orphans, children deprived of parental care, as well as orphans and children deprived of parental care, namely: the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On ensuring organizational and legal conditions of social protection of orphans, children deprived of parental care ", the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine" On amendments to some resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on the protection of children's rights during a state of emergency or martial law of March 22, 2022 № 349 and other legislative acts regulating legal relations related to the provision of material, social and legal assistance to orphans, children deprived of parental care, as well as persons from among orphans and children deprived of parental care. foster family and a family-type orphanage are some of the most effective forms of placement for orphans and children deprived of parental care. After all, children whose parents have died or are unable to perform their duties due to various circumstances also need family warmth and upbringing. And we have a particularly sad result of the terrible war: thousands of children were orphaned, lost guardians or guardians, faced the horrors of war, lost during bombings, evacuations from combat zones, disappeared, forcibly deported to the aggressor country and know nothing about their parents.

Analysis of Family Values of the Two Generations of Godfathers in the Film The Godfather

The Mafia is a secret organization originated in Italy. Despite its notoriety in the world, there still are a great number of people who are interested in it. A large number of cultural works have been produced because of people’s infatuation and curiosity about Mafia culture. Take the film of The Godfather as an example, which is produced in 1972. This film has not only influenced millions of people, but introduced Italy Sicilian’s mafia culture to the whole world.Indeed, people’s stereotype for mafia is blood, cruelty and brutality, however, the mafia also has another rational and warm look. This paper aims to make a more in-depth analysis of the classic film The Godfather from a new perspective of "family values" by grasping the historical background, cultural environment of the film and the life and destiny of Italian immigrants at the end of the WW II. In the process of analysis, this paper focuses on grasping the communication and contact between the main characters in the film, and analyzes the family warmth and love revealed in it.

Depression and alcohol use in American Indian adolescents: The influence of family factors.

Rates of both depression and alcohol use are disproportionately higher among American Indian (AI) adolescents than adolescents in the general population. The co-occurrence of depression and alcohol use is common and clinically relevant given their reciprocal negative influences on outcomes. Family factors may be especially relevant because they could have a buffering effect on this relationship due to the importance of kinship and community in AI communities. The current study examines the roles of family warmth and parental monitoring in the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use in a large, nationally representative sample of AI adolescents. Data were collected from 3498 AI 7th to 12th graders (47.8% female) residing on or near a reservation during the period 2009 to 2013. Participants reported on their depressive symptoms, family factors, and alcohol use. There was a small, but statistically significant positive association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use (r=0.11, p<0.001). Greater depressive symptoms were associated with significantly less perceived family warmth (β=-0.09, 95% CI [-0.13, -0.06]), which was associated with significantly greater alcohol use (β=-0.39, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.23]). Family warmth significantly accounted for the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use at high (β=0.04, SE=0.02, 95% CI [0.004, 0.09]), but not low, levels of parental monitoring (β=0.02, SE=0.02, 95% CI [-0.002, 0.06]). Results of the present study suggest that developing culturally sensitive prevention and treatment approaches focusing on increasing both family warmth and parental monitoring are important to address the co-occurrence of depression and alcohol misuse among AI adolescents.

The interplay of familial warmth and LGBTQ+ specific family rejection on LGBTQ+ adolescents’ self-esteem

IntroductionOur study sought to assess the interplay of family dynamics, namely familial warmth and LGBTQ+ specific rejection, and its association to self-esteem in a non-probabilistic sample of LGBTQ+ adolescents in the United States. MethodsStratified by (1) cisgender and (2) transgender and non-binary LGBTQ+ adolescents (N = 8774), we tested multivariable regression analyses to assess the association between familial warmth and LGBTQ+ specific family rejection, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. We then conducted a sub-analysis with LGBTQ+ adolescents who reported being out to any family member about their LGBTQ+ identity; specifically, we tested a series of multivariable regression models to assess whether levels of LGBTQ+ specific family rejection attenuated the association between familial warmth and self-esteem. ResultsFull sample models indicated a positive association between familial warmth and self-esteem. Findings from our sub-analysis indicated that familial warmth remained positively linked to self-esteem and family rejection was negatively associated with self-esteem. Family rejection was a statistically significant moderator, attenuating the association between familial warmth and self-esteem. With respect to being out about one's sexual orientation, these findings were robust across gender stratification groups. ConclusionsFamilies of origin serve as sources of stress and resilience for LGBTQ+ adolescents. Our findings contribute support to arguments that familial warmth and LGBTQ+ specific rejection are not mutually-exclusive experiences among LGBTQ+ adolescents. We provide recommendations for multilevel interventions to leverage activities that support positive family dynamics and self-esteem among LGBTQ+ adolescents.

The illness experience for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A qualitative study.

Aims and objectivesThis study aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of the illness experience of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients in China and the meaning they attach to those experiences.BackgroundALS is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that significantly impacts individuals and families. There is a large number of patients with ALS in China. However, little is known about how they live with ALS.DesignPhenomenological qualitative research was performed among twenty people with ALS from the neurology department of a tertiary hospital in China. Colaizzi's method was used to analyse the participants’ data. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) was used as a guideline to secure accurate and complete reporting of the study.ResultsWe proposed three themes and eight subthemes on the illness experience of participants: (1) life countdown: ‘my body was frozen’ (body out of control and inward suffering); (2) family self‐help: ‘we kept an eye on each other’ (family warmth and hardship, and supporting the supporter); and (3) reconstruction of life: ‘what was the meaning of my life’ (learning to accept, rebuilding self‐worth, resetting the priority list and living in the moment).ConclusionsIn the family self‐help model, patients are prompted to turn from negative mentalities to search for meaning in life actively. Healthcare providers need to attach importance to the family self‐help model to alleviate the pressure on medical resources.Relevance to clinical practiceHealthcare providers should encourage patients to play a supportive role in the family and provide more care support and professional care knowledge guidance to caregivers, to promote the formation of the family self‐help model which might help to improve the experience of patients and families.

Cluster Analysis of Child Externalizing and Prosocial Behaviors in a Randomized Effectiveness Trial of the Family-Check Up and Internet-Delivered Parent Training (iComet).

ObjectiveTo explore whether children with various externalizing/prosocial behavior profiles benefit differently from face-to-face training than from an internet-based parent management training (PMT) programme.MethodsA total of 231 families with children (aged 10 to 13 years) with externalizing behavior problems (EBP) were randomized to receive either the Family Check-Up, delivered by therapists in the community, or the internet-based PMT program (iComet). Person-oriented analysis was used for subtyping the children according to combinations of prosocial behavior and EBP.ResultsThe person-oriented analysis resulted in five significantly different clusters. There were no significant differences between the five clusters in relation to the total difficulties score of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, family warmth or family conflict, but the within-group effect sizes for the main outcome (total difficulties score) from baseline to post-treatment varied from Cohen’s d of 0.52 to 2.56. There were no significant interaction effects between the clusters and type of intervention. However, for children high on symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and moderate to high on oppositional defiant disorder, and low to relatively high on prosocial behaviors (Cluster 3 respectively 5), substantial residual EBP-symptomatology remained at post-treatment, although both interventions resulted in significant effects. The other three clusters were within the non-clinical EBP-range at post-intervention, irrespective of treatment condition. There were no significant differences between the clusters regarding treatment completion rate (ranging from 47.2% to 67.4%). This study illustrates the value of distinguishing between different profiles of children in the context of PMT for parents of children with EBP.

Family support and mental health of Latinx children in migrant farmworker families

Our mixed-method study examined the mental health of Latinx children in migrant farmworker (LMFW) families, assessed whether acculturative stressors contributed to mental health problems, and examined whether family warmth and support counteracted the negative effects of acculturative stressors on mental health. Participants were children aged 6–18 (N = 80, mean age = 11.71, 55% male) participating in two summer Migrant Education Programs in Indiana. Overall, we found support for associations between acculturative stressors and poor mental health in LMFW children utilizing multiple data sources that included child self-reports, teacher reports, and qualitative interviews. We also found evidence in qualitative interviews and teacher reports for the positive association between perceived maternal supportive parenting and children’s mental health. Findings suggested that while LMFW children are vulnerable to anxiety and depressive problems, perceptions of family support (particularly from mothers) are especially salient for their resilience and mental health. Differences by age and child sex are also discussed.

Racial and Ethnic Comparison of Ecological Risk Factors and Youth Outcomes: A Test of the Desensitization Hypothesis

Minority youth, because of structural, ecological, and societal inequalities, are at heightened risk of reporting depression and experiencing negative sanctions associated with delinquency. Sociological theories suggest that greater exposure to ecological risk factors at the peer, family, school and community levels are associated with elevated rates of youth depression and delinquency. Desensitization theory posits that repeated exposures to ongoing stressors result in a numbing of psychological and behavioral responses. Thus, it remains unclear whether racial/ethnic differences exist with regards to how contextual stressors correlate with depression and delinquency. Using a sample of 616 Black, 687 Latinx, and 1,318 White youth, this study explores racial/ethnic differences across four ecological risk factors of risky peers, low family warmth, poor school engagement, and community violence as they relate to youth delinquency and depression. Data were collected through in-school survey of youth from 16 public schools surrounding a major city in the Midwest. Significant racial/ethnic differences provided partial support for the desensitization theory. Among Black youth, the magnitude of relationships between ecological risk factors and delinquency was significantly weaker for three of the four predictors and for all four predictors of depression in comparison to White youth. Among Latinx youth, the magnitude of relationships between ecological risk factors was significantly weaker for depression, but not delinquency, in comparison to White youth. Results indicate that ecological risk factors may have differential associations to youth depression and delinquency, which may call for culturally tailored intervention approaches.

Family warmth, self-perception, social competence, and friendships in emerging adulthood

This study examines the factors influencing friendship quality during emergent adulthood. Data were collected on a sample of 393 college students (age range 18–22, M = 20.01). Nine multi-item measures were used as indicators in this study. Seven scales were drawn from the Battery of Adolescent Measures (Benson & Faas, 2014). The other two were the pragmatic (social) language and the aloof scales, which provided sensitised assessment of interpersonal deficits (Hurley, Losh, Parlier, Reznick, & Piven, 2007). The article hypothesises that family warmth predicts friendship quality during emergent adulthood. It also hypothesises that this relationship is mediated by emergent adults’ self-perceptions and by their social competence. Structural equation models supported the first hypothesis and also showed that self-perceptions and social competence partially mediate the main relationship. We also examined each mediator separately for evidence of partial mediation, but the full model remained a significantly better fit to the data compared to both single mediator models.

A pilot randomized controlled trial of Internet-delivered parent training for parents of teenagers.

Adolescents with externalizing behaviors are at risk for multiple social and health impairments that may persist into adulthood. Although empirically supported treatments are available for teenagers with severe externalizing behavior and their families, only a few parenting programs have been evaluated for adolescents with subclinical levels of behavior problems. In the present randomized controlled trial (N = 75), we examined the feasibility and efficacy of the Parent-Web, a new Internet-based parenting program for parents of teenagers. Participants reported high satisfaction with the program, 74% completed all five modules and dropout was only 14%. Generalized linear mixed models showed short-term (8 weeks) improvements in parent-reported teenager externalizing behaviors, family conflicts, and family warmth compared to a waitlist control condition. Receiving the Parent-Web was also associated with more improvements in parent-reported teenage emotional symptoms and peer problems, as well as parental stress and depression. No differences regarding parenting behaviors between the two groups were found. Those in the intervention group maintained their posttreatment gains on primary outcomes at the follow-up assessment, 6- to 9-months after the program. Although limited by relying solely on parent report, and by a relatively small sample size, we conclude that our study contributes some preliminary evidence for the utility of supporting parents of adolescents at risk of developing behavior problems through an Internet-based intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Normative Instrument and the One with the Moral Emotion Contained in the Family Values of Confucianism

이 글은 전통적 세계관과 서구적 세계관이 동시에 사회 국가의 운영원리가 되어 있는 현대 한국사회에 있어서 가족(家族)의 의미를 유가철학의 가족관에 내포되어 있는 정감적(情感的) 계기와 규범적(規範的) 계기를 중심으로 고찰하고자 하였다. 또한 한국사회에서 ‘가족’관계가 내포하고 문제점에 대한 진단을 통하여 유가적 가족관이 지니는 현재적 의미를 해명하고자 하였다. 유학의 가족 윤리에 내포된 정감적 원리는 부부로부터 시작하여 혈연적 가족관계를 거쳐 외연적으로 사회, 국가, 천하로 확대된다. 이것은 혈연적 정감적 친친(親親)에서 정치적 규범적 원리로서 존존(尊尊)으로 나아가며, 추은(推恩)의 방식으로 이루어진다. 하지만 친친의 정감적 원리는 예의와 법 등의 수단적 규범적 원리를 넘어서 자연적 목적적 의미를 가진다. 공자가 말하는 ‘정직’은 이러한 관점에서 유학의 정감론적 도덕 원리에 특별한 의미를 부여한다. 하지만 혈연적 정감적 도덕 감정은 때로 부정적인 방향으로 나아갈 가능성이 있다. 이것이 유가철학에서 규범적 질서를 강조하게 되는 이유가 된다고 할 수 있다. 유가적 가족 관계에서 규범적 원리와 계기가 강조되는 것은 혈연적 정감적 도덕원리가 한쪽으로 치우쳐서 부정적인 방향으로 흐르는 것을 규제하기 위한 것이다. 정감적 도덕 감정으로서 친친(親親)의 진정한 의미는 덕을 가지고 친족을 바르게 친애하는 것이다. 이것이 불가능하여 사적인 감정으로 흐르는 경우에 이것은 공적이고 객관적인 도덕률로서 예의(禮義)나 법(法)의 제어와 규제를 받아야 할 것이다. 정치적 규범적 질서를 목표로 하는 도덕규범의 계기는 혈연적 정감의 치우침을 조절하면서 정감적 도덕 원리를 보완하는 기능을 가진다고 할 수 있다. 유가철학은 이러한 예 의(禮義)를 통하여 통치의 질서를 구축하고 있다. 유가철학의 정치적 이상은 국가 사회가 이처 럼 혈연적인 인의에 바탕하여 정치적 규범으로서 예의에 의해 적절하게 통치되어 공공선의 조화로운 통합이 이루어질 때 실현된다고 할 수 있다. 결론적으로, 경제적 이기주의가 심화되어 여러 문제점을 드러내는 현대 한국사회에서 유가철학의 가족관에 내포된 정감적 유대의식과 규범적 질서의식을 통한 조화와 균형의 이념은 미래사회의 보편적인 가치기준이 될 수 있다.This essay intended to investigate the meaning of family with normative instrument and the one with the moral emotion as the center in the contemporary Korean society in which the traditional world view and western one operate at the same time. Also, this paper tried to illuminate the present meaning of Confucian family values through problem diagnosis connoted in family relations in korean society. The emotion principle involved in family ethics of Confucianism starts from the couple and goes through with blood family relations, dispread to society, nation and world explicitly This advances from blood family ties to normative political order and works out the way through which one spreads familial warmth. However, the emotion principle of blood family ties has a spontaneous and purposive meaning over the instrumental and normative principle. In this way, the honesty that Confucius said imbues emotion moral principle of Confucianism with special significance. But, the moral emotion according to blood and feeling sometimes has good chance to go forward in the negative direction. This becomes reason emphasizing normative order in Confucian philosophy What the normative principle and chance are stressed in Confucian philosophy tried to control corruption and disorder of the moral emotion of blood and feeling. In the case of deviation to the private feelings, this has to receive control and restriction of the proprieties and legislation as objective moral law. Conclusionally, political ideal of Confucianism could be realized when nation and society are integrated with public interests[公共善] harmoniously by being governed properly accoding to regulations as political criterion lied on blood benevolence and righteousness.

Are family warmth and positive remarks related to outcomes in psychosis? A systematic review.

Affective attitudes and behaviours manifested within the family environment have been characterised as expressed emotion (EE). High EE environments have been robustly shown to put psychosis patients at a greater risk of relapse compared with low EE exposure. Positive EE dimensions (warmth; positive remarks) have received far less attention than negative EE dimensions such that EE has become synonymous with a negative family atmosphere; the predictive value of positive EE dimensions is largely ignored. A systematic review examining the relationship between positive family EE and outcomes in psychosis is needed. A systematic search was conducted. Studies reporting bias and study quality were assessed. A total of 2368 studies were identified. Of these, 27 met eligibility criteria reporting outcomes including relapse, symptomatology, social functioning and life satisfaction. Relapse was the most commonly measured outcome. Stronger evidence emerged for the association between EE warmth and outcomes compared with EE positive remarks, with effects mostly evident in the early phase of psychosis. Evidence for protective effects of warmth on relapse was found up to 9 months follow-up. No effects were evident between positive remarks and relapse. Studies assessing symptom outcomes showed inconsistent findings. Evidence for an association with social functioning was evident, primarily in at risk mental states. Warmth and positive remarks predicted life satisfaction. The positive aspects of EE require further investigation with longitudinal research designs. Clinical interventions should focus not only on reducing negative aspects of EE but also foster warmth within families in the context of psychosis.

Moderators of the Association Between Exposure to Violence in Community, Family, and Dating Contexts and Substance Use Disorder Risk Among North American Indigenous Adolescents

Exposure to violence and substance abuse are salient public health concerns among Indigenous people (i.e., American Indian and Canadian First Nations). Despite this, little research has examined the association between the two among community-based reservation/reserve samples, or factors within the broader social environment that may moderate this association. As such, the purpose of the study is to examine ecological moderators of the association between direct (i.e., dating violence victimization) and indirect (i.e., current perceptions of community violence and prospective caretaker-reported victimization exposure) exposure to violence and meeting diagnostic criteria for a substance use disorder among a large longitudinal sample of Indigenous youth and their caretakers in the upper-Midwest of the United States and Canada (N = 521). Data come from the last two waves of the study, when the adolescents were between the ages of 16 and 19 years. The results show relatively high rates of direct and indirect violence exposure by late adolescence. Logistic regression models with added interaction terms were examined to test moderating effects. Per capita family income and remote location both amplified the positive association between current community violence exposure and substance use disorder risk. Family warmth and support buffered the association between caretaker victimization exposure and substance use disorder risk, whereas dating violence victimization exposure amplified this association. The findings are contextualized for Indigenous communities, and substance abuse prevention and intervention implications are discussed.

Family environment interacts with CRHR1 rs17689918 to predict mental health and behavioral outcomes

BackgroundCorticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor-1 gene (CRHR1) variants have been implicated in mental health. However, little is known of the effects of CRHR1 on long-term mental health and behavior in presence of environmental stressors. We assess the effects of CRHR1 variant (rs17689918)-by-environment interactions on emotionality and behavioral traits, including anxiety, depression, aggression and antisocial behaviors. We also determine effects of rs17689918-by-environment-by-sex interactions on the above-mentioned outcomes. MethodsGenotypic assessments were carried out in 564 children (mean age 10 years, 52.5% females) from the ongoing longitudinal Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study (ECPBHS). Information on stressful life events and family relationships were available at baseline and information on behavioral and mental health outcomes (self- and parent-reports) were available at follow-up ages of 18 and 25 years. ANOVAs were used to determine associations of two-way CRHR1-by-environment and three-way CRHR1-by-sex-by-environment interactions on behavioral and mental health outcomes. ResultsTwo-way CRHR1 interaction effects showed associations between low familial warmth and hostility in individuals with the GG genotype. Associations of low familial warmth with aggression, of higher number of stressful life events with aggression, and of stressful live events with anxious-depressive symptoms were noted in male A-allele carriers and female GG homozygotes. ConclusionCRHR1-by-familial environment interactions influence both outwardly-directed aggression as well as mood and anxiety disorder symptoms in a sex-specific manner. The type of environmental stressor can also influence effects of CRHR1 on behavioral and mental health outcomes.