Traditional Family Research Articles

Fit Islands: Designing a Multifunctional Virtual Urban Community to Promote Healthy Aging for Chinese Older Adults

Within the context of an aging global population, the demographic structure of emerging economies is undergoing a dramatic transformation. Emerging economies have a large population base and rapid economic development, but they are ill-prepared to deal with population aging. Limited resources force many older adults to face health issues such as chronic diseases and loss of physical independence, exacerbating the burden of traditional family and societal elderly care. Uncontrollable events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and regional conflicts have exacerbated the plight of older adults. Improving the quality of life and health of older adults has become a development priority in emerging economies in the face of a rapidly aging population. The development of smart cities has brought with it many available digital technologies, and the consequent development of smart aging offers endless possibilities for improving the quality of life and health of older people, making cities more inclusive of older people. Researchers from developed economies have attempted to address the health issues of older adults through a technology that combines physical exercise and digital technology called Exergame. However, existing projects are not suitable for older adults in emerging economies due to differences in national conditions. The aim of this project is therefore to propose a universal approach to designing a health-promoting Exergame system in the format of a virtual urban community to help emerging economies cope with aging populations, making cities more inclusive. To verify the feasibility of this approach, the authors designed an expandable Exergame called “Fit Islands”, using China as a case study. Based on the initial demonstration, the authors conducted functional tests. The result is that Fit Islands can meet the development objective of motivating Chinese older people to increase their physical activity, providing initial evidence of the feasibility of an Exergame system to promote healthy aging in emerging economies. The application of Fit Islands demonstrates the feasibility of the universal Exergame development method, which can, in principle, provide comprehensive and practical guidance for other countries.

Cultural-Land Bond: A Multifaceted Exploration of First Nations Historical Trajectory, Present Realities, and Sustainable Futures

This article explores the intricate and enduring connection between First Nations communities in Canada and their ancestral lands. The central research question guiding this investigation is: How do these multifaceted factors intersect to shape the lasting cultural-land bond? Utilizing a comprehensive literature review methodology, encompassing historical records, scholarly works, and indigenous perspectives, this study synthesizes information to provide a nuanced understanding of the complex dynamics at play. The key argument put forth is that the historical trajectory, colonial-era policies, Indigenous-colonial treaties, present-day social structures, economic considerations, environmental challenges, familial traditions, and core cultural values collectively contribute to the vitality of the cultural-land connection. The academic impact of this research lies in its revelation of patterns and common themes, offering crucial insights for policy adjustments. The article advocates for comprehensive legislation that respects Indigenous rights, encourages community-led initiatives, and promotes environmental sustainability. The implication of this work is a call to action, urging continued research, legislative support, and community engagement to ensure the preservation of this enduring connection for the benefit of current and future generations.

The role of traditions and customs in the prevention of juvenile delinquency in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Relevance. The relevance of the study is due to the need to develop theoretical ideas about the role of traditions and customs in the prevention of juvenile delinquency in Kazakhstan, which is only growing every year. This paper presents a general characteristic of juvenile delinquency in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is based on the analysis of data related to the prevention of youth crime in Kazakhstan using various approaches and tools.Purpose. The purpose of this study was to provide a general picture of juvenile delinquency in Kazakhstan and identify the importance of religious, spiritual, family, moral, cultural, and national traditions and customs in the fight against this phenomenon.Methodology. The study uses methods of statistical analysis, analogy and generalisation, and formal-legal and formal-logical approaches.Results. The study identified the features and importance of the introduction of religious, spiritual, family, moral, cultural, and national traditions and customs in the prevention of juvenile delinquency. Special attention is paid to how these factors can influence the formation of positive values, ethical principles, and norms of behaviour among young people. The study also describes the role of the state and society in the prevention of juvenile delinquency in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Various strategies and measures taken by the state and the contribution of public organisations and other social institutions in the process of preventing and combating crime among young people are considered.Conclusions. The results of the study can be useful for the development of effective strategies and programmes for the prevention of crime among young people in Kazakhstan, based on the cultural and social characteristics of this country.

Perceptions and Practices of Herbal Remedy Usage during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call for Evidence-Based Healthcare in Pakistan

Objective: To determine the prevalence, perception and practices towards the use of herbal remedies by Pakistani population during the era of covid 19 pandemic. Methodology: This cross-sectional explorative study was conducted at Department of medicine Sir Syed Medical College Karachi 2021 from the month of August 2021 to December 2021. An online google form well written by primary investigator was distributed generally to various what’s up forum throughout Pakistan with no specific inclusion or exclusion criteria. First section of the questionnaire included demographics of participants, second section include about the use of herbal remedy types, perception, beliefs of their use, source of getting them and the remedies used for the prevention of covid virus Results: This study, was conducted from August to December 2021 spread through google online forms, included 332 respondents, 52.1% of participants utilized herbal remedies for COVID-19 prevention, with 55.5% belonging to the 25-45 age group with 81.3% of them were educated females. A significant association (p<0.05) was observed between herbal remedy usage and age group, gender, education, and occupation. Senna Makki (38.8%), ginger (17.7%), and kalonji (10.2%) were commonly used herbs. While 37.7% reported health benefits, 15.1% believed these herbs had no side effects, and 22.3% used them for virus prevention. Attitudes toward herbal remedy usage revealed that 47.4% agreed these herbs could prevent disease, and 36% believed no additional preventive measures were necessary while using them. Family tradition (19.3%), health professionals (14.5%), and internet/media (14.2%) were key sources of information, while Hakeem stores (16.6%) and family members (7.8%) were common herbal remedy providers. Conclusion: This study highlights an urgent need for evidence-based healthcare interventions in Pakistan regarding the utilization of herbal remedies during the virus pandemic especially when there are risks associated with the improper use and potential influence from media. Key words: Covid 19 pandemic, Herbal remedies, Perception, Practices

Intra-family transmission of large family values

The article reveals the specifics of transmitting the norms of large families from generation to generation. Based on empirical data, it was possible to assess the degree of influence of the experience of the parent families of survey participants and their spouses, as well as the actual number of children of respondents on the number of children they advise their children to have. An analysis of the structure of parental families showed that the majority of respondents’ families are hereditarily small, and every fourth refuses to continue the tradition of large families in their own reproductive family. A comparative analysis of the desired and actual number of children in the families of respondents showed that the existing need for children is realized on average by only two-thirds. In connection with this, even full acceptance of the norm of children transmitted by parents will be insufficient to achieve the level of simple reproduction of the population. This justifies the need to implement targeted, scientifically based measures to support families with children, which reduce the influence of negative factors that prevent the birth of more children, and increase the importance of the opposite ones, which contribute to having a larger number of children.

Traditional family system, local government recognition and citizens' perceptions of homosexuality in Japan: an exploratory study

PurposeJapan has made some progress in recognizing lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) rights, such as passing laws that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in some cities. However, there is still a long way to go in terms of legal protection and social acceptance. Understanding citizens' attitudes toward homosexuality can help inform policies and interventions that promote LGBTQ rights and reduce discrimination. This study explores factors that influence citizens' attitudes toward homosexuality in Japan.Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted through a web-based questionnaire with 1,806 participants, where they were asked about their views on same-sex partnership recognition, homosexual rights and traditional Japanese family systems. The collected data were statistically analyzed to determine the factors that affect individuals' opinions regarding homosexuality.FindingsThe study determined that in Japan, traditional views are inversely related to same-sex partnership registration. Conversely, local government support for LGBTQ+ rights is directly associated with societal acceptance. Additionally, closer contact with the LGBTQ+ community promotes acceptance.Social implicationsThe study provides insights into the factors that shape societal attitudes toward homosexuality in Japan and highlights the importance of policies promoting diversity and inclusivity. By identifying these determinants, this study could help policymakers and advocates create effective strategies for promoting acceptance and equality for the LGBTQ+ community in Japan.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that focuses on understanding the factors that influence the attitudes of Japanese citizens toward homosexuality.

A Study on the Traditional Culture and Family Style Ideological and Political Education of Young Doctors in the New Era

The key and essence of ideological and political education lies in integrating theory with practice, leaving the classroom and campus, and integrating into social life. This article elaborates on how to strengthen the family culture and excellent traditional cultural curriculum ideological and political construction of young doctors under the new situation, thereby promoting the internalization of medical ethics and medical ethics into the spiritual pursuit of young doctors, promoting the harmonious relationship between doctors and patients in the new era, exploring and utilizing various resources contained in ideological and political courses to carry out curriculum ideological and political work, and providing a summary of practical experience for young doctors in China to strengthen traditional culture and family culture cultivation.

Changes in Family Planning Methods and Sexual Behaviors after Türkiye’s Earthquake and the Effect of on Quality of Sexual Life

This study aims to examine the changes in family planning methods and sexual behaviors after Türkiye’s earthquake and the effect of on quality of sexual life. The study involved a total of 272 women. The multiple regression analysis indicated that having a low educational level, starting to use traditional family planning methods, experiencing a decrease in sexual desire, and having sexual intercourse once a month or less after the earthquake, negatively affected the quality of sexual life in women. Health professionals are recommended to assess women’s needs for family planning methods after disasters like earthquakes.

ФЕНОМЕН ГЕНЕЗИСА РАЗВИТИЯ СЕМЕЙНЫХ ЦЕННОСТЕЙ В СЕМЕЙНЫХ ТРАДИЦИЯХ В РОССИИ: ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА

The authors consider the urgent problem of the development of family traditions, taking into account family values. The development of family traditions and family values is an urgent problem that requires attention and study. Family traditions play an important role in the formation of family values, which in turn are fundamental factors in the development of culture in modern society and personality. The article examines family traditions as the basis of family values, important factors in shaping the culture of modern society and personality. The importance of modern traditions in the development of families in the 21st century is increasing. However, there is a loss of high-quality spiritual and moral values of previous generations, which has a negative impact on the development of personality and culture. In this context, it becomes important to take legislative measures and develop systems aimed at strengthening and preserving traditional family values in modern society. Family, family relations and family values are of particular importance in the formation of personality, and therefore family institutions must preserve the moral and spiritual values of previous generations. Legislative initiatives in the field of family values and traditions can significantly affect the preservation of moral and spiritual values and the formation of personality in modern society. Thus, the study and preservation of family traditions and values is an important aspect in the development of modern society and personality. The implementation of legislative measures and the creation of systems that contribute to the preservation of traditional values can be a key factor in supporting the moral and spiritual aspects of family life and personality formation in modern society.

The Influence of Globalization on Family Traditions and Values

Objective: In an era marked by unprecedented globalization, understanding its impact on the most fundamental unit of society—the family—becomes crucial. This study aims to explore the multifaceted ways in which globalization influences family traditions and values, focusing on how global cultural flows, technological advancements, economic factors, and intergenerational dynamics reshape familial practices and beliefs. Methods and Materials: Employing a qualitative research design, this study gathered data through semi-structured interviews with 20 participants from diverse cultural backgrounds. The participants were selected to cover a broad age range and varied levels of exposure to globalization. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Thematic analysis was utilized to identify key themes and categories within the data, offering in-depth insights into the participants' experiences and perceptions. Findings: Five main themes were identified: Global Cultural Exchange, Technological Impact, Intergenerational Dynamics, Cultural Adaptation and Resistance, and Economic Influences. Each theme encapsulated several categories and concepts, highlighting the complex interplay between global and local influences on family life. Key findings include the selective adoption of global cultural elements, the transformative role of technology in family interactions, the negotiation between traditional and global values across generations, active engagement in cultural adaptation, and the significant impact of economic factors on family traditions and values. Conclusion: The study reveals that globalization exerts a profound and multifaceted influence on family traditions and values, leading to a dynamic process of adaptation, preservation, and transformation. Families are shown to be active agents in navigating the complexities of global and local cultural streams, demonstrating resilience and adaptability in the face of global cultural and economic pressures. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the nuanced impacts of globalization on the microcosm of family life, contributing to the broader discourse on cultural continuity and change in a globalized world.

Digital boundaries: A study on WeChat parent-child relationships among Chinese college students and their association with family factors.

This study aims to investigate the current state of WeChat parent-child relationships among college students and their association with family factors. Using convenient sampling, 6159 students,age from 18 to 25,the participants were selected from colleges of Chengdu to complete a questionnaire survey on response and attitudes towards parents' WeChat friend requests, Family APGAR Index,Parental Management Scale,Family Conflict Scale,were used as measurement tools. Responses to parental WeChat friend requests showed significant positive correlations with higher levels of family function satisfaction (r = 0.10, P<0.01) and parental management (r = 0.11, P<0.01), and a significant negative correlation with family conflict (r = -0.03, P<0.05). This study reveals that Chinese college students generally accept their parents' WeChat friend requests, influenced by family dynamics and traditional values. Positive parental management, family harmony, and good marital relationships enhance students' willingness to connect with their parents on WeChat, indicating the complex interplay between digital interactions and traditional family concepts.This underscores the importance for parents to adopt modern and scientific parenting approaches, fostering a harmonious and nurturing family atmosphere rooted in trust and mutual respect for their children.

Уголовно-правовая охрана семьи как элемента традиционных ценностей (на примере законодательства Российской Федерации и бывших союзных республик)

Traditional Russian spiritual and moral values emphasize a “strong family”, the criteria for which are not defined by law. This gives rise to various iinterpretations of this traditional value, whether it is a “happy family”, “large family», «ideal family”, “traditional family” etc. In this regard, we can assume that the notion of a strong family implies a strong, reliable connection between generations, respect for parents, care for elders, and warmth of love of grandparents, which remains with us throughout our lives. Chapter 20 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation contains only four articles that directly relate to the protection of the family, namely Articles 154, 155, 156, and 157 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which determine the proper performance of duties by family members and authorized bodies. Such regulations do not provide the family with full protection by criminal law, with the exception of Article 157 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Failure to pay for the maintenance of children or incapacitated parents.” Among the countries whose criminal law provides protection to a strong family are the Republic of Belarus, which provides for liability, for example, for abuse of the rights of a guardian or trustee (Article 176 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus), the Kyrgyz Republic with its Criminal Code (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic), which provides for liability for the following types of crimes: “Kidnapping a person for the purpose of entering into marriage” (Article 172 of the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic), “Coercion to enter into de facto marital relations” (Article 173 of the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic), “Coercion of a person to enter into marriage” (Article 174 of the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic), “Violation of the law on marriage age during religious ceremonies” (Article 175 of the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic), “Bigamy or polygamy” (Article 176 of the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic), “Domestic violence” (Article 177 of the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic), “Evasion of parental maintenance” (Article 178 of the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic), “Evasion of children from supporting their parents” (Article 179 of the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic), etc. [27]. In this regard, it is necessary to amend Chapter 20 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. However, the primary role here belongs to recognizing the family as one of the objects to be protected by criminal law (Article 2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

The Evolution of Patriarchal Structures in Contemporary Families: A Qualitative Inquiry

Objective: The patriarchal family structure has been a dominant societal framework, influencing gender roles and family dynamics across cultures. However, contemporary societal shifts, including changes in economic conditions, cultural norms, and gender expectations, have begun to challenge and reshape these traditional structures. This study aims to explore the evolution of patriarchal structures in contemporary families, focusing on how these changes impact authority dynamics, economic influences, and cultural and social norms within family units. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews with 25 participants from diverse backgrounds to gather in-depth insights into the shifting patriarchal dynamics within families. Theoretical saturation was achieved, ensuring a comprehensive exploration of the themes. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key themes and subthemes related to the evolution of patriarchal structures. Findings: The analysis revealed three main themes: Changing Dynamics of Authority, Economic Influences on Patriarchy, and Cultural and Social Norms. Under the Changing Dynamics of Authority, findings highlighted a trend towards joint decision-making, redistribution of gender roles, and new conflict resolution strategies. Economic Influences on Patriarchy underscored the role of financial independence in challenging traditional norms, with significant changes observed in household economy management and the impact of economic crises on family roles. Cultural and Social Norms revealed shifts in perceptions of masculinity and femininity, the influence of marriage and family traditions, the role of religion, education, and the impact of media and technology on family structures. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that patriarchal structures in contemporary families are undergoing significant evolution. Economic autonomy, cultural shifts, and changing gender roles play pivotal roles in this transformation. The findings suggest a move towards more egalitarian family structures, where traditional patriarchal authority is being renegotiated in response to contemporary societal changes.

РОДИНА КУРІСІВ: ГЕНЕОЛОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The purpose of the work. Based on the analysis of the political, socio-economic, and cultural development of Southern Ukraine at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, to study the genealogy of the Kursi family, the peculiarities of their activity and role in society, the heredity of their family traditions that influenced the development of the region. The methodological basis of the research was the principles of objectivity, historicism and systematicity with the use of general scientific research methods – analysis, synthesis, comparison, analogy, periodization and generalization. The scientific novelty of this article is due to the fact that, for the first time, a comprehensive study of the genealogy of the Kuris family at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 20th century, aspects of their military and civil service, cultural and educational activities, and the family's contribution to the formation of the historical heritage of Southern Ukraine are carried out. Conclusions. During the research, it was found that each generation of the family was represented by a historical figure who played one or another role in the historical process of Ukraine during the late 18th and early 20th centuries. A characteristic feature or phenomenon of the Kuris family can be called the desire of its representatives to be always at the responsible links of the military, socio-economic and cultural development of their country. The best representatives of the Kuris family were not only prominent military or public figures, businessmen, patrons, but also people with deep humanistic consciousness. Their family relationships, private life and public activities testify to the unique character and extraordinary role of the Kuris family in the history of Southern Ukraine. The Kuris belonged to large landowners. This allowed them to develop the main branches of agriculture and certain areas of industrial production related to it. Charity and education were important areas for the Kuris family, through which they, like other nobles, tried to establish themselves as the advanced state of society. They occupied a decisive place in the cultural development of the province.

Microbiological indices of unregulated herbal drinks in Benin City, Nigeria: A potential health hazard to consumers

Abstract Background: The use of herbal medicine has increased globally due to people’s dissatisfaction with conventional medicine, family traditions, poverty, and prior positive experiences. Since the last decade, the general public has become increasingly interested in herbal products from several medicinal plants. This study sought to evaluate the microbial contamination of liquid herbal drinks sold in Benin City, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Fifty different herbal medicines were purchased from three different locations in the study area. The 50 herbal medicines were centrifuged and the sediment was used for culture, biochemical, and antibiotic tests for the identification of isolated microorganisms and the assessment of the total viable bacterial count. Results: In comparison to regulated herbal preparations (4%), a percentage (36%) of unregulated herbal preparations contained viable bacteria. The most common bacterium found in unlicensed herbal medicines was Klebsiella pneumonia (10%). The percentage of regulated and unregulated herbal preparations that had microbiological contamination that was above the permissible limit (&gt;10 colony-forming unit/ml) was 2% and 26%, respectively. Conclusions: Numerous unlicensed herbal treatments in Benin City have microbial contamination over the World Health Organization-permitted limit for aerobic and coliform bacteria. The regulatory bodies should step up their efforts to make sure that all herbal medicines marketed in the nation are legally registered and created in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice standards.

ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ГОТОВНОСТИ СТУДЕНТОВ ВУЗА К ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ НЕПРЕРЫВНОЙ ФИЗКУЛЬТУРНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ

The article considers the factors infl uencing the formation of university students’ readiness to organize continuous physical education activities of schoolchildren. Based on the conducted research, external and internal factors affecting the process under study have been identifi ed. The internal factors include the practical signifi cance of the studied material; the implementation of differentiated and individual approaches in the educational process; the implementation of practical activities on the basis of practices; the use of various teaching tools by teachers in the educational process; refl ection of modern scientifi c achievements in the studied material; compliance with modern requirements of the material base of the higher educational institution. External factors include the promotion and agitation of schoolchildren for a healthy lifestyle; family traditions; the activities of school sports clubs; the work of sports schools and institutions of additional education. The identifi ed internal and external factors were ranked. Knowledge of their importance should be taken into account by university teachers in educational activities with students.

Ukrainian dialects of Northern Pidlasie: historical and cultural context

The article deals with the current sociolinguistic situation in the autochthonous Ukrainian dialects of Northern Podlasie (the territory of Poland) against the background of historical and cultural circumstances in which they have existed, especially in ХХ and early ХХI century. Particular attention is paid to the triad of “confessional – ethnic – linguistic affiliation”; the inculcation of the idea of “Belarusianness” to the population of this dialectal area, which has influenced the modern linguistic and ethnic consciousness of dialect speakers. The peculiarities of language education in Northern Podlasie are also analyzed. The factors that led to the preservation of Northern Podlasie dialects in multicultural conditions and, in fact, in the absence of direct contacts with Ukrainian dialects of the metropolis are identified; and on the other hand, the leveling of ethnic consciousness while preserving the specific language code. The current linguistic situation in the Northern Podlasie dialects is determined by the following main factors: age group of respondents, social status, occupation, family traditions, and, to a large extent, the size of the society, which determines the vitality of the dialect or, conversely, the loss of its prestige. The features of linguistic self-identification by modern speakers of Northern Podlasie dialects are investigated. The role of the idiolect in forming the portrait of the lateral dialect is studied. The tendency to the stability of idiolects in the context of the tangible dynamics of the dialect space is emphasized. The article also examines the written tradition of Northern Podlasie in the dialect, texts in the dialect of various functional styles, and different views on the status of Northern Podlasie dialects, including an attempt to establish a “Podlasie literary micro-language”. Dialectal features in the onomasticon and written microtexts of some other types are analyzed. Keywords: Ukrainian North Podlasie dialects, Ukrainian dialects in a foreign language environment, preservation of lateral dialects, language enclave, Ukrainian dialects of the borderlands.

ХХ ғасырдың 20-30 жылдарындағы визуалды деректеріндегі қазақ отбасы құқығындағы «кеңестік» мәдени кодының қалыптасуының көрінісі

The article is devoted to the history of Kazakh family law in the 20s and 30s of the twentieth century. To be more specific, we will talk about the impact of the first decisions of the Soviet government on the institution of the family in the transitional period of Kazakh history. The abolition of laws governing family relations in Kazakh society before the arrival of the Bolsheviks. The influence of Soviet laws governing the institution of the family on family members. The family is the catalyst for change in a woman's life. The disappearance of polygamous families. The emancipation of a woman. New phenomena in the life of a woman who has received "freedom". New tasks and services outside the household. Differences in the life of a city dweller and a woman from the village. During the article, the presentation of the above problems by visual sources was analyzed. Based on the visual sources considered during the study, an analysis of the elements of tradition and modernism of the Kazakh family at the indicated time was carried out, the dynamics of changes, the mutual unity of the family, the relationship between members, the gender aspect, the propensity to film family issues, and culture were determined. On the basis of visual data, a step was taken towards defining the Soviet cultural code through a description of the material nature surrounding the family. At the beginning of the 20th century, a step was taken towards determining the representation of the historical and political situation in Kazakhstan and their influence on the concept of the family in visual data. In preparing the article, we tried to show the history of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century through the history of the family, based on a visual representation of the family, through the essence of family life, the main unit of society. In the process of working with visual data on family history, regional, local research methods were used.

Urban space as a democratic space: An analysis of the 2022 Pride Parade Media coverage in Belgrade and Sarajevo

In post-conflict societies internal demarcation is based on tradition, religion, and heterosexual family values and within this frame sexual citizenship is considered ?as ideology? and as a threat to society imposed from outside. At the same time the influence and importance of international norms and changes in the standard of international politics and the emerging culture of human rights cause conflict between inside and outside, national sovereignty and universal human rights. This conflict is not specific only to stabilocracy and hybrid systems, but the omnipresent illogicality of a closed system of citizen-ship. Following the Butler?s observation that ?conjuncture of street and media constitutes a very contemporary version of the public sphere? (2011: 9), media textual and visual reports about Pride Parade in Belgrade and Sarajevo were analysed. In the analysis focus is on the borders of citizenship within the patriarchal matrix of nation-state confronted with the present bodies on the streets. The analysed textual and visual media reports confirm a hierarchisation of urban public space formed by national history and its material structures.

KAJICA MILANOV, BRANISLAV STRANjAKOVIĆ I MEHANIZMI USPOSTAVLjANjA TOTALITARIZMA U JUGOSLAVIJI

Eight decades after 1944 as the key year for regime change in Serbia, the thesis that Serbia was liberated then is still dominant. The author examines the definition of the process of change of power that took place at that time. Using the works of Kajica Milanov and Branislav Stranjaković, originally published in emigration as evidence of the methods of establishing totalitarian government in Serbia and Yugoslavia, he presents the hypothesis that one occupation was then replaced by another. The Nazi occupation was replaced by a communist totalitarian system based on the “liberation” of people from private property, human rights and freedoms, the rule of law and elementary security, from family values, religion and tradition, etc. In addition, there are numerous testimonies that the “liberators” perceived Serbia as an occupation zone and its inhabitants as enemies. Based on all that and the results of the rule of the Titoist system, we claim that 1944 cannot be spoken of as a year of liberation.