Family Socioeconomic Factors Research Articles

The influence of family socioeconomic status on college students’ mental health literacy: the chain mediating effect of parenting styles and interpersonal relationships

IntroductionWith the increasing prevalence of mental health challenges among college students, understanding how family background and interpersonal dynamics affect mental health literacy is critical. This study examined the relationships between family socioeconomic status, mental health literacy, parenting styles, and interpersonal relationships among 1,107 college students.MethodsUsing an online questionnaire, the study explored how family socioeconomic status, parenting styles, and interpersonal relationships influence mental health literacy.Results and discussionThe results showed that family socioeconomic status significantly and positively predicts mental health literacy. Both positive and negative parenting styles were found to partially mediate the relationship between family socioeconomic status and mental health literacy. Additionally, interpersonal relationships partially mediated this relationship. Finally, the study revealed that positive and negative parenting styles acted as sequential mediators between family socioeconomic status and mental health literacy through interpersonal relationships. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which family socioeconomic factors shape mental health literacy among college students.

Functional brain connectivity predictors of prospective substance use initiation and their environmental correlates

BackgroundEarly substance use initiation (SUI) places youth at substantially higher risk for later substance use disorders. Furthermore, adolescence is a critical period for the maturation of brain networks, the pace and magnitude of which are susceptible to environmental influences and may shape risk for SUI. MethodsWe examined whether patterns of functional brain connectivity during rest (rsFC), measured longitudinally in pre-and-early adolescence, can predict future SUI. Next, in an independent sub-sample, we tested whether these patterns are associated with earlier environmental exposures, specifically neighborhood pollution and socioeconomic dimensions. We utilized data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. SUI was defined as first-time use of at least one full dose of alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, or other drugs. We created a control group (N = 228) of participants without SUI who were matched with the SUI group (N = 233) on age, sex, race/ethnicity, and parental income and education. ResultsMultivariate analysis showed that whole-brain rsFC from 9-10 to 11-12 years of age (prior to SUI) prospectively differentiated the SUI and control groups. The SUI-related rsFC pattern was also related to aging in both groups, suggesting a pattern of accelerated maturation in the years prior to SUI. This same pattern of rsFC was predicted by higher pollution, but not neighborhood disadvantage (adjusted for family socioeconomic factors) in an independent sub-sample (N = 2,854). ConclusionBrain functional connectivity patterns in early adolescence that are linked to accelerated maturation can predict SUI in youth and are associated with exposure to pollution.

The perceptions of Iranian deaf and hard-of-hearing university students towards Persian as a spoken majority language: A narrative inquiry

ABSTRACT This narrative inquiry study provides insight into one component of Deaf bilingualism, that is, a spoken majority language, through shedding light on the perceptions of Iranian Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) university students regarding Persian, the predominant spoken language in Iran. Through thematic analysis of the collected narrative interviews with ten DHH university students, key related themes such as home literacy practices, speech therapy, economic factors, extensive reading, and the challenging nature of learning Persian emerged, revealing a nuanced understanding of a wide range of language-related issues among DHH individuals. The findings highlight the complex interplay of familial support, professional interventions, socioeconomic factors, literacy promotion, and linguistic proficiency within the DHH community. Implications of the study extend to parents, educators, experts in Deaf studies, and policymakers in Deaf education. Specifically, apart from tackling the financial barriers, the importance of prioritising literacy development at home for Deaf children is emphasised, along with the role of speech therapy in long-term linguistic development. Additionally, the study emphasises the significance of formal and systematic teaching of the spoken majority language, along with special instructional materials, in facilitating effective communication and social integration.

A Case Study of the Correlation Between SAT Scores and Future Incomes

With the acceleration of globalization, the role of education in economic and social development has become increasingly prominent. The SAT, as a measure of students' learning ability and potential achievement, has gained widespread attention and recognition around the world, and SAT scores, as an important indicator of students' academic performance, have a significant impact on students' future development and income levels. Previous research on the SAT has focused on factors that can influence SAT scores, such as family socioeconomic factors and high school academic performance, but there is a lack of research on whether SAT scores are effective in predicting an individual's future income level. In this paper, a correlation analysis was conducted using the questionnaire method and Pearson's coefficient, using data on the job position level and SAT scores of employees of Company A with a confidentiality agreement. The results show a significant positive correlation between SAT scores and future incomes. This finding emphasizes the importance of academic performance in high school to an individual's long-term economic prospects, enriches existing research, and provides new perspectives on return on investment analysis in higher education with theoretical implications. In addition, educational policymakers can thus focus more on improving students' SAT scores, which is of practical significance.

Factors Affecting Health Care Utilization Associations Among Young Adolescents With Persistent or Recurrent Pain.

It is unclear how family factors affect health care utilization among youth with persistent or recurrent pain, despite potential relevance to interventions targeting treatment barriers. We aimed to examine health care utilization among young adolescents with persistent or recurrent pain and family factor influences toward higher health care utilization. We analyzed longitudinal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study and coded pain as none, infrequent (present 1-2 years), or persistent/recurrent pain (present 3-4 years). Higher health care utilization was coded as nonroutine or emergency department visit at ≥2 years. Parent-reported education, pain status, family income, and insurance status were recorded. Logistic regression examined the contributions of the child's pain and family factors toward higher health care utilization. Among 5960 youth, 1908 (32%) had persistent/recurrent pain and 2199 (37%) had infrequent pain. Youth with persistent/recurrent pain were more likely to have higher health care utilization compared to those without pain (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.39) or those with infrequent pain (OR: 1.79). Higher health care utilization was associated with parents' pain (adjusted OR: 1.22) and higher education (adjusted OR: 1.44), and family income below the poverty line (adjusted OR: 1.26), controlling for child characteristics and pain status. Findings show how youths' persistent/recurrent pain, parental, and family socioeconomic factors affect health care utilization among young adolescents, emphasizing a need for family-centered care and economic policies.

A Study of Moral Development of Children and Good Habit Formation on Indian Child Rearing Practices Context

Different religious, political, and cultural groups in India hold different opinions on how children should be raised. Given the wide variety of Indian cultures and traditions, it would be unfair to generalise about Indian parenting practices. Each family's unique set of circumstances, including their financial situation, level of education, and life experiences, shape their approach to childrearing. This study has surveyed the existing literature and synthesised theoretical frameworks, drawing attention to the applicability of theories such as Piaget's phases of moral development, Kohlberg's theory of moral development, and Gilligan's ethics of caring in a variety of cultural contexts. With an emphasis on Indian child-rearing techniques, this study investigates how family dynamics, cultural values, and socio-economic factors impact children's ethical thinking and behaviour. Important topics covered include how moral principles are passed down through families and communities, how religious teachings are included into the process of ethical development, and how digital media influences the way moral decisions are made. Aiming to promote moral reasoning and positive habit formation in children, the article also evaluated empirical studies and meta-analyses that highlight beneficial educational interventions and parenting techniques. The findings from this review states that children are fed with cultural learnings; however, this method does seems to be always positive and moral development of children and good habit formation among them is very important.

Marriage economics, bargaining and strategic agency: Egyptian-Syrian intermarriage practices in the context of displacement

Based on forty-eight qualitative interviews with Syrian refugee women and their families, this study explores the dynamics of Syrian-Egyptian marriages formed after displacement. Grounded in acculturation, marriage economics, and social exchange theories, I ask: what role is played by both cultural customs and displacement in dictating the Egyptian-(displaced)Syrian intermarriage trajectories and power dynamics in these unions? And how did Syrian women and Egyptian men leverage cultural differences to maximize their own benefits? The results outline how urfi (customary) marriage and marriage economic traditions differ between these two often homogenized (and continuously Orientalized) cultures, impacting the marital relationship’s nature, bargaining power and success. Beyond the passive exploitation narrative that hounds these highly stigmatized arrangements, the analysis illuminates how these marriages are often a result of immediate utilitarian and financial intersecting interests between the men and the women, they still carry long-term effects influencing the spousal balance of power. Nonetheless, some Syrian women leveraged cultural differences to maximize their gains and mitigate the implications of displacement and uprooting demonstrating a strategic and dialogical acculturation. The study concludes by highlighting the impact of displacement on marriage dynamics, shedding light on financial and power imbalances while highlighting how social and moral factors such as family support and socioeconomic factors influence the marriage dynamic. Contribution: The study sheds light on inter-Arab marriages in displacement contexts and broadens understanding within the larger spectrum of Arab marital dynamics, stimulating nuanced conversations about the sociology of marriage and family in the Arab world.

Functional brain connectivity predictors of prospective substance use initiation and their environmental correlates.

Early substance use initiation (SUI) places youth at substantially higher risk for later substance use disorders. Furthermore, adolescence is a critical period for the maturation of brain networks, the pace and magnitude of which are susceptible to environmental influences and may shape risk for SUI. We examined whether patterns of functional brain connectivity during rest (rsFC), measured longitudinally in pre-and-early adolescence, can predict future SUI. In an independent sub-sample, we also tested whether these patterns are associated with key environmental factors, specifically neighborhood pollution and socioeconomic dimensions. We utilized data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. SUI was defined as first-time use of at least one full dose of alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, or other drugs. We created a control group (N = 228) of participants without SUI who were matched with the SUI group (N = 233) on age, sex, race/ethnicity, and parental income and education. Multivariate analysis showed that whole-brain rsFC prior to SUI during 9-10 and 11-12 years of age successfully differentiated the prospective SUI and control groups. This rsFC signature was expressed more at older ages in both groups, suggesting a pattern of accelerated maturation in the SUI group in the years prior to SUI. In an independent sub-sample (N = 2,854) and adjusted for family socioeconomic factors, expression of this rsFC pattern was associated with higher pollution, but not neighborhood disadvantage. Brain functional connectivity patterns in early adolescence that are linked to accelerated maturation and environmental exposures can predict future SUI in youth.

Pengaruh Sosial Ekonomi Keluarga Dan Strategi Penanggulangan Stunting Di Puskesmas Nurobo Kabupaten Malaka

This study aims to examine the influence of family socio-economic factors and coping strategies on editing at the Nurobo Community Health Center, Malaka Regency. This research uses a combined research approach (mixed methods). The sampling technique involves determining information using purposive sampling. The data analysis used in the quantitative method is validity testing, reliability testing, simple linear regression and hypothesis testing using that family socio-economic variables do not have a partial effect on the incidence of stunting with a coefficient of determination value of 0.4.5%. This aims to determine the Statistical Package tool for social science 28.0 for windows (SPSS). The data analysis used in the qualitative method is SWOT analysis. The test results show strategies for dealing with stunting incidents at the Nurobo Community Health Center. The results show that the most effective strategy can have a positive impact on stunting prevention strategies. Strategies that can be implemented to prevent stunting are by increasing access to better sanitation for the community and conducting educational outreach to make the community aware of the importance of nutritious food intake for toddlers to avoid stunting and other diseases in prevention efforts at the Nurobo Community Health Center, Malaka Regency.

Screening of Type 2 Diabetes Patients of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for CDKAL1 Variant (rs10946398)

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder influenced by environmental and genetic factors, with varied genetic predispositions across populations. Research on T2DM's genetic risk factors in the Pakistani community is limited. Objective: To explore the association between the CDKAL1 gene variant (rs10946398) and T2DM in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa population in Pakistan. Methods: The study involved 100 T2DM patients and 100 controls, matched by age and gender, following specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sociodemographic data were collected alongside 3ml of whole blood for DNA extraction. The CDKAL1 gene was analyzed using PCR-based Sequence Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), and the data were processed with SPSS version 26.0s. Results: Findings showed that 47% of cases were aged 39 to 59, with 94% having a family history of T2DM and 85% leading a sedentary lifestyle. A significant association was observed between the CDKAL1 rs10946398 variant and T2DM. The GC variant was linked to a fourfold increase in risk (OR: 4.833, CI: 1.197-19.509, P=0.027), and the CC variant had a twofold association (OR: 2.788, CI: 1.545-5.033, P=0.001). These associations persisted after adjusting for family history, age, socioeconomic factors, exercise, and diet. Conclusions: The study identified a significant correlation between the CDKAL1 rs10946398 variants and T2DM susceptibility in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa population, emphasizing the role of genetic factors in the disease's prevalence within this community.

Family income volatility among Chinese children, 2010–2018

A stable economic environment in a family lays the foundation for children’s healthy development, and income volatility is a key indicator of family economic (in)stability. Using longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study investigates exposure to family income volatility and its social determinants for Chinese children during the period 2010–2018. The results show that Chinese children experienced high levels of family income volatility during 2010–2018, and childhood exposure to income volatility in China is closely related to both family socioeconomic characteristics and structural factors. Specifically, children from low-income families, with less-educated and non-state-sector-employed parents, and holding a rural hukou (household registration) are more likely to experience childhood economic instability. Given that children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families already face challenges associated with constrained socioeconomic resources, the fact that they are also more likely to live in a precarious economic environment may put them at a double disadvantage in early life.

The influence of household disadvantage on educational achievement inequality in Pakistan: Evidence from Annual Status of Education Report data

Inequity in education is a worldwide concern and there is a growing need to investigate educational achievement inequality in a nuanced and contextual manner. This study aims to elucidate the growing educational achievement inequality within Pakistan by addressing two key questions: What can be revealed about the influence of family socioeconomic condition and household characteristics on children’s disparate educational achievement in Pakistan? And what role do private schools and paid tuition play in exacerbating disparity in learning outcomes? In this study, we applied the concept of Equity in Education, particularly the impartiality approach, to consider disadvantaged conditions among children. We have analyzed the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) Pakistan household-based survey data ( N = 247,978) conducted in 2021. Our analysis involved both descriptive and logistic regression techniques. Students’ achievement in the local language, arithmetic, and English language served as a dependent variable, while household factors remained a predictable variable. The results revealed that family socioeconomic factors including parents’ education and income, household facilities, and school types have a significant influence on children’s learning achievement and contribute to educational inequality. This study provides further insights for researchers and policymakers to better understand and address educational inequality in its specific context.

Sustainable Iodized Salt Fortification Reduces the Risk of Underweight Among Under-Five Children

Objective: Underweight is related to many factors including family socioeconomic factors. Stunting is defined as early-life linear growth retardation that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, decreased physical, neurodevelopmental, and economic capacity. Underweight is more common in stunted children than in wasting/thin children. The purpose of this study is to examine the risk factors for underweight in under-five children in the stunting locus area, West Java, Indonesia Method: The study used a cross-sectional study design from May to August 2023 and involved 309 under five children who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data used includes the household socioeconomic factors, hygiene and sanitation factors, and children characteristics. The dependent variable was the nutritional status of children as measured by the weight-for-age index. The children were classified as underweight if their z-score was less than -2 standard deviation (< -2 SD). Bivariate analysis employed the chi-square test. Multiple logistic regression test was used for multivariate analysis with a significance value <0.05. Results: Results showed that 20.4% of children were underweight. Logistic regression test showed that the usage of less iodized salt raised the risk of underweight in children (OR: 1.789; 95% CI:1.004-3.218), while low father's education increased the risk of underweight (OR: 1.895; 95% CI: 1.070-3.354). Conclusion: Local government support of sustainable iodized salt fortification is required, as is the inclusion of social aspects of the family and gender in the implementation of nutrition programs.

The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status And Nutritional Status Of Toddlers In Buha Village Mapanget Sub-District Manado City (Literature Review)

Nutritional status is the state of the body as a result of food consumption and nutrient use. Nutritional status is influenced by several factors, one of which is socioeconomic level. Children under five years old (toddlers) are the "golden age" in growth and development. Toddlers are the age group that most often suffers from malnutrition. Malnourished toddlers can be caused by family socioeconomic factors. Socioeconomic status as the root of malnutrition related to the purchasing power of food in households has an impact on the fulfillment of nutrients. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between socioeconomic status and nutritional status of toddlers in Buha Village, Mapanget District, Manado City. The research method is analytical with a cross sectional approach. The samples used were 71 toddlers using purposive sampling techniques. The data collection process uses questionnaires and is statistically tested with percentage formulas to answer the first and second statements, Spearmen Correlation tests to answer the third statement. The results of the study found that the picture of socioeconomic status is low income, the picture of nutritional status of toddlers is more nutrition and there is no significant relationship between socioeconomic status and nutritional status of toddlers with a value of p = 0.60>0.05. It can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between socioeconomic status and nutritional status of toddlers in Buha Village, Mapanget District, Manado City. Recommendations for further researchers to add other variables, namely factors that affect the nutritional status of toddlers, namely hygiene, environmental sanitation, where poor environmental conditions allow various diseases to occur, including malnutrition and even malnutrition.

Socioeconomic status and risk for child psychopathology: exploring gene-environment interaction in the presence of gene-environment correlation using extended families in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Birth Cohort Study.

Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with increased risk for emotional and behavioural problems among children. Evidence from twin studies has shown that family SES moderates genetic and environmental influences on child mental health. However, it is also known that SES is itself under genetic influence and previous gene-environment interaction (G×E) studies have not incorporated the potential genetic overlap between child mental health and family SES into G×E analyses. We applied a novel approach using extended family data to investigate the moderation of aetiological influences on child emotional and behavioural problems by parental socioeconomic status in the presence of modelled gene-environment correlation. The sample comprised >28,100 children in extended-family units drawn from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Mothers reported children's emotional and behavioural symptoms. Parents' income and educational attainment were obtained through linkage to administrative register data. Bivariate moderation Multiple-Children-of-Twins-and-Siblings (MCoTS) models were used to analyse relationships between offspring outcomes (emotional and behavioural symptom scores) and parental socioeconomic moderators (income rank and educational attainment). The aetiology of child emotional symptoms was moderated by maternal and paternal educational attainment. Shared environmental influences on child emotional symptoms were greater at lower levels of parents' education. The aetiology of child behavioural symptoms was moderated by maternal, but not paternal, socioeconomic factors. Genetic factors shared between maternal income and child behavioural symptoms were greater in families with lower levels maternal income. Nonshared environmental influences on child behavioural symptoms were greater in families with higher maternal income and education. Parental socioeconomic indicators moderated familial influences and nonshared environmental influences on child emotional and behavioural outcomes. Maternal SES and child mental health share aetiological overlap such that shared genetic influence was greater at the lower end of the socioeconomic distribution. Our findings collectively highlight the role that family socioeconomic factors play in shaping the origins of child emotional and behavioural problems.

Socioeconomic and gender inequalities in childhood obesity in Spain

IntroductionChildhood obesity is inversely associated with household socioeconomic status in high-income countries. Our aim was to explore the association between childhood weight status and household socioeconomic status in Spain in relation to family characteristics, perceptions and lifestyle habits and the school environment. MethodsWe performed a descriptive analysis of child weight status according to family socioeconomic factors and mediating variables based on data from the ALADINO 2019 study in a sample of 16,665 schoolchildren representative of the population aged 6–9 years in Spain. ResultsThe prevalence of childhood obesity in households with low socioeconomic status (26.8% boys; 20.4% girls) was, in both sexes, twice as high as in those with higher socioeconomic status (12.1% boys; 8.7% girls). Unhealthy eating habits, sedentary lifestyles (mainly in girls) and the presence of screens in the bedroom (more prevalent in boys) were more frequent in school-aged children from low-income households. On the other hand, in the most disadvantaged households, a history of breastfeeding and physical activity (especially in girls) were less frequent. Similarly, schools attended by children from low-income households were less likely to have their own kitchens and indoor gymnasiums or offer sports activities. ConclusionA lower household socioeconomic status was associated with poorer dietary and physical activity habits and certain characteristics of the family and school environments that mediate the inverse association between household socioeconomic status and the prevalence of childhood obesity. Girls were less physically active and reported more sedentary lifestyles, while boys had greater access to screens. Interventions to combat childhood obesity should address the identified inequalities.

Desigualdades socioeconómicas y de género en la obesidad infantil en España

IntroductionChildhood obesity is inversely associated with household socioeconomic status in high-income countries. Our aim was to explore the association between childhood weight status and household socioeconomic status in Spain in relation to family characteristics, perceptions and lifestyle habits and the school environment. MethodsWe performed a descriptive analysis of child weight status according to family socioeconomic factors and mediating variables based on data from the ALADINO 2019 study in a sample of 16 665 schoolchildren representative of the population aged 6–9 years in Spain. ResultsThe prevalence of childhood obesity in households with low socioeconomic status (26.8% boys; 20.4% girls) was, in both sexes, twice as high as in those with higher socioeconomic status (12.1% boys; 8.7% girls). Unhealthy eating habits, sedentary lifestyles (mainly in girls) and the presence of screens in the bedroom (more prevalent in boys) were more frequent in school-aged children from low-income households. On the other hand, in the most disadvantaged households, a history of breastfeeding and physical activity (especially in girls) were less frequent. Similarly, schools attended by children from low-income households were less likely to have their own kitchens and indoor gymnasiums or offer sports activities. ConclusionsA lower household socioeconomic status was associated with poorer dietary and physical activity habits and certain characteristics of the family and school environments that mediate the inverse association between household socioeconomic status and the prevalence of childhood obesity. Girls were less physically active and reported more sedentary lifestyles, while boys had greater access to screens. Interventions to combat childhood obesity should address the identified inequalities.

The Influence of Family Socioeconomic Status, Cultural Capital and Extra Curricular Study on Students’ Academic Achievement

Studying the relationship and interactive mechanism between family socio-economic factors, family cultural resources, extracurricular tutoring, and students’ academic performance can provide theoretical support and direction guidance for optimizing the allocation of educational resources and promoting the improvement of students’ learning quality. This study used PISA China (2015) data to select a sample of 9,841 students from 268 schools covering dozens of districts and counties, and explored the impact of family socio-economic factors, family cultural capital, and extracurricular tutoring factors on students’ academic achievement through a three-layer linear regression model. The study found that when only demography variables were included, it had no significant effect on predicting students’ academic achievements. When adding family socioeconomic group variables, family socioeconomic factors have a significant positive predictive effect on students’ academic performance, with family wealth contributing the most; After adding cultural resource group variables, the explanatory power of the model increased by 40.2%, indicating that cultural resource factors have a significant positive effect on students’ academic performance. Increasing cultural resource investment can have a positive effect on improving students’ academic achievement.

DETERMINANTS OF ADOLESCENT OBESITY: PARENTAL INFLUENCE AND REGION OF RESIDENCE IN ITALY

Objective: Childhood obesity is on the rise globally, and family environment and socio-economic factors can play a relevant role. In Italy, regional differences in the prevalence of childhood obesity are observed. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between geographical region of residence, family environment and obesity among Italian adolescents. Design and method: Students of primary or secondary schools and their parents, residing in Calabria (South Italy) and Tuscany (Central Italy), were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. All participants were asked to fulfill a questionnaire composed of four sections. First section investigated demography and anthropometry, while General and Sport Nutrition Knowledge questionnaire (GeSNK), Mediterranean Diet Score, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) assessed nutritional knowledge, dietary habits and physical activity levels respectively. BMI was calculated and students were classified using WHO BMI-for-age charts. Determinants of students’ habits and BMI were investigated with multivariate regression analyses. Results: 179 students and 113 parents from Tuscany, 247 students and 185 parents from Calabria participated in the study. Obesity prevalence was higher in Calabria than in Tuscany among both students and parents, however multivariate regression analysis showed that geographical region of residence was not in itself a determinant of the BMI of students. Although transmission of eating and physical activity habits from parents to sons appears to occur, parental BMI was the only parental characteristic identified as an independent determinant of the students’ BMI at multivariate regression analysis (adjusted for geographical area, students’ age and gender, parental BMI and education level, parents’ and students’ habits and nutritional knowledge). Conclusions: Prevention strategies oriented to reduce childhood obesity should also involve parents.

Gender differences in mathematical achievement development: a family psychobiosocial model

This study proposes a family psychobiosocial model on gender differences in cognitive development. Specifically, the aim is to investigate how family biological, socioeconomic, and psychological factors predict child mathematics achievement (MAch) development. The data were obtained from the Millennium Cohort Study. Children’s pattern construction scores collected at ages 5 and 7 years worked as MAch (n = 18,497). The predictors were family data collected when the children were 9 months. The results of path analyses for all students indicate that all three factors in the family psychobiosocial model play some roles in children’s MAch development. Analyses for the female and male students separately reveal that girls’ positive MAch development was significantly predicted by four psychobiosocial factors (fewer mother in-pregnancy alcohol intakes, more family income, higher mother education levels, and more mother cognitive stimulation); boys’ MAch development is predicted by only one factor (higher mother education levels). The results support the psychobiosocial model as a whole. Family psychobiosocial factors, especially social factors, impact children’s cognitive development more for females than for males.