Plantaginaceae Research Articles

Explore the Feasibility and Efficiency of Utilizing Plantaginaceae and Musaceae as Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) as Fuel Source

The conventional method of electricity generation, primarily relying on fossil fuels, have significant environmental and sustainability challenges. The widespread consumption of fossil fuels has led to the release of excess greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other toxic elements into the environment. Bioelectricity production using microbial fuel cell (MCFs) is an innovative and sustainable approach that harness the metabolic activities of microorganisms to generate electricity. This research encompasses the potential application of two species (plantain and cavendish banana) from the plant family plantaginaceae and musaceae, in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable clean and green energy. Renewable energy Technology such as MFCs, have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to convert organic waste into electricity. The goal of this research is to explore the feasibility and efficiency of utilizing plantaginaceae and musaceae as a fuel source in MFCs. Three MFCs using Plantain sludge, Cavendish Banana sludge and SYSTEM 1 sludge as organic substrate for the anodic chambers were setup. The parameters considered were (A) substrate weight, (B) Time and (C) Temperature. Regression models were developed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to predict the influence of study process factors A, B, and C, on current and voltage which are the Response (output). The actual values for current and voltage for the three MFC’s were 68.4 µA and 81.9mV, 80.223 µA and 90.6mV, and, 73.65 µA and 90.67mV for Plantain, Banana and SYSTEM 1 Sludges respectively. The results show the values of the optimization for the currents and voltage of the three MFC’s to be 67.7605 µA and 92.6117mV, 107.893 µA and 109.447mV, and, 73.4518 µA and 199.454mV using plantain sludge, banana sludge and SYSTEM 1 sludge.

Plantago boissieri: Phytochemical Assessment, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Wound Healing Potential.

Plantago is a large genus under family Plantaginaceae. Several Plantago species were noted for potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities. The current research investigated the potential bioactivities as well as the metabolic content of Plantago boisserei extract. Results highlighted the rich content of phenolics (450.93±7.4 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoids (144.2±3.6 mg RE/g extract) in this species. HPLC analysis enabled the detection of 17 phenolic constituents among which ellagic acid was found in highest concentration (52.94 mg/g) followed by rutin (6.72 mg/g). Furthermore, P. boisserei extract exhibited a potent antioxidant activity evidenced by the IC50 values in ABTS and H2O2 assays (10.95 and 10.87 μg/mL, respectively) as well as in TAC assay (67.94 mg AAE/g). The anti-microbial activities of the extract revealed a moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. In vitro testing of the anti-inflammatory potential indicated a characteristic inhibition against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes with IC50 62.8 and 14.23 μg/mL, respectively, compared to ibuprofen (IC50 8.07 and 6.58, respectively). Additionally, P. boisserei extract achieved a potent wound healing activity using in vivo rat model, this might be attributed to its high content of flavonoids together with other polyphenolic compounds that have a great free radical scavenging potential. In conclusion, P. boisserei is a promising candidate for more extensive phytochemical and biological exploration.

Comprehensive analysis and implications of Veronica persica germination and growth traits in their invasion ecology

Invasive alien species implications in ecological threats are attributed to their unique characteristics that are linked to their invasion. Veronica persica (Plantaginaceae family) is an alien weed species in Egypt. Regardless of its widespread globally in various regions, the growth traits and behavior of V. persica remain poorly understood. The comprehensive analysis, reveals the optimal germination (Gmax) was detected at 10/20 °C, 15/20 °C, and 20/25 °C at the moderate temperature regimes. The rapid germination rate (G rate) peaked at 10/20 °C regime, with a rate of 0.376 per day. Furthermore, under stress conditions, V. persica has 50% germination inhibition (G50) and 50% of growth inhibition occurred at − 0.91 MPa and 0.75 MPa of osmotic pressure and 3225.81 ppm and 2677.1 ppm of salt stress (NaCl) respectively. The germination ranged from 6 to 9 pH, with the highest germination percentage occurring at a pH of 7 & 8, reaching 88.75% compared to the control group. There is a strong interaction effect between habitats and plant stages, the plant stages and habitats have significant effects (p ≤ 0.00) on V. persica growth. There was high and moderate plasticity in the response of morphological and growth features between stages. During the seedling-juvenile interval and the juvenile-flowering stages, respectively, there was a noticeable increase in both Relative Growth Rate and Net Assimilation Rate. Demographic surveys identified approximately 24 species across 11 families associated with V. persica in invaded areas. The Sorenson indices of qualitative index exhibited high similarity values in the invaded sites by (82.35%) compared to (72.72%) in non-invaded sites. However, interactions with native communities were reflected in lower richness, diversity, and evenness, displaying slightly higher Simpson index 1 (λ) values compared to invaded and non-invaded sites (0.043 and 0.0290) vs. (0.0207 and 0.268), in rangelands and F. carica orchards respectively. These results emphasize the substantially higher adaptability of V. persica to variable environmental conditions and abilities to invade a new community. This knowledge about invasive V. persica weeds germination and growth is itemized as the consistent predictive base for future invasion and informs strategic management priorities.

Lawn covers of Dnipropetrovsk region as a global phenomenon of urban green space in conditions of hostilities

In order to facilitate the creation of lawns and maintain the regime of caring for lawn covers in difficult wartime, in which Ukraine and Dnipropetrovsk region is located, suffering from shelling and man-made disturbances of habitats, it is important to conduct observations and studies of the behavior of lawn plants in comparison with natural conditions in order to be able to preserve existing and restore damaged herbaceous groups with the least cost. We hypothesize that these solutions can be found in suburban natural ecosystems and various plant communities that are rich in species, able to withstand harsh climatic and microclimatic living conditions, severe trampling and droughts. Realizing that stable artificial plant groupings can exist only when using the laws of their existence in natural conditions, trial areas of urban agglomerations and out-of-town influence were investigated. 75 lawn covers and grass stands of the lawn type of the Dnipropetrovsk region with a size of 100 m2 in Dnipro, Kamenskoye, Andreevka village were described using the method of route trial areas. The dominant families are defined in the creation of lawn grass stands by their occurrence, projective coating, phytocenotic activity, number of species. It is established that, among other families, the Fabaceae family was in third place with participation in the projective cover among phytocenoses of Dnipro and Andreevka, in fifth ‒ in Kamianske. Phytocenotic activity, used as a criterion for the effect of plants on herbal grouping, was high in Fabaceae plant family (up to k = 19,5), Asteraceae (up to k = 18,7), Plantaginaceae (up to k = 15,4) on lawn grass stands in Andreevka village, which indicates the future trend of their displacement of cereals. Among the grasses plant family Plantaginaceae has significant phytocenotic activity (k = 10.1), which competes even with the main sod-forming plants of the Poaceae plant family (k = 10.7) in Dnipro. This trend is also observed in Kamenskoye (here in Plantaginaceae k = 10.0). This city has a high rating of industrial influence among other territories of the region and those that we have studied so far. In all studied phytocenoses, mutual influence between plants families Poaceae and Fabaceae is established. So, with a larger percentage of projective coverage of the Poaceae plant family, the percentage of the Fabaceae plant family is reduced, and vice versa. In dynamics, these fluctuations can vary in favor of each other, taking into account the further saturation of the upper horizon of the soil with nitrogen by the Fabaceae plant family, or the use of this trace element by representatives of the Poaceae plant family and the displacement of legumes. Such fluctuations will be constant. At the same time, lawn covers will not lose their aesthetics as a green carpet, because the projective coating will be occupied by plants and will not have gaps of free soil. This interdependence of lawn covers should be taken into account when creating high-quality long-term green lawns of cities where the soils are depleted, and constant fertilization is not always possible. Due to environmental conditions, the botanical diversity of the studied herbivores is expanded by adventive plant species from plants families Brassicaceae (up to 5 species in Dnipro), Lamiaceae (up to 7 species in v. Andreevka), Rosaceae (up to 6 species in Dnipro), Scrophulariaceae (up to 4 species in v. Andreevka), which, under favorable conditions, will occupy free ecological niches with grass. The spectrum of the first largest percentage of the occurrence of families reproduces the composition of the regional flora, which corresponds to cereal-grass groups of the structure of meadow lawns and ordinary urban grass stands with the expansion of ruderal representatives. 29% of the trial areas in the Dnieper city indicate the presence in the species composition of seedlings of woody and shrub life forms, the seeds of which are stored in the soil of adjacent territories, and their entry into lawn groups is a consequence of anemochoria and ornithochoria. Currently, given the current state of the country, lawn care is reduced to a minimum or it is absent at all. As a result, seedlings freely begin to take possession of the territory of lawn grass stands along with ruderal representatives of the local flora. This trend is also evidenced by the ratio of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants as a criterion for decorativeness and phytocenotic constancy of lawns. It was ‒ 1:4 in Kamenskoye; 1:6 ‒ in Dnipro and Andreevka village. These are the conclusions that for the existing military period can be used to maintain the stability and aesthetic condition of lawn covers and grass beds of the lawn type of the Dnipropetrovsk region.

Pharmacological and Biochemical activities of plantago major L

Throughout human history, natural remedies have been sought to treat diseases. The therapeutic wounds of plants are accepted worldwide as a result of many studies and research. Medicinal plants have started to be used in the pharmaceutical sector due to the chemical compounds contained in their structures. One of the potential plants that can be used in traditional medicine is the broadleaf plantain, white man's footprint, waybread, or greater plantain. Scientifically known as Plantago major, it is a wild plant belonging to the Plantaginaceae family that can reach a height of about 15 cm. Plantago major leaves have been used for centuries almost everywhere in the world as a wound healer and in the treatment of many diseases other than wound healing. Among them are treatments for skin, respiratory organs, digestive organs, reproduction, circulatory diseases, infections, and cancer. It is also used as a decongestant and analgesic. Plantago major contains biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, lipids, caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, and terpenoids. Alkaloids and some organic acids have also been detected. There are several biological activities from plant extracts, including wound healing activity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, weak antibiotic, immune modulating, and antiulcerogenic activity. The widespread use of Plantago species in food and traditional medicine has attracted the attention of researchers looking for active principles and mechanisms of action. However, more studies are needed to better prove the medical applications, phytochemical properties, and pharmacological properties of this breed.

Diversity and conservation of native Argentine species of Gratioleae (Plantaginaceae)

The tribe Gratioleae is the richest in species of the family Plantaginaceae, with 30 genera and more than 300 species growing mainly in South America, which could be considered a center of diversity. Argentina is one of the countries with the largest number of species (35 belonging to 6 genera) of the tribe. Although the Argentinean Flora and a checklist have been published, both are outdated. With this background, we presented an updated summary of the diversity of species belonging to the tribe Gratioleae in Argentina, with detailed analysis of their geographic distribution, their conservation status according to the categories established by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), as well as an exhaustive study on the distribution of their richness and threat patterns in different ecoregions of the country. In addition, an evaluation of the proportion of threatened species in relation to Argentina’s Protected Areas (PAs) was evaluated. The results showed that species of Gratioleae were present in 14 ecoregions, distributed predominantly in the Humid and Dry Chaco, and the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest. Eighteen species of the 37 Argentine taxa, including two endemic taxa, are categorized as threatened (VU, EN, or CR) (47%). Although some of these species are partially protected due to their distribution in PAs, others lack this protection. Our findings contribute to the knowledge of the geographic distribution of Gratioleae within the Argentine flora, and its conservation status.

Effect of Polyphenols Isolated from Plantago major L. and Plantago lanceolata L. on Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore in Rat Liver

It has been shown that the transport of electrons in the respiratory chain of mitochondria, ion-transport processes, the balance of Ca2+ ions and other metabolic processes in the cell are intrinsically connected with lipoperoxidation processes. In particular, in recent years, plant biologically active compounds have been widely used to eliminate oxidative processes developing in the body. Accordingly, we considered it important to study the mechanisms of action of xylopyr-T, glucopyr-T and 2-DVG polyphenols isolated from the plants Plantago major L. and Plantago lanceolata L., belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, which are widely used in folk medicine. Therefore, in vitro experiments, the amount of malondialdehyde and the condition state of mPTP were studied by spectrophotometric method. The obtained results revealed that the studied polyphenols inhibit lipoperoxidation induced by Fe2+/ascorbate the production of malondialdehyde was reduce by xylopyr-T to 81.9 ± 1.2 %, by glucopyr-T to 79.4 ± 1.7 % and by 2-DVG to 75.0 ± 1.8 % at a concentration of 4 µM in rat liver mitochondria. At the same time, mPTP opening in the medium with the substrate succinate (+ rotenone) inhibition 2-DVG polyphenol at a concentration of 100 μM was reduced by 84.5 ± 2.8 %, xylopyr-T polyphenol at a concentration of 200 μM by 67.6 ± 4.8 % and it was shown that glucopyr-T polyphenol at a concentration of 200 µM by 32.5 ± 1.65 % compared to the control. In conclusion, it can be illustrated that the studied polyphenols, along with their high antioxidant properties, show a structure-dependent inhibition of mPTP opening, which is involved in various physiological and pathological processes. HIGHLIGHTS In this study, hydrolysable tannins, which have strong antioxidant properties isolated from Plantago plants, were investigated and confirmed by MDA analysis in vitro These hydrolyzable tannins exhibited substrate-dependent inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial PTP in vitro It can be assumed from the data obtained that these hydrolyzable tannins act organ-specifically GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Taxonomy of the VeronicaL. Genus in the North of the Lesser Caucasus

The territory of Azerbaijan is distinguished by a wide variety of vegetation. Most of the 5,000 plant species described in Azerbaijan grow in the north of the Lesser Caucasus. The composition of the Veronica L. genus, Plantaginaceae family has been studied. During the work, 21 species, 2 subspecies were identified. There are 200 species of this genus throughout the world, 53 in the Caucasus, and 40 in Azerbaijan. The work provides a systematic annotated list of all identified species of the Veronica genus.

Phytochemical evaluation and exploration of some biological activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of two species of the genus Plantago L.

Plantago major L. and Plantago lagopus L. are cosmopolitan species, belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, used in traditional and modern medicine. In this study, a phytochemical evaluation of different aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots of both species from the region of Beja in Tunisia was performed. Some biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial were also done. LC-MS qualitative analysis revealed that the aqueous extracts of the roots of P. lagopus were richer in polyphenols, mainly flavonoids (Luteoline 7-rutinoside, Luteoline 7-rhamnoside) and hydroxycinnamic acids including caffeic acid, than the hydro-ethanolic extracts. Additionally, we identified for the first time the presence of salicylic acid in the hot aqueous extracts of roots of P. lagopus and its absence in the roots of P. major. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), revealing that the voltammograms of leaf and root extracts from P. lagopus exhibited a higher antioxidant capacity compared to those of P. major. Antiproliferative activity, was determined against two-colon cancer cell lines, demonstrated that only the 12 h treatments with P. lagopus leaf and root aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts at low concentration were able to significantly reduce the colon carcinoma coli-2 (CaCo-2) cells proliferation. The antibacterial /antibiofilm activity was performed on yeast, Gram- negative and +positive bacterial strains. We demonstrated for the first time that ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots of P. lagopus have an inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia at MIC = 2 μg/mL for leaves and 4 μg/mL for roots.

HPTLC Fingerprint Profile and Standardization of Plantago ovata Forssk.

Plantago ovata belongs to the family Plantaginaceae and has notable medicinal properties as it is used for curing diarrhoea, dysentery and constipation due to its property of absorbing and retaining high amount of water. Methanolic extracts of P. ovata were obtained through reflux extraction to perform further experiments. Various experimental tests were carried out to understand the physicochemical, antimicrobial and fluorescence properties. HPTLC and phytochemical profiles were also obtained. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids and triterpenes. Microscopy of the powdered sample revealed the presence of starch granules, trichome and mucilage. The maximum antimicrobial activity of P. ovata was seen at a sample concentration of 10 µL where the activity was found to be more than standard against Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus niger. HPTLC profiling showed 9 bands each in 5 lanes of increasing concentration and a pattern unique to Plantago ovata

An Overview of Ashwagola: Plantago Ovata

Abstract: The main aim of the study was to review different aspects of Ashwagola- Plantago ovata together with its morphology, pharmacological and therapeutic attributes. Ashwagola commonly known as Isabgol belongs to Plantaginaceae family. It is a native of Persia and has not been described in any of the Nighantus. Latest books like Ayurveda vijnana, Shaligrama nighantu and Siddha bheshaja manimala have delineated it. Due to western lifestyle, constipation is seen to be a major concern in majority of the individuals and Isabgol known for its bulk forming laxative action can be used in a daily regime for effective management of the same. Further it is having gunakarmas like madhura, kashaya rasa, madhura vipaka, sheeta virya, guru, snigdha, picchila guna, ishat vatakrit kaphapittahrut, trushnadahahara, graahi, balya, jwaraghna, mutrala, adhmanahara karma and can be used for the management of raktaatisara, raktapitta, trushna, daha etc. Although numerous studies regarding Ashwagola are available, there still lies a scope for the evaluation and analysis of this topic.

First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces bolayi on Veronica persica in Central China.

Veronica persica, Persian speedwell, is a flowering plant belonging to the family Plantaginaceae. Due to its showy flowers, this plant is widely planted in many home gardens, city parks and universities in China. From April to June 2021, signs and symptoms of powdery mildew were found on leaves of V. persica growing on the campus of Henan Normal University, Henan Province, China. Signs initially appeared as thin white colonies and subsequently white powdery masses were abundant on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves and covered up to 99 % of the leaf area. The infected leaves showed chlorotic, deformed or senescence features. About 150 V. persica plants were monitored and more than 90 % of the plants showed these signs and symptoms. Conidiophores (n = 20) were 108 to 220 × 10 to 13 μm and composed of foot cells, followed by short cells and conidia. Conidia were hyaline, doliiform-subcylindrical shaped, 21 to 37 × 15 to 22 μm, and showed distinct fibrosin bodies. Conidial germ tubes were produced at the perihilar position. No chasmothecia were observed. The observed morphological characteristics were consistent with those of previously documented Golovinomyces bolayi (Braun and Cook 2012). To further confirm the powdery mildew fungus, structures of the pathogen were harvested and total genomic DNA was isolated using the method previously described by Zhu et al. (2019, 2021). Using the primers ITS1/ITS4, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified (White et al. 1990) and the amplicon was sequenced. The resulting sequence was deposited into GenBank under Accession No. MZ343575 and was 100 % identical (592/592 bp) to G. bolayi on Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (LC417096) (Braun et al. 2019). The additional phylogenetic analysis clearly illustrated that the identified fungus and G. bolayi were clustered in the same branch (Zhu et al. 2022a; Zhu et al. 2022b). To test pathogenicity, healthy V. persica plants were collected from the campus of Henan Normal University and leaf surfaces of three plants were inoculated by dusting fungal conidia from mildew-infested leaves using pressurized air. Three plants without inoculation served as a control. The spore-treated and non-treated plants were separately placed in two growth chambers (temperature, 18℃; humidity, 60%; light/dark, 16h/8h). Seven- to eight-days post-inoculation, pathogen signs were noticeable on inoculated plants, whereas control plants remained healthy. Similar results were obtained by conducting the pathogenicity assays twice. Therefore, based on the analysis, G. bolayi was identified and confirmed as the causal agent of the powdery mildew. This pathogen has been reported on V. persica in Iran (Golmohammadi et al. 2019). However, to our best knowledge, there is no report concerning the powdery mildew caused by G. bolayi on V. persica in China. Recently, G. bolayi was segregated from species clades of G. orontii complex (Braun et al. 2019). Our record of the molecular characterization of G. bolayi will support the further phylogeny and taxonomy analysis of the G. orontii complex. The sudden outbreak of powdery mildew caused by G. bolayi on V. persica may detract from plant health and ornamental value. The identification and confirmation of this disease expands the understanding of this causal agent and will offer support for future powdery mildew control.

Antimicrobial and Other Biomedical Properties of Extracts from Plantago major, Plantaginaceae.

Since ancient times, many scientists and doctors have used various herbs to treat diseases. Conventional drugs often have side effects, and pathogens are becoming resistant to these types of drugs. In such circumstances, the study of traditional medicinal plants is an effective and logical strategy for finding new herbal medicines. One such herb is Plantago major, a perennial plant in the Plantaginaceae family that is found throughout the world. The Plantago major plant has been used as a medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Studies have shown that plant extracts of Plantago major exhibit antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects, and have wound-healing properties. This review collects and presents the results of various studies of Plantago major plant extracts with antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties, which demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic possibilities of Plantago major plant extracts and have a huge potential for use as a medicinal raw material.

An Analysis of the Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of Potted <italic>Veronica pusanensis</italic> Y.N.Lee according to the Shading Levels

Background and objective: Veronica pusanensis, an endemic species of South Korea belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, is found in Busan, South Korea. Due to its high ornamental value, it is expected to be utilized as a flower crop. However, currently it is an endangered species with its habitats being destroyed and reduced.Methods: Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the growth and photosynthetic responses of potted plants of V. pusanensis under different shading levels to enable mass production. Polyethylene (PE) shading films were selected as the shading material, and shading levels were designed at 0, 35, 45, 60, 75, and 99%, respectively.Results: Results showed that shoot height, shoot width, ground cover, leaf length, leaf width, shoot fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content (SPAD units), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Fv/Fm and PIABS were highest under the 35% shading level. This indicates that it is relatively more desirable to grow V. pusanensis in shade culture compared to under direct sunlight. Meanwhile, root fresh weight and dry weight were highest under the 0% shading level.Conclusion: Therefore, it is recommended to grow V. pusanensis under direct sunlight to significantly increase root biomass when the purpose is to facilitate rootage when transplanting plants for habitat restoration. On the other hand, for the cultivation of V. pusanensis as an ornamental flower crop, it is recommended to grow the plants under the 35% shading level to significantly increase plant sizes and maintain ensure the proper functioning of photosynthetic responses in photosystem II (PSII).

Potentiometric Determination of Copper in Herbal Material and Hydrolats of Veronica Species (Family Plantaginaceae)

The aim of our work was an implementation of potentiometric determination of copper in samples of the genus Veronica (family Plantaginaceae). Genus Veronica herbs are widely used in e.g. cosmetic, traditional medicine and food industry. The copper content was potentiometrically analysed in 25 herbal samples of genus Veronica and 12 of their hydrolats. The analysed samples were herbal samples of Veronicas harvested mainly in three Croatian regions – Dalmatia, Lika and Slavonia as well as randomly selected samples of theirs hydrolats. Veronicas’ samples were digested in a microwave oven by using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide mixture. The potentiometric determination was performed by using commercially available CuISE for Cu2+, by using potentiometric methods previously developed in our laboratory.

In Quest of the Mysterious Holistic Vedic Herb Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,3,410-454.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.3.045Published:June 2023Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Sumanta Mondal, Kausik Bhar, Prasenjit Mondal, Naresh Panigrahi, Suvendu Kumar Sahoo, Pydi Swetha, Subhadip Chakraborty, Nooka Yaswanth Teja, and Neha Parveen Author(s) affiliations:Sumanta Mondal1,*, Kausik Bhar1, Prasenjit Mondal2, Naresh Panigrahi1, Suvendu Kumar Sahoo1, Pydi Swetha1, Subhadip Chakraborty1, Nooka Yaswanth Teja1, Neha Parveen1 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Brainware University, Kolkata, West Bengal, INDIA. Abstract:Throughout history, complementary and alternative therapies have been widely utilised. In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in the usage of herbal treatments all around the world. Various natural chemicals, such as those produced from plants, have been investigated as potential therapies for a myriad of ailments. The essence of this review was to methodically describe everything we know about Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, a mysterious holistic Vedic herb belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, a well-known nootropic and effective memory enhancer, which has recently emerged as one of the most important medical herbs, widely used therapeutically in the Orient and growing in popularity around the world. Literature was gathered from sources such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, and reviewed using the Prisma quality metacritic paradigm. It is now plainly obvious that current therapies fall short of meeting the demands of the vast majority of individuals with health problems, and traditional medicines are gaining appeal as a result of their reduced toxicity. Bacopa is a traditional herb used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat brain and nerve weariness, as well as in Siddha medicine to treat impaired memory. It's also used to cure brain and nerve exhaustion in Unani medicine. We improved Brahmi micropropagation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis by compiling pharmacobotanical and pharmacognostical descriptions, as well as ethnoarchaeological data and nanotechnology domination. This critique also highlights our contemporary information of pharmacological activity, preclinical and clinical investigations, significant bioactives, reported mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness, safety, and the potential for herb-drug interactions. At the same time, the current incarnation of research at the plant is reviewed, as well as future research possibilities. Brahmi offers a lot of potential for treating a range of illnesses, including neuro-pharmacological, depression, inflammation, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and others. According to the presumptions of this review, further clinical trials and research are needed. While the impact of Brahmi as an anxiolytic and antidepressant has to be explored further, its potential as an anti-epileptic therapy and a treatment for antiepileptic drugs side effects is also being researched. Furthermore, Brahmi's antioxidant ability may explain, at least in part, the antistress, immunomodulatory, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging benefits documented in experimental animals and clinical circumstances, necessitating further study into its other therapeutic characteristics. Keywords:Bacopa monnieri, Cheminformatics, Clinical trials, Herpestis monnieri, Pharmacological Testimony, Phytomolecules., PlantaginaceaeView:PDF (1.93 MB)

Genome assembly of the pioneer species Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) provides insight into its global distribution and adaptation to metal-contaminated soil.

Plantago is a major genus belonging to the Plantaginaceae family and is used in herbal medicine, functional food, and pastures. Several Plantago species are also characterized by their global distribution, but the mechanism underpinning this is not known. Here, we present a high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly of Plantago major L., a species of Plantago, by incorporating Oxford Nanopore sequencing and Hi-C technologies. The genome assembly size was approximately 671.27 Mb with a contig N50 length of 31.30 Mb. 31,654 protein-coding genes were identified from the genome. Evolutionary analysis showed that P. major diverged from other Lamiales species at ~62.18 Mya and experienced two rounds of WGD events. Notably, many gene families related to plant acclimation and adaptation expanded. We also found that many polyphenol biosynthesis genes showed high expression patterns in roots. Some amino acid biosynthesis genes, such as those involved in histidine synthesis, were highly induced under metal (Ni) stress that led to the accumulation of corresponding metabolites. These results suggest persuasive arguments for the global distribution of P. major through multiscale analysis. Decoding the P. major genome provides a valuable genomic resource for research on dissecting biological function, molecular evolution, taxonomy, and breeding.

Kidney protective and burn healing effect Plantago lanceolata aqueous extract on albino male mice

This study aimed to in vivo evaluate the effect of Plantago lanceolata aqueous extract on kidney function test ( total serum protein, urea and creatinine) and anti-inflammatory effect through determined the day require to heal burn in mice skin.. Plantago lanceolata is a species of flowering plant in the Plantaginaceae (plantain) family, Plantago lanceolata seems to be a very versatile in addition to the medicine cabinet being an antifungal, antioxidant, analgesic and many other medicinal application. Two design of mice groups used: one for kidney protective and other for anti-inflammatory activity. In kidney protective activity eight mice groups were assessed: group I: mice treated with first plant dose (500 mg\kg) , group II: mice treated with second plant dose (250 mg\kg), Group III :negative control; mice administrated with distill water, Group IV: mice were administrated with CCL4, Group V: An interaction between CCL4 and first dose of plant extract (0.02 mg\kg CCL4+ 500 mg\kg plant dose), Group VI: An interaction between CCL4 and second dose of plant extract (0.02 mg\kg CCL4+ 250 mg\kg plant dose), Group VII:: An interaction between first dose of plant extract and CCL4 (500 mg\kg plant dose +0.02 mg\kg CCL4), Group VIII: An interaction between second dose of plant extract and CCL4 (250 mg\kg plant dose +0.02 mg\kg CCL4). While for anti-inflammatory activity, three mice groups were assessed: Group I: Mice without any treatment, Group II: Mice were administrated with Plantago lanceolata and Group III: Mice were administrated with silverin cream of burns. The results showed that CCL4 drug produced an experiential decrease in protein concentration (3.76±0.15 g\dL) in contrast with negative control (5.40±0.26 g\dL), while direction of plant and plant with CCL4 at all doses tested instigated an increase in total protein concentration (7.46±0.40, 6.43±0.41, 6.43±0.41 and 5.60±0.73 g\dl) for groups (V, VI, VII and VIII respectively).Creatinin also match other results of kidney function by increasing their concentrations in mice treated with CCL4 (0.80±0.10 mg\dL ) as compared to negative control (0.3±0.1 mg\dl) while plant extract showed the ability to cause reduction in a concentration in a dose dependent manner and according to deferent treatments (0.60±0.10, 0.62±0.15, 0.36±0.05 and 0.50±0.10 mg\dl) for (group V,VI,VII and VIII respectively). The results of anti-inflammatory activity declared the ability of plant to heal burn in 14 days as compared to negative and positive controls which require 28 and 18 days) respectively. All obtained results may be attributed to active secondary metabolite presented in plant like tannin, mucilage and silicic acid etc.

Phytochemical, Biochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Plantago ovata (Ispaghula Husk) – A Review

The plantation, evolvement, phytochemical, pharmaceutical and pharmacological properties of Plantago ovata have been reviewed to reconnoiter the plant’s diverse properties. P. ovata belonging to the family Plantaginaceae is a perennial plant native to the Mediterranean area, particularly Southern Europe, North Africa and West Asia. It has a variety of medicinal and pharmacological effects as it is frequently employed in a variety of medications for its medicinal features such as mucilage, super-disintegrant, gelling agent and suspending agent as well as pharmacological effects such as anti-diarrheal, anti-constipation, wound curer, hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemia. That’s why, P. ovata may be utilized to make a variety of medicinal products as well as a safe and effective ethnobotanical cure for different health problems. A number of market preparations of Ispaghula are also available in the local market of Bangladesh. Information regarding diversified properties of P. ovata collected from different electronic databases (PubMed, Springer link, MDPI link, ResearchGate, Google, Google Scholar and Science Direct) have been summarized here to support the researchers to retrieve information about P. ovata. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(2): 231-243, 2022 (December)

Extraction, Composition and Comparisons–Free Volatile Compounds from Hydrosols of Nine Veronica Taxa

The extraction of bioactive plant components, which belong to specialized metabolites, is carried out by conventional and novel extraction methods. In this study, a classical (hydrodistillation, HD) and a novel technique (microwave-assisted water extraction, MAE) were used to isolate free volatile compounds from nine Croatian Veronica taxa (family Plantaginaceae). Each of these extracts consists of a lipophilic phase and an aqueous phase (hydrosol). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the compounds in the hydrosol phase studied taxa Veronica. The compounds β-ionone and benzene acetaldehyde were detected in all nine Veronica hydrosols studied. Other compounds abundant in all investigated species are germacrene D, α-muurolol, (E)-β-damascenone, and β-ionone. Also, the compositions of hydrosols and lipophilic phases (published in our previous research) of these nine Veronica species were compared. Identification of the compounds in both extract parts is important for selecting the extract part for further biological research. According to the distribution of species in the PCA analyses comparing two methods, only two species showed a greater difference in the composition of the hydrosol by the two methods, therefore our conclusion is that for most species there is no significant difference in the composition. Microwave water extraction is a better choice with regards to more environmentally friendly working conditions. Furthermore, we conclude that hydrosol extracts are not waste products, but are a valuable source of compounds with great potential applications.