Family Planning Programs Research Articles

A Study on Practice of Reproductive Health Care Facilities and Family Planning Decisions of the Rural Adolescent in an area of Bogura District, Bangladesh

Adolescent’s reproductive health is a serious concern in Bangladesh. The present study is based on primary data collection and in-depth interviews of 150 rural adolescent females of Fulbari and Baiguni villages of Bogura district. The objectives of the study were to assess the level of knowledge attitude and practice on reproductive health issues, to assess the socio-demographic features of samples and to explore the level of knowledge & awareness to demonstrate the role of the information & education (media, counseling, services facilities) in the management of reproductive health issues among rural adolescent females. The mean age of the respondents were 16.2 years. School enrolment is still low (46%) and dropout rate is high (32%). A large number of rural adolescent females of the study area have been found to discontinue education after a few years of schooling. The data further shows that, in TV 7.31% attending health education and 12.19% to family planning program. More of the adolescents (60%) were aware of all least one family planning methods (Oral Pill). However, it is obvious that knowledge of various methods of contraception does not imply that the respondents actually knew how to use these methods effectively. The highest three methods they can named were oral pill 60%, Injection 35% and Implant/ Norplant 18.67%. Among all 72.64% were not known or received any information about the management of menstruation before their first menstruation. The study revealed that 72.41% of adolescent’s females, those were suffering from at least one complication or problems of menstruation and were not visited or seeking any consultation or treatment from any service providers available. Only 18% of them seek treatment or consultation from the service providers. Among these sick adolescents’ females who attended for consultation or treatments, 83.33% were not satisfied while only 16.67% express their satisfaction on the health care services. The social and religious constraints are strict in the culture and Islamic ideals of Bangladeshi people where the majority of whom still live in joint families. The study indicates that the rural adolescent females are poorly informed about most of the reproductive health issues. There also exist important misconceptions regarding healthy management of menstruation. Besides, there is big gap between their knowledge, attitude and practice. Parents, Guardians, teachers, religious leaders and community leaders (they are main gatekeeper) concern regarding management reproductive health issues of rural adolescent females.

Couples of childbearing age do not participate in the family planning program in Salekoe Village, Palopo City

A couple of childbearing age (PUS) is a married couple who still has the potential to have children or is usually marked by the time when menopause has not yet arrived (menstruation has stopped for the wife). Family planning is a method that helps individuals or married couples to regulate the interval between pregnancies and determine the number of children in the family. This research was conducted to obtain information regarding the reasons why couples of childbearing age do not participate in family planning programs. This research is descriptive in nature. The sample used was 212 EFA taken according to the specified criteria. Data collection was carried out by filling out a questionnaire, then the data was processed and analyzed using the frequency distribution formula. The research results showed that the highest reason for PUS not participating in the Family Planning program was wanting to have children immediately, 68 PUS (24.82%) while the lowest was not being suitable for using family planning, namely 3 PUS (1.1%). From the results of this research, it is recommended to increase education, especially about the types of contraceptives, side effects and complications.

Penyuluhan Tentang Prilaku Hidup Bersih Dan Sehat Dalam Pencegahan Penyakit Menular Di Kelurahan 26 Ilir Palembang

One of the preventive measures to prevent infectious diseases is the implementation of family PHBS. Family PHBS includes giving birth assisted by health workers, giving the baby exclusive breast milk, weighing the baby every month, the baby getting basic immunizations, using clean water, the family following the family planning program, hypertension sufferers taking medication regularly, TB sufferers being treated regularly, all family members registered with JKN , family members with mental disorders are not neglected, use healthy latrines, and do not smoke in the house.

Family Planning Programs and Food Security in Nigeria: A Quantitative Approach

The issue of food security remains a pressing global concern, particularly in emerging nations facing the challenges of rapid population expansion, constrained agricultural resources, and inadequate infrastructure. Amidst Nigeria's persistent struggles with food security aggravated by a swiftly growing population, this study undertook an examination of the efficacy of family planning interventions in ensuring sustainable food provision. A cohort of 120 participants from diverse Nigerian states participated in the study, responding to structured questionnaires. The collected data underwent SPSS software analysis, leading to tabulated data and percentages reflecting respondents' viewpoints. Through regression analysis, the study found a statistically significant relationship between the implementation of family planning programs and food security. Findings revealed that for every unit increase in the effectiveness of family planning initiatives, there was a consequential increase of 0.315 units in food security, showcasing a notably positive impact. This association, reflected by a Beta coefficient of 0.531, underscores the substantial influence of these programs on improving food security. These results highlight the potential efficacy of strategic implementation of family planning interventions as a crucial mechanism in alleviating Nigeria's food security concerns amidst rapid population growth. In response to these identified challenges, the research articulated recommendations aimed at addressing these issues. They encompassed measures like improved educational initiatives, enhanced accessibility to services, heightened public awareness campaigns, bolstered support for women, and the reinforcement of healthcare infrastructure.

Peran dan Fungsi Petugas Kesehatan Dalam Menjaga Kesejahteraan Dan Kesehatan Reproduksi Ibu Melalui Program Keluarga Berencana

Health workers in the midwife profession are at the forefront in maintaining the welfare and reproductive health of women so that midwives have a very important role, one of which is making the family planning program launched by the government a success. Of course midwives cannot work alone, midwives must collaborate with other related parties. Implementation of community service activities aims to carry out the duties of midwives in making family planning activities a success. The methods used are lectures and discussions as well as providing and installing long-term contraceptives, namely intrauterine devices and implants. Implementation of activities at the Community Health Center and for the results of knowledge and understanding related to welfare and maintaining women's reproductive health through family planning and the results of the provision and installation of long-term contraceptive devices, implants in the new installation category amounted to 30.91% and in the dismantling category amounted to 34.55%, while intrauterine contraceptives in the newly installed category were 18.18% and in the removable category were 16.36%. The conclusion that can be drawn is that midwives have carried out their role in the family planning program launched by the government. PUS has had a shift in thinking in planning family size to choose long-term contraceptives.

PENYULUHAN KELUARGA BERENCANA PADA MASA NIFAS DI LINGKUNGAN WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS BINJAI ESTATE TAHUN 2023

ABSTRACT The family planning program is an integral part of the national development program and aims to create economic, spiritual and socio-cultural welfare of the Indonesian population in order to achieve a good balance with national production capabilities. The number of children in a family that is considered ideal is two children. The family planning program is one of the efforts that can be made to control the number of children in a family. Family planning is a movement to form healthy and prosperous families by limiting births, so as to control population growth. Birth restriction that can be done is to use contraceptives. According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, for the past 10 years the family planning program has not been successful enough to reduce the birth rate. This occurs because of the failure of the KB program that is running. Some of the factors that cause the failure of the family planning program include miscalculating the fertile period and forgetting the contraceptive schedule, so we lecturers together with students from Akbid kholisatur Rahmi Binjai want to provide counseling for family planning programs in the Working Area of the Binjai Estate Health Center.

Analysis of the Healthy Family Index: The Impact of Implementing the Healthy Indonesia Program with Family Approach

The Healthy Indonesia Program with Family Approach (PIS-PK) is a primary initiative enforced by the current government to enhance the quality of family life and public health. In this context, the assessment of the Healthy Family Index (IKS) is essential for implementing appropriate interventions and efforts to prevent chronic diseases at the family level. Measurement indicators of IKS include healthy, pre-healthy, and unhealthy family categories. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze IKS based on PIS-PK in Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi in Indonesia. A quantitative design with an analytical survey was used to measure IKS across the entire family population in the Jeneponto Regency Health Center working area, totaling 1,321 households. The total sampling method was applied, and data from 12 healthy family indicators were evaluated following the IKS formula. The results showed that the average IKS value ranged from 0.59 to 0.77, representing unhealthy, pre-healthy, and healthy family, which constituted 12%, 54.35%, and 33.5% of the examined population, respectively. High numbers of family fell in the pre-healthy and unhealthy categories due to limited participation in family planning program (55.11%), non-utilization of official facilities for childbirth (11.65%), lack of exclusive breastfeeding practices over 7–23 months (10.14%), and absence of weight monitoring at Posyandu (5.59%). Consequently, integrated efforts and cross-sectoral engagement are crucial for improving IKS status.

Pregnancy Desirability and Motivational Readiness for Postpartum Contraceptive Use: Findings from Population-Based Surveys in Eight Sub-Saharan African Countries.

This study examined the associations between pregnancy intention and motivational readiness for postpartum contraceptive use. Data for this cross-sectional analysis were derived from nationally representative surveys of the Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 (PMA2020) project conducted in eight sub-Saharan African countries. Participants included 9488 nonpregnant women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who had given birth in the last 2 years. Weighted multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the associations of motivational readiness for contraceptive adoption categorized as precontemplation, contemplation, and post-action with pregnancy intention. After adjusting for confounding factors, the findings revealed that women in Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria who had mistimed pregnancies had significantly higher odds of being in the contemplation vs. precontemplation stage compared to those who had intended pregnancies. Similarly, women who had unwanted pregnancies in Ethiopia were also more likely to be in the contemplation stage. Furthermore, significant differences were observed for women in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, and Nigeria regarding the association between mistimed pregnancies and being in the post-action stage. For women who had unwanted pregnancies, this association was significant only in Nigeria. Additionally, the odds of being in the contemplation stage, compared to the post-action stage, for women who had unwanted pregnancies were significantly higher in Ethiopia and Nigeria. These results indicate that recent unintended pregnancies in specific sub-Saharan African countries may motivate women to take action to prevent future unintended pregnancies. The findings underscore the importance of tailored and context-specific approaches in family-planning programs based on the stage of motivational readiness.

Relational Dialectics on Couples of Childbearing Age in Underprivileged Chinese Ethnicity Families in the Use of Contraception in Medan City

Dialectics in the form of contradictions in relationships which can occur due to various things and problems in couple life, as well as in determining the decision to carry out a family planning (KB) program or in determining the use of contraception. This research aims to analyze how the condition of internal and external dialectics and the strategies for resolving internal and external dialectics on couples of childbearing ages in underprivileged families of Chinese ethnicity in Medan City. The research approach uses a combined approach with a mixed methods model embedded design in data collection techniques and data analysis techniques. Therefore, the data produced is quantitative data to answer the internal and external dialectical condition, and qualitative data to answer strategies for resolving internal and external dialectics. Researcher prioritize quantitative data obtained from 100 respondents, while qualitative data collected through focus group discussion with 6 resource persons as informants are meant to complement the data and elaborate the analysis results more fully. The results of the study based on quantitative data with descriptive statistical analysis showed the condition of internal dialectic variables obtained an average value of 4.10 and the external dialectic variables obtained an average value of 3.49 on a 5-point Likert Scale. Based on the assessment criteria using the grand mean analysis, both are in a relatively stable condition. However, this value means that the respondents in this study tend to be more able to cope with the internal dialectics which occur than the external dialectics of contraceptive use. Meanwhile, the dialectic resolution strategy used by respondents in resolving internal dialectics tends to use a balance strategy and in resolving external dialectics using an integration strategy.

Changes in contraceptive use during the second COVID-19 lockdown in Brazil: A web-based survey

ObjectiveWe assessed contraceptive use changes during the second lockdown due to COVID-19 in Brazil and their associated factors. Study designThis was a longitudinal web-based study in which 725 non-pregnant Brazilian women aged 18 to 49 completed an online structured survey about their contraceptive practices in two rounds in 2021. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with contraceptive use changes during COVID-19. ResultsSixty percent reported they changed their contraceptive use during COVID-19, especially starting to use a method or switching to a more effective one (32%). In adjusted analysis, women who were ambivalent about a future pregnancy were more likely to switch to a more effective method (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.33, 95% CI 1.42–3.83) and to stop using contraceptive (aOR 3.64, 95% CI 1.91–6.91). Women with a partner were less likely to switch to a more effective method (aOR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39–0.93) and to stop using contraceptive (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31–0.93), but more likely to switch to a less effective method (aOR 2.25, 95% CI 1.16–4.34). Age was also associated with contraceptive use changes. ConclusionsContraceptive use among Brazilian women during COVID-19 depended on their age and partnership status. During the period of the highest peak in the number of cases and deaths in the country, ambivalence towards a future pregnancy increased changes in contraceptive use. ImplicationsContraceptive changes were observed during a two-wave web-survey in Brazil depending on women’s age and partnership status. Ambivalence towards a future pregnancy increased changes in contraceptive use and should be considered in future studies regarding sexual and reproductive health and COVID-19 as well as in family planning program implementation.

Fertility Has Been Framed: Why Family Planning Is Not a Silver Bullet for Sustainable Development

AbstractHigh fertility and population growth have been framed as villains in global health and development. Inspired by neo-Malthusian concerns around resource depletion, scholars have argued that fertility reduction through increased contraceptive use is necessary to protect maternal health, prevent environmental disaster, and promote economic prosperity throughout the Global South. Despite substantial critique from feminist and anticolonial scholars, the scientific evidence behind these arguments has often been treated as established fact. This ostensible scientific consensus on the instrumental benefits of contraceptive use has been marshalled by the global family planning establishment in the wake of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development to justify continued efforts to maximize contraceptive uptake in the Global South. Here, we critically examine the evidence linking high fertility to adverse maternal health, environmental, and economic outcomes and evaluate whether reducing fertility through increased contraceptive use offers an effective strategy to address these challenges. We find the state of the evidence weaker and more conflicted than commonly acknowledged, with many claims relying on small effect sizes and/or unjustified assumptions. While increasing contraceptive uptake and reducing fertility may offer limited, marginal advantages, we argue that family planning cannot effectively address the multidimensional challenges of global poverty, ill health, and environmental degradation. Instead, global health and development should address root causes of these phenomena, while family planning programs must radically refocus on reproductive autonomy.

Using Human-Centered Design to Explore Potential Users' and Men's Views of New Injectable Contraceptives in Kampala and Lagos.

Injectable contraceptives are the most used method in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted market research to assess potential user attitudes toward 4- and 6-month injectables. We also present user suggestions for marketing these new injectables once they are available. We implemented a 2-phase market research study from October through December 2021 in Kampala, Uganda, and Lagos, Nigeria. We conducted 11 focus group discussions (FGDs) with 51 participants in Kampala and 12 FGDs with 67 participants in Lagos. FGDs included current and potential injectable users and men stratified by marital status and age. Next, 23 women in Kampala and 24 in Lagos participated in cocreation workshops using human-centered design methods to explore marketing and communications strategies for each injectable. Data collection teams completed semistructured data extraction tables that were then analyzed thematically. Participants liked both injectable options due to the reduced number of facility visits that would save time and money and increase privacy. Primary concerns included side effects, delayed return to fertility, cost, self-efficacy to self-inject, and stock-outs. Participants in Kampala preferred a shorter reinjection window (or "grace period") because it is easier to remember and they assumed it meant a quicker return to fertility, but participants in Lagos preferred a longer window because it provides extra time for reinjection. Citing norms around women needing to get pregnant quickly after marriage, participants in both sites felt that the 4-month injectable would benefit young people with busy lifestyles or limited access to facilities, whereas the 6-month injectable would benefit women who already had children. We found that participants in Kampala and Lagos would prefer additional injectable options to meet the wide-ranging needs of users in different stages of their reproductive lives. Family planning program planners can apply the marketing insights we identified when these new injectables become available.

The Relationship of Knowledge and Husband's Support With The Use of Injective Contraceptions

The family planning (KB) program is a government effort to prevent risky pregnancies due to the 4Ts (too young, too old, too close, and too frequent). One of the birth control methods most widely used by women of childbearing age (WUS) is injectable birth control. The research aims to determine the relationship between a husband's knowledge and support and the use of injectable contraceptives in women of childbearing age. Method: quantitative research using a cross-sectional design with a cluster random sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire, and analysis was carried out using the Chi-Square statistical test. Results: There is a relationship between knowledge (p-value 0.046) and husband's support (0.001) with the use of injectable contraceptives in women of childbearing age (WUS) in the Tanjung Pinang Health Center Working Area, Jambi. Conclusion: There is a relationship between a husband's knowledge and support and the use of injectable contraceptives in WUS, so it is hoped that health workers will routinely provide outreach regarding the use and benefits of injectable contraceptives to couples of childbearing age (PUS).

Public Opinions about Causes of Declining Fertility in Developing Countries

Research indicates multiple causes of declining total fertility rate (TFR) in developing countries, including reduced child mortality, improved education and economy, family planning programmes and female empowerment. However, public opinions about the causes have rarely been studied. Using surveys in 2022 in Sweden and Nigeria, we compare answers of educated citizens to the question of why fertility (birth rate) has fallen in developing countries (also in Nigeria). In Sweden, 72 per cent of respondents suggested improved living conditions, including economy and education, lower infant mortality and generally progressive development. In contrast, in Nigeria 66 per cent of the respondents suggested that poverty, bad socioeconomic conditions and poor health cause declining birth rates. Birth rates were thus assumed to be falling mainly because the conditions in Nigeria are generally getting worse, not better. A contributing reason for the difference of opinions between the countries may be social norms for large families in Nigeria. Few Swedish respondents suggested family planning (1.9% of answers) but this answer was more common in Nigeria (5.9%). In Sweden, women answered contraceptive use (17%) more often than did men (4.5%), while in Nigeria the contraception answer hardly differed between men (6.1%) and women (5.7%). Only minor differences in opinion existed between the southern and northern (Muslim-dominated) states in Nigeria, among educated respondents that participated in this survey. We recommend more, and extended surveys.

Overview of Husbands' Knowledge About Condom Contraception at Puskesmas I Denpasar Selatan in 2023

The uncontrolled increase in population in Indonesia causes various problems. An effort to overcome this situation is the family planning program. However, currently men's participation in family planning programs is still very low. This study aims to determine the description of husbands' knowledge about condom contraception at Puskesmas I Denpasar Selatan in 2023. This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional research design, the population of all husbands and wives receiving family planning at Puskesmas I Denpasar Selatan. The sample consisted of 93 respondents who were collected using non-probability sampling with purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using a questionnaire and then carried out univariate analysis. The majority of respondents were aged 26-35 years (36.6%), high school (48.4%), private employees (32.3%), income < IDR 5,000,000/month (59.1%). The purpose of contraceptive use that is most widely known by respondents is pregnancy spacing and family welfare (100%), condom (100%), the purpose of using condoms to avoid venereal disease and wait for more permanent use of birth control (100%), the advantages of using condoms are practical/easy to use (96.8%), the disadvantage is that they can only be used once (100%), and the place to get condoms is at the health center and midwife/private doctor's practice (100%). The description of respondents' knowledge regarding condom is at a low level of knowledge (40.9%) while at a high level of knowledge (59.1%). Description of husband's knowledge about condom contraception at Puskesmas I Denpasar Selatan in 2023 is at a high level of knowledge.

Are Female Undergraduates at the University of Calabar Equipped with the Knowledge, Positive Attitudes, and Effective Practices of Contraceptives?

BACKGROUND: The global challenge of rapid population growth necessitates family planning programs to address reproductive health needs and control population increase. However, unintended pregnancies, particularly among adolescents, remain a significant problem, leading to increased risks of sexually transmitted infections and unsafe abortions. In Nigeria, contraceptive use is low among youths, resulting in high incidences of induced abortions and sexually transmitted infections. Barriers such as religious beliefs, cultural factors, limited availability, personal beliefs, and fear of side effects contribute to the under-utilization of contraceptives. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among female undergraduates of the University of Calabar, Cross River State. Data was collected using a 42-item questionnaire after obtaining informed consent. Multi-stage sampling was employed, and data was analyzed with IBM SPSS version 26 using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: The mean age of respondents was 21.5 ± 2.72 years. Most participants were in their first (26.7%) or second (22.6%) level of study. 28.8% were in sexual relationships, while 71.2% were not. Approximately a quarter of respondents had experienced symptoms of sexually transmitted infections. 71.5% had no knowledge of emergency contraception. Condoms (71.2%) and pills (54.5%) were the most commonly mentioned methods of contraception, while tubal ligation was the least popular (4.7%). The main benefit cited for contraception was the prevention of unwanted pregnancy (92.2%). 47.3% had no idea about the side effects of contraception, with irregular menstruation being the most commonly mentioned side effect (19.3%). Friends/peers, the internet, and school were the primary sources of information on contraception. 56.4% believed that contraception is not solely for females and should not be reserved for the literate. Over a third of respondents thought contraception encourages promiscuity and has too many side effects, with more than half demanding contraceptive services on campus. Less than half of the respondents (43.9%) reported using contraception at some point, with even smaller percentages using contraception in the last six months (25.2%) or during their last sexual intercourse (23.8%). Of the 101 who used contraceptives in their last sexual intercourse, the majority (83%) used condoms, while pills (7%) and emergency contraception (10%) were less common. Preferred sources for contraception were pharmacies (57.5%) and chemist shops/patent medicine vendors (24.7%). Religion (41.5%), fear of side effects (34.9%), and partner consent (28.3%) were the main influences on contraceptive use. Several factors were significantly associated with contraception utilization, including age, partner's educational level, knowledge of contraception, and level of study (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The low utilization of contraception among female undergraduates at the University of Calabar despite high awareness and poor knowledge highlights the need for interventions. Factors influencing utilization include age, knowledge, and level of study. Barriers such as religion, fear of side effects, and partner consent must be addressed. Recommendations include sensitization campaigns, establishing a youth-friendly center on campus, incorporating contraception into curricula, collaborating with NGOs, and increasing funding for research.

Unmet Need for Contraceptive among Tribal Married Women of Rangamati District, Bangladesh

Background: The unmet need for contraceptives refers to the discrepancy between some women's objectives towards conception and their use of contraception, which has been a central indicator for monitoring the progress of family planning programs. Objective: This study set out to identify and evaluate the unmet need for contraceptives among married tribal women between the ages of 15 to 49. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2022 to December 2022 in Belaichari Upazilla of the Rangamati district. Two hundred and six married indigenous women (15–49 years old) were surveyed house–to–house. Data on the characteristics of contraceptive uses, unmet needs, and correlations were collected by interviewing the participants using a pre-designed, semi-structured questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the participants was 28.07 ± 6.09 years, and most were Buddhist (63.6%). The contraceptive prevalence rate was found to be 41.3%. Overall, unmet need for family planning was 16.5%, and the age of the woman, religion, and profession of the husband were found to be significantly associated with the unmet need for contraceptive. Apprehension of side effects and difficulty in using were reported as two common reasons for unmet needs. Conclusion: Contraceptive services should place priority on improving the information and counseling they provide and the range of methods they offer. All sexually active women need information about their risk of becoming pregnant and about the choices of methods that could meet their needs.

The Effect of Long-Term Contraceptive Method Education on Increasing the Number of Acceptors in Women Workers in Oil Palm Plantations

Background: Strengthening family planning program services by delaying or reducing the percentage of pregnancies for couples of childbearing age, namely by using Long Term Contraceptive Methods that are more effective and efficient for the purpose of spacing births for more than three years or terminating pregnancies in couples who no longer wish to have more children. But unfortunately this contraceptive method is less desirable, especially for working women in oil palm plantations. One of the factors that affect the low number of users is a lack of communication, information and education. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of Long Term Contraceptive Method education on increasing the number of acceptors of female workers in oil palm plantations. Method: Quasi-experimental research with a one group pre and post test design. The population is all WUS who work at PT. Mustika Sembuluh East Kotawaringin Regency numbered 556 people. The sample in this study were 40 respondents with inclusion criteria and purposive sampling which would be divided into 4 small groups. Data analysis used the McNemar test. Result: this study found that before the intervention only a small proportion chose the Long-Term Contraceptive Method, namely 11 respondents (27.5%) and after the intervention increased to 25 respondents (62.5%) with a significant difference p<0.001. Conclusion: Providing education is significant in improving Long-Term Contraceptive Methods.

Analysis and Forecast of Contemporary Chinese Population

The analysis and projection of current Chinese population dynamics is the main emphasis of this study. This topic is extremely important in terms of demography, economics, sociology, and international relations. With approximately 1.43 billion people, China is the most populous country in the world and a worldwide giant in both economic and geopolitical terms. This study looks at historical, cultural, economic, and policy-related issues in an effort to understand the intricacies that have led China to this demographic prominence. China's population increase may be traced back to its ancient civilization, which cultivated cultural customs and conventions that still have an impact on demographic patterns now. The demographic dividend, a population surge in the middle of the 20th century, signaled a turning point, and the one-child policy that followed, implemented in 1979, produced distinctive demographic contours and long-term repercussions. Fertility rates and generational dynamics have been influenced by the government's evolution of family planning programs, which have ranged from strict measures to more relaxed methods. Understanding and predicting China's population changes is urgent because of the societal and worldwide repercussions of this country's changing demographics. This study sets out on an exploratory trip to understand the complex causes and possible future trends in light of previous studies. This paper wants to contribute to a thorough knowledge of China's demographic evolution and its effects on global society by shedding light on these factors.

Function of the Media on Family Planning on Community Perception and Participation in Sorong Papua

Attention to the Family Planning (KB) program received priority during the New Order era. The family planning program had even become a government program at the beginning of that period. Before becoming a government program, Family Planning had begun to be socialized by several individuals or private institutions who had an interest in the program. The aim of this research is to find out information sources that provide family planning information to the public, differences in perceptions according to information sources, differences in participation according to perception, differences in participation according to sources of information, and to find out 5 differences in participation according to perception which are controlled by level of education, number of children they have and desire to have another child. The method used in this research is census. Data analysis was carried out using the chi-square statistical test using the SPSS program version 17.0. The research results showed that the majority of respondents obtained family planning information through television (58.2%), and there was an influence of information on perceptions and participation in family planning. This is proven by the differences in perception according to exposure to information, participation according to perception and participation according to exposure to information convincingly with a confidence level of 95%. In the control variables, there are significant differences in participation according to education level and number of children (95%), while there is no significant difference in participation according to the desire to have more children. Information determines participation in family planning practices, but does not determine the desire to have more children. This is due to different perceptions of the value of children, so the desire to have more children does not influence participation in family planning practices.