Family Planning In China Research Articles

The Evolution of China’s Policy for Family Planning

It is imperative to understand factors of demographic and social issues, economic development, and global influences which have influenced China’s family planning policy implementation through time from the one-child to three-child policy. To further explore how such factors influenced the evolution of China’s family planning policy and to predict future policy outcomes, this research has extensively discussed demographic challenges, economic development, social issues, and global influences. The research has also analyzed how these factors influence China’s family planning policy direction towards the future. For sustainability, in relation to family planning, this research has identified that the Chinese government could implement targeted and flexible approaches to childbirth control, implement social support and services to help couples meet their family goals, and enhance social awareness via education and family therapy. In sum, this research is important because it provides an elaborate discussion of the evolution of China’s family planning policy and predicts the future direction of such policing to ensure sustainable family planning in China.

Bleeding assessment in haemophilia carriers-High rates of bleeding after surgical abortion and intrauterine device placement: A multicentre study in China.

An increased bleeding tendency has been shown in female haemophilia carriers compared to healthy females. Bleeding assessment tools (BATs) have mainly been performed in western cultures. It is unclear how they perform in populations with different healthcare, health/wellness concepts and awareness, as well as family planning practices. To (a) describe and compare the bleeding symptoms in carriers with healthy females, particularly for bleeding after surgical abortion and intrauterine device (IUD) placement which are performed frequently for family planning in China; (b) quantify scores of International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Bleeding Assessment Tool (ISTH-BAT) and Chinese-BAT (C-BAT) developed to include surgical abortion and IUD placement as separate categories in Chinese haemophilia carriers; (c) correlate bleeding scores (BS) with factor levels. We conducted a multicentre, cross-sectional study on obligate haemophilia carriers and healthy controls using ISTH-BAT and C-BAT. We enrolled 125 haemophilia carriers and 106 controls. Carriers, compared to controls, had significantly higher median BS (3 vs 1 by both ISTH-BAT and C-BAT) and lower factor level (63.5 vs 101.8IU/dL). Bleeding after surgical abortion and IUD placement was significantly associated with carrier status. Bleeding scores from neither ISTH-BAT nor C-BAT showed significant correlation with factor levels. Haemophilia carriers in China experienced abnormal bleeding. Unique to the Chinese carriers is significant bleeding after surgical abortion (3rd highest incidence of bleeding symptom) and IUD placement (4th highest). However, both ISTH-BAT and C-BAT exhibited no correlation between BS and factor levels in this population and neither could identify carriers with low factor level (of <50IU/dL).

Infertility in China: Culture, society and a need for fertility counselling

With a high rate of infertility, it is important to understand the context of fertility and family planning in China, to inform the necessity of supportive care. A literature review was undertaken to explore the societal constructs informing perspectives of childbearing, family planning and infertility, alongside Chinese considerations of fertility treatments, including assisted reproductive technologies and fertility counselling. In China, childbearing attitudes and behaviours are shaped by tensions between traditional cultural values of the filial piety originating from Confucianism, the history of strict family planning policy, the recent termination of one-child policy and the socioeconomic circumstance. For infertile Chinese individuals, the inability to meet these childbearing expectations gives rise to significant pressure and consequent psychological distress, particularly depressive symptoms. Demographic factors such as gender, education, income and geographical location have been found to influence prevalence and degree of depression in infertile Chinese men and women. These difficulties are compounded by barriers of cultural acceptance, legislative restrictions and availability of resources for alternative options such as adoption and surrogacy. It is important that these fertility sociocultural factors are taken into consideration when assisting Chinese patients to access and utilise fertility treatment services.

Logical framework of quality of care in family planning in China: client-centered approach

The year 2018 marks the 40th anniversary of China’s reforms and opening to the world. As an important part of the overall reform effort, reform of the national family planning program, begun in the 1990s as a pilot project focused on quality of care, has achieved historic and significant results. The pilot project, conducted by the State Family Planning Commission of China in a few select areas, was a response to the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, as well as to a range of social and economic changes in China. To achieve quality of care, the pilot project adopted a client-centered approach to refocus China’s family planning efforts on client needs and rights, informed choice of contraceptives and the provision of better quality services. After nearly 10 years of trials, the successful experiences of the pilot project served as the basis of a family planning program reform rolled out nationwide. This paper uses a logic framework approach to review the main activities, outputs, and impacts of the pilot project. The paper argues that the quality of care project not only developed a model that facilitated reorientation of China’s earlier family planning efforts, but has also provided experiences and lessons that can serve as references for the implementation of “Healthy China 2030” in the future.

Repeat abortion in Chinese adolescents: a cross-sectional study in 30 provinces

BackgroundPremarital sex has become more acceptable in China nowadays. The Chinese Family Planning (FP) programme mainly focuses on married couples, and young unmarried women have little access to information or advice about contraception. Abortion is commonly used to end unintended pregnancies in China. This study aimed to determine risk factors related to repeat abortions in Chinese adolescents. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was one component of an EU-funded project and was conducted between March 20, and Oct 5, 2013 in China. We collected data using a questionnaire filled by abortion service providers for all women seeking abortions within 12 weeks of pregnancy during a period of 2 months in selected hospitals. A total of 297 hospitals were randomly selected across 30 provinces using a stratified cluster sampling design according to the level and type of hospital. In this study, only the adolescents (younger than the minimum legal married age of 20 years for women, unintendedly pregnant) were included for analysis. All participants signed a written informed consent of which they received a copy. Ethics approvals were obtained from both ethics committees of the National Research Institution for Family Planning (NRIFP), China, and of the Ghent University, Belgium. FindingsOf the 2370 adolescents (median age 19 years, range 13–19), 927 (39%) were undergoing repeat abortions, 206 (9%) for a third time or more. The primary reason for their unintended pregnancies was non-use of contraception (1609, 68%), followed by ineffective contraception (761, 32%). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the adolescents who had an increased risk of repeat abortions were those who had children (OR 2·63, 95% CI 1·82–3·78), those who resided in a middle-developed region (1·79, 1·30–2·48), those who resided in a relatively poor region (2·37, 1·77–3·17), and those who had used contraception during the 6 months preceding the survey (1·34, 1·08–1·65 for condom use). Adolescents who were students had a lower risk of repeat abortions than did those who were not students (0·69, 0·54–0·88). InterpretationRepeat abortions among adolescents are highly prevalent in China. Adolescents should be offered equal access to FP in China to that of married women to reduce unintended pregnancies and repeat abortions. Correct and consistent contraception practice among adolescents should be promoted. FundingThe European Commission under the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7): INtegrating Post-Abortion Family Planning Services into China's existing abortion services in hospital setting (INPAC), 282490.

Effects of family planning factors on the awareness of sexual and reproductive healthcare rights among married women of reproductive age in China: a cross sectional study

ObjectivesAlthough family planning in China has changed gradually since 1994, there are few studies about family planning and women’s reproductive rights. The main objective of this study was to examine...

Opportunities and systems requirements for developing post-abortion family planning in China

Opportunities and systems requirements for developing post-abortion family planning in China

Economic Reforms and Family Planning in China: The One-Child Policy in Rural Guangdong, 1979-1990

Economic Reforms and Family Planning in China: The One-Child Policy in Rural Guangdong, 1979-1990

Family planning in China

Family planning in China

Cognition of parasitoses prevention and hygienic habits in the integrated project area of family planning in China

Cognition of parasitoses prevention and hygienic habits in the integrated project area of family planning in China

Family planning in China: out of control?

This study examined sex ratios in 6 counties in China. Data from a household survey (n = 5756) were retrospectively analyzed. A normal sex ratio was found for children less than 18 years of age. Significant differences in sex ratios and family size were observed between the household survey data and population registers. The findings indicate a high number of unregistered female births and are consistent with calls for a rethinking of Chinese population policies in the direction of a more collaborative policy based on female education and participation.

Current practice of family planning in China

Current practice of family planning in China is based on the population policy and strategy of the country. Comprehensive contraceptive methods are provided in family planning clinics at all levels. Among the methods used, intrauterine devices and tubal sterilization are most popular. Vasectomy is popular in some provinces. Oral pills, injectables and subdermal implants occupy a small proportion. Incidence of abortion is high due to failure of methods and unprotected intercourse. Attention is paid to the adoption of emergency contraception to prevent unwanted pregnancy. Improvement in quality of care is the key to a successful family planning program. Basic research is essential for development of new contraceptive technology.

Communication techniques in China's planned birth campaigns

This study endeavours to explore the range of communicative options that have been used in the process of the family planning in China in the past four decades. The study has several purposes: first, to reconstruct the evolution of birth control policy in China since 1949 when the Communist Party took over power. Second, to explain this evolution through an analysis of how those communication techniques are interwoven and interacted with each other. Third, to review various communication techniques, and to assess the extent to which those techniques used in planned birth campaigns have affected China's fertility rate; and finally, to suggest to policy-makers in other developing countries a basis for assessing which, if any, of the Chinese experience could be selected for adoption and modification for family planning programs, especially in rural populations.

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: The Second Billion: Population and Family Planning in China. Penny Kane. New York: Penguin Books, 1987, viii + 264 pages, $7.95. Establishing Agreement: An Analysis of Proposal‐Acceptance Sequences. Hanneke Houtkoop. Dordrecht‐Holland: Foris Publications, 1987, 204 pages. Plant Closings: International Context and Social Costs. Carolyn C. Perrucci, Robert Perrucci, Dena B. Targ, and Harry R. Targ. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1988, 193 pages, $38.95 (hardcover); $15.95 (paperback). Political Theory and Modernity. William E. Connolly. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988, 196 pages, hardback. Making Mondragon: The Growth and Dynamics of the Worker Cooperative Complex. William Foote Whyte and Kathleen King Whyte. Ithaca: ILR Press, 1988, 315 pages, paperback. Speaking of Friendship, Middle‐Class Women and Their Friends. Helen Gouldner and Mary Simmons Strong. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987, 185 pages, hardback The Social Construction of Technological System. Edited by Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987, 405 pp., $35.00. Judging the Jury. Valerie P. Hans and Neil Vidmar. New York: Plenum Press, 1986, 283 pages, $17.98, hardback. The Flight from Ambiguity: Essays in Social and Cultural Thory. Donald N. Levine. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, July 15, 1988, 248 pages, $12.95, paperback. The State and The City. Ted Robert Gurr and Desmond S. King. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987, x + 242 pp, $35.00, hardback, $14.95, paperback.

Paying for family planning in China

Cost analysis of the family planning in the Peoples Republic of China does not exist: this paper used a longitudinal study of a county to estimate overall per capita costs of family planning and arrived at a higher figure than previous estimates. Chinas current family planning began in the 1970s and evolved into a State [central] Family Planning administration that pays for research contraceptives and surgical services and a decentralized service provision network. With a shortage of accountants and computers that need to be devoted to industry and a pressing need for population control China saw no need for detailed cost analysis for family planning. In municipalities counties and autonomous regions the health sector delivers family planning services and employers provide all other local costs. Some of these direct and hidden cost items include: family planning education motivation leave time given for late marriage childbirth abortion or sterilization factory doctors salaries obstetric care cash bonus for enrollment in the one-child family program housing food education and job benefits cost-overruns for services not paid by the central government and all capital expenses and workers time. The majority of these costs are paid for by work units. They total about 1 week of an average workers salary 15-16 Yuan/year (not including benefits such as housing) or about U.S. $5/year in a semi-rural area. Future trends in China and implications for programs in other developing countries are discussed.

The Second Billion: Population and Family Planning in China. By Penny Kane. [Ringwood, Australia: Penguin Books, 1987. 264 pp. £3.95.

The Second Billion: Population and Family Planning in China. By Penny Kane. [Ringwood, Australia: Penguin Books, 1987. 264 pp. £3.95.

China's Changing Population.Judith BanisterThe Second Billion, Population and Family Planning in China.Penny KaneChina: Population Education and People.Stewart E. Fraser

Previous articleNext article No AccessReviewsChina's Changing Population. Judith Banister The Second Billion, Population and Family Planning in China. Penny Kane China: Population Education and People. Stewart E. Fraser Colin MackerrasColin Mackerras Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 21Jan., 1989 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2158676 Views: 1Total views on this site Journal History This article was published in The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (1979-1995), which is continued by The China Journal (1995-present). Copyright Australian Journal of Chinese AffairsPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Fertility and family planning in China: an analysis of provincial patterns.

SummaryThis paper examines patterns of fertility and family planning in China, particularly by an analysis of recently available provincial data for the period around 1981. Fertility rates in the more urban and developed parts of China are very low, approximating those of countries with the lowest fertility rates in the world. Family planning in these areas is also very common and widespread. The more rural and interior areas of China, however, are characterized by much higher fertility rates and by much lower family planning rates. Family planning variables are very good predictors of provincial fertility.

The Second Billion: Population and Family Planning in China.

The Second Billion: Population and Family Planning in China.

Paying for family planning in China

Cost analysis of the family planning in the Peoples Republic of China does not exist: this paper used a longitudinal study of a county to estimate overall per capita costs of family planning and arrived at a higher figure than previous estimates. Chinas current family planning began in the 1970s and evolved into a State [central] Family Planning administration that pays for research contraceptives and surgical services and a decentralized service provision network. With a shortage of accountants and computers that need to be devoted to industry and a pressing need for population control China saw no need for detailed cost analysis for family planning. In municipalities counties and autonomous regions the health sector delivers family planning services and employers provide all other local costs. Some of these direct and hidden cost items include: family planning education motivation leave time given for late marriage childbirth abortion or sterilization factory doctors salaries obstetric care cash bonus for enrollment in the one-child family program housing food education and job benefits cost-overruns for services not paid by the central government and all capital expenses and workers time. The majority of these costs are paid for by work units. They total about 1 week of an average workers salary 15-16 Yuan/year (not including benefits such as housing) or about U.S. $5/year in a semi-rural area. Future trends in China and implications for programs in other developing countries are discussed.