Family Occupational Status Research Articles

Maternal fever during pregnancy and male offspring reproductive health: A longitudinal cohort study in young Danish males.

Maternal fever during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of genital malformations, but the implication for long-term reproductive health in the offspring is unknown. To investigate associations between timing, duration, and temperature of fetal exposure to maternal fever and sons' semen quality, testicular volume, and levels of reproductive hormones in early adulthood. Further, to examine whether concurrent use of antipyretics and/or antibiotics modified the effect. We used the Fetal Programming of Semen Quality cohort consisting of men born to women enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Self-reported information on maternal fever was collected twice during pregnancy (median 16 and 31 pregnancy weeks) and categorized as any fever during pregnancy, fever during early pregnancy (weeks 1-15), and fever exclusively during late pregnancy (weeks 16-42). Semen quality and concentrations of reproductive hormones were measured at a clinical examination at the age of 18.9 years. We used negative binomial regression to examine the associations, adjusting for maternal age at birth, maternal smoking, family occupational status, and precision variables related to semen quality and hormonal levels, for example, abstinence time. 986 men were included in the study, of which 23% had mothers reporting at least one episode of fever. We found no strong indications of associations between maternal fever during pregnancy and male reproductive health in young men. Concurrent use of antipyretics and antibiotics did not modify the association. Strengths include the large sample size, prospectively collected data, and the adjustment for maternal factors during pregnancy and important precision variables. A limitation is the crude self-reported information on maternal fever. We found no evidence to support that timing, duration, or temperature of maternal fever during pregnancy has a long-term impact on semen characteristics, testicular volume, or level of reproductive hormones in male offspring.

Family SES, family social capital, and general health in Chinese adults: exploring their relationships and the gender-based differences

BackgroundNumerous studies have clarified that family socioeconomic status (SES) is positively associated with health. However, the mechanism of family SES on health needs to be further investigated from a social epidemiological perspective. This study aims to analyze the relationships among family SES, family social capital, and adult general health and tests whether gender-based differences exist in the relationship between family social capital and general health.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was used to collect data from 4187 representative households in six Chinese provinces. Family SES was conceptualized based on household income, family education, and family occupational status. Family social capital was measured by using family cohesion and health-related family support. General health was assessed by using five general health perception items of the Health Survey Short Form. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to examine the relationships among family SES, family social capital, and general health, and a linear regression model was used to test gender-based differences.ResultsThe SEM showed that the direct effects of family SES, family cohesion, and health-related family support on health were 0.08 (P < 0.001), 0.17 (P < 0.001), and 0.10 (P < 0.001), respectively. Family SES had indirect effect (β = 0.05, P < 0.01) on general health via health-related family support. The total effect of family social capital (β = 0.27, P < 0.001) on general health was greater than that of family SES (β = 0.13, P < 0.001). Besides, the regression showed that the effect of health-related family support on general health was greater for women (β = 0.13, P < 0.001) than men (β = 0.04, P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe results provide strong support for the positive association between family SES, family social capital, and adult health. Family intervention programs should focus on establishing a harmonious family relationship to mobilize family support, particularly for the families with low cohesion and low SES.

Fetal exposure to paternal smoking and semen quality in the adult son.

The negative impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring semen quality is well established. Less is known about the impact of paternal smoking. We estimated differences in semen parameters and testicle size according to paternal smoking in 772 adult sons of women enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort when pregnant. Parents' smoking was reported around gestational week 16, and analyses were adjusted for parents' ages at conception, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, maternal alcohol and caffeine intake, family occupational status, ejaculatory abstinence time, clinic of semen analysis, and season. Sons of smoking fathers and non-smoking mothers had a 10% (95% confidence interval: -24%, 7%) lower semen concentration and 11% (95% confidence interval: -27%, 8%) lower sperm count than sons of non-smoking parents. Having two smoking parents was associated with 19% reduction in sperm count (95% confidence interval: -37%, 3%). Paternal smoking was not associated with volume, motility, or morphology. Adjusting for maternal smoking, paternal smoking was associated with a 26% increased risk of small testicular volume (95% confidence interval: 0.89, 1.78). Exclusion of sons with a history of testicular cancer, chemotherapy, orchiectomy, and with only one or no testicles may have caused us to underestimate associations if these men's reproductive health including semen quality are in fact more sensitive to paternal smoking. The study provides limited support for slightly lower sperm concentration and total sperm concentration in sons of smoking fathers, but findings are also compatible with no association.

The lifelong socioeconomic disadvantage of single-mother background - the Helsinki Birth Cohort study 1934-1944.

BackgroundGrowing up with one parent is associated with economic hardship and health disadvantages, but there is limited evidence of its lifetime consequences. We examined whether being born to an unmarried mother is associated with socioeconomic position and marital history over the lifespan.MethodsWe analysed data from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study including birth, child welfare clinic and school healthcare records from people born in Helsinki, Finland, between 1934 and 1944. Using a unique personal identification number, we linked these data to information on adult socioeconomic position from census data at 5-year intervals between 1970 and 2000, obtained from Statistics Finland.ResultsCompared to children of married mothers, children of unmarried mothers were more likely to have lower educational attainment and occupational status (odds ratio for basic vs. tertiary education 3.40; 95 % confidence interval 2.17 to 5.20; for lowest vs. highest occupational category 2.75; 1.92 to 3.95). They were also less likely to reach the highest income third in adulthood and more likely to stay unmarried themselves. The associations were also present when adjusted for childhood socioeconomic position.ConclusionBeing born to an unmarried mother, in a society where marriage is the norm, is associated with socioeconomic disadvantage throughout life, over and above the disadvantage associated with childhood family occupational status. This disadvantage may in part mediate the association between low childhood socioeconomic position and health in later life.

Assessing the ties of socioeconomic background and gender on the frequency and the type of alcoholic beverages consumed by French adolescents

Background: This study investigates the association of gender and standard of living with the consumption of alcoholic beverages by French adolescents.Methods: Data were examined from a national survey conducted in 2005 on a representative group of French 17-year-olds (n = 29 393). Three outcomes were considered: the frequency of alcohol consumption during the month prior the survey; the 14 alcoholic beverage types consumed, recoded into four major types (beer, wine, strong liquor, and other); and the different types of alcoholic beverages consumed. Standard of living was assessed using family occupational status (FOS) to determine the highest parental occupational category.Results: Boys reported consuming a more diverse range of alcoholic beverages than girls and showed a greater propensity for beer and strong liquor. The gender difference tends to narrow with wine and champagne. Adolescents from higher FOS were less exposed to frequent drinking but reported greater diversity in alcoholic beverages consumed. Results support the concept of a social gradient for all considered beverage types. Adolescents from higher FOS levels favor wine consumption, which tends to be moderate.Conclusion: The patterns of adolescent alcoholic beverage consumption precociously reflect those observed in the adult population. Prevention policies should take both socioeconomic and beverage types into consideration.

A comparative study of parental stress among mothers and fathers of deaf school-age children

This study examined parental stress among mothers and fathers of deaf school-age children (n = 42). Maternal and paternal stress did not significantly differ as measured by the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress-Short Form's (QRS-SF, Friedrich, Greenberg, & Crnic, 1982, 1983) four scales and total score. Correlational findings showed that paternal stress increased as family occupational status and father's educational attainment increased, whereas maternal stress was not significantly related to these variables. Limited correlational findings suggested a relationship between earlier parental use of sign language and present levels of parental stress. Also, maternal stress increases were associated with older aged children. For both mothers and fathers, increased stress was associated with teacher-reported immaturity. Unlike maternal stress, increased paternal stress was correlated with teacher-reported withdrawn behavior, less developed lipreading skills, and lower peer ratings of social acceptance. The study's findings are discussed in the frameworks of differing parental roles, parent and child communication, and the association of a child's socioemotional school behavior and parental stress.

Intra-cultural differences in susceptibility to geometrical illusions and in pictorial depth perception.

This study examined susceptibility to optical illusions by Ss who experienced differing ecologies, and tested the hypothesis that Ss exposed to greater cultural stimulus give more 3-dimensional interpretations to pictorial material. Three samples of Grade VI boys, matched for family occupational status, were selected. An urban sample was contrasted with each of two samples from small, isolated fishing communities. The physical environment of the urban sample was carpentered and, in contrast with the fishing communities, lacked open vistas over water. While the “carpentered world” hypothesis was not supported, partial support was obtained for the hypothesis that Ss exposed to open vistas are more susceptible to the horizontal-vertical illusion. Also, urban Ss who were exposed to greater cultural stimulus gave more 3-dimensional interpretations on the Depth Perception Test.

The development of children in a Swedish urban community. A prospective longitudinal study. IV. Data on the mental development during the first five years.

SummaryThe psychomotor (up to 2 years) and mental development of around 200 children as reflected in the Brunet‐Lézine and Terman‐Merrill tests has been followed from 3 months to 5 years in a longitudinal study.The gestational age of the child is found to he related to developmental level during the 9 first months.Pearsson correlations have been calculated. The correlations between proximate ages are of the order of 0.50–0.75 but diminish quickly with increasing time intervals. Like most other authors we have found that tests for infants have little long‐term predictive value for normal children, but that predictability increases with age.Significant differences between the sexes in favour of girls are present from 18 months to 3 years, most marked at 2 years. Girls are more advanced particularly in the language and social sphere. This difference is not equally distributed over all social classes, a significant difference between the sexes being found principally within the lowest class. There is a tendency in the same direction within the highest class, while no significant differences exist within the middle class.Significant differences in developmental level were found between social classes. Two types of classification were applied, the Swedish and Graffar's system.At 3 and 6 months the mean quotients of the highest social class are low compared with the middle and lowest classes; with the Swedish system of social grouping the differences are significant. At 9 and 12 months the classes do not differ significantly. From 18 months there are significant differences in the opposite direction, the highest class having the higher and the lowest the lower mean quotients. At 3 and 5 years the difference is significant at the 0.001 level on the basis both of Swedish and of Graffar's classification.The socio‐economic special scales (occupation, mother's education, housing, income) were related to developmental level up to 5 years of age. A positive relation is earliest manifested in respect of the mother's educational level and the family's occupational status (from 18 months). At 3 and 5 years the children with better conditions in all four scales have significantly higher quotients.From 3 months to 2 years the motor, coordination, language and social mean quotients in the development test were related to socio‐economic total and partial scales. There are no significant differences in any of the quotients for children living in better than in worse housing conditions.The group of children whose parents have low incomes compared with those of parents with high incomes are significantly forward in, particularly, coordination ability at 3 and 6 months, and in respect of social and motor development at 3 months.Children of parents in the high occupational group have significantly higher coordination quotients at 18 and 24 months than have children of parents in the low group. In other respects there is no significant relation between subscale quotients and occupational grouping.As regards the mother's educational level, there is an almost significant relation with the child's language development from 12 months of age in favour of the more highly educated group. This significance level is successively strengthened at 18 and 24 months. A highly significant relation between mother's educational level and child's coordination ability exists also at 18 and 24 months.The child's development level was related to maternal age. At 2 years the mean quotients of the children of young mothers (25 years) are significantly higher than those of older mothers' children (&gt; 32 years). At 3 and 5 years the children of medium‐aged mothers (26–32 years) have significantly higher quotients than those of young and older mothers.First‐born are more developed than second‐born during the first 2 years, the differences between the mean quotients of the first‐born and second‐born being significant at 6, 9 and 24 months. At 2 years the difference is most marked in the language sphere.No significant differences in mean quotients between legitimate and illegitimate children exist until 5 years of age, when the difference is clearly significant in favour of the legitimate ones. Children conceived before marriage were compared with those conceived after marriage, the former being significantly more developed at 6 months. As from 18 months the tendency is reversed and at 5 years the difference is clearly significant in favour of children conceived after marriage.The child's development level was related to the gainful employment of mothers from 1 to 5 years. No significant differences were found at any age between the mean quotients of the children of gainfully employed mothers and others.Possible interactions between various social and family factors are discussed.

THE SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF 5‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN

Summary. The aim of this research was to continue the study of speech development reported in 1956. The same fifty children (twenty‐five boys and twenty‐five girls), representative of all elements in the community, were followed up at the age of 5 years. They were given Intelligence, Vocabulary and Language tests. Most were seen in school. Every child had made progress and this progress appears to be related to his family's occupational status and his own general intelligence. When the earlier and present ratings were compared, the correlation was positive but somewhat low. There was some evidence in the performances of the 5‐year‐old children tending to indicate the boys' superiority in precision and the girls' in fluency of expression, but on the whole the sex differences were small.

Infant Speech: The Effect of Family Occupational Status and of Age on Sound Frequency

No AccessJournal of Speech and Hearing DisordersArticle1 Dec 1948Infant Speech: The Effect of Family Occupational Status and of Age on Sound Frequency Orvis C. Irwin Orvis C. Irwin Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.1304.320 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Additional Resources FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Annals of the International Communication Association5:1 (685-715)1 Dec 1981Instructional Communication Research and Theory: Communication Development and Instructional Communication — An OverviewAnne Van Kleeck and John A. Daly American Journal of Community Psychology1:1 (50-61)1 Jan 1973Preventive intervention with young disadvantaged childrenLeonard Jason, Steven Clarfield and Emory L. Cowen Child Psychiatry and Human Development1:3 (168-177)1 Mar 1971A pilot study in stimulation of culturally deprived infantsGerald A. Specter and Emory L. Cowen Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America4:2 (319-335)1 Jun 1971The Development of an Auditory FunctionDoreen Pollack Exceptional Children37:6 (455-459)1 Feb 1971Language of the Mildly Mentally Retarded: Cognitive Deficit or Cultural Difference?Peter Valletutti David E. Yoder (1970) SOME VIEWPOINTS OF THE SPEECH, HEARING, AND LANGUAGE CLINICIAN Language and Poverty10.1016/B978-0-12-754850-0.50024-6 Frederick Williams and Rita C. Naremore (1970) AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF JOURNAL ARTICLES Language and Poverty10.1016/B978-0-12-754850-0.50025-8 Richard Luchsinger and Gottfried E. Arnold (1970) Die Entwicklung der Sprache Handbuch der Stimm- und Sprachheilkunde10.1007/978-3-7091-7130-1_4 Exceptional Children33:8 (545-552)1 Apr 1967A Comparison of Information Processing Abilities of Middle and Lower Class Negro Kindergarten BoysDavid B. Ryckman Review of Educational Research35:5 (389-400)1 Dec 1965Chapter II: Language Development in Socially Disadvantaged ChildrenJane Beasley Raph Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry1:4 (313-324)1 Oct 1960ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE AND LEARNING IN THE GENESIS OF THE SOCIAL PROCESSBasil Bernstein The Journal of Genetic Psychology96:1 (171-181)1 Mar 1960Spectrographic Investigation of Infant VowelsHarris Winitz Gottfried E. Arnold (1959) Die Sprache und ihre Störungen Lehrbuch der Stimm- und Sprachheilkunde10.1007/978-3-7091-3462-7_2 Speech Monographs24:3 (219-226)1 Aug 1957The predictive efficiency of a battery of articulatory diagnostic tests∗Calvin W. Pettit Review of Educational Research22:2 (102-115)1 Apr 1952Chapter V: SpeechFranklin H. Knower American Journal of Orthopsychiatry36:1 (13-21)1 Jan 1966Effects of impulsivity on performance of verbal tasks in middle- and lower-class children.Andrew I. Schwebel Volume 13Issue 4December 1948Pages: 320-323 Get Permissions Add to your Mendeley library History Published in issue: Dec 1, 1948 Metrics Topicsasha-topicsasha-article-typesleader-topicsCopyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1948 American Speech-Language-Hearing AssociationPDF downloadLoading ...

Infant Speech: The Effect of Family Occupational Status and of Age on Use of Sound Types

Infant Speech: The Effect of Family Occupational Status and of Age on Use of Sound Types