Family Obligations Research Articles

The Effect of Family-Work conflict on Job Performance and Satisfaction of Female Employees in Education Sectors

Several research works have examined the difficulty of balancing job and family obligations. They've used various methods, looked at different timeframes, and explored different fields. Numerous research have established a correlation between work-family conflict and variables such as stress levels, job satisfaction, performance at work, and family life satisfaction. However, none of these studies have explicitly examined the conflict that results when work and family responsibilities collide, particularly in the field of education. This indicates a gap in our knowledge of this field. To better understand how female employees in the education sector perform on the job and are satisfied with their jobs, this study will look at the effects, contributing variables, causes, coping methods, and correlations between these characteristics. The purpose of the proposed study is to fill this gap by examining the connection between family-work and work-family conflict. It will examine the causes of these conflicts, as well as their effects on women's performance in the education sector. The study intends to shed light on a significant but often ignored facet of balancing work and family obligations by concentrating on these areas. Key Words: work-family conflict, female educators, job performance, education sector, Work-life balance

WeChat use and social participation among community‐dwelling adults with severe mental disorders: A mixed‐methods study

AbstractThe social media platform WeChat is increasingly used by individuals with severe mental disorders (SMDs). However, few studies have examined WeChat use of adults with SMDs and its association with social participation in the Chinese context. This mixed‐methods study examined the effects of WeChat use on this population's social participation. The results indicate that WeChat use was positively and significantly associated with social participation among older adults with SMDs, helping them maintain contact with family, relatives, friends, community residents, and mental health professionals. Owing to different life stages and associated social expectations, younger adults with SMDs were mainly concerned with employment or family obligations and were less likely to use WeChat for social interactions with friends and community residents. WeChat can be a useful tool to encourage social participation among older adults with SMDs; age‐related expectations for participation need to be considered in the design and delivery of intervention services.

Top Factors in Nurses Ending Health Care Employment Between 2018 and 2021

The increase in new registered nurses is expected to outpace retirements, yet health care systems continue to struggle with recruiting and retaining nurses. To examine the top contributing factors to nurses ending health care employment between 2018 and 2021 in New York and Illinois. This cross-sectional study analyzed survey data (RN4CAST-NY/IL) from registered nurses in New York and Illinois from April 13 to June 22, 2021. Differences in contributing factors to ending health care employment are described by nurses' age, employment status, and prior setting of employment and through exemplar nurse quotes. Nurses were asked to select all that apply from a list of contributing factors for ending health care employment, and the percentage of nurse respondents per contributing factor were reported. A total of 7887 nurses (mean [SD] age, 60.1 [12.9] years; 7372 [93%] female) who recently ended health care employment after a mean (SD) of 30.8 (15.1) years of experience were included in the study. Although planned retirement was the leading factor (3047 [39%]), nurses also cited burnout or emotional exhaustion (2039 [26%]), insufficient staffing (1687 [21%]), and family obligations (1456 [18%]) as other top contributing factors. Among retired nurses, 2022 (41%) ended health care employment for reasons other than planned retirement, including burnout or emotional exhaustion (1099 [22%]) and insufficient staffing (888 [18%]). The age distribution of nurses not employed in health care was similar to that of nurses currently employed in health care, suggesting that a demographically similar, already existing supply of nurses could be attracted back into health care employment. In this cross-sectional study, nurses primarily ended health care employment due to systemic features of their employer. Reducing and preventing burnout, improving nurse staffing levels, and supporting nurses' work-life balance (eg, childcare needs, weekday schedules, and shorter shift lengths) are within the scope of employers and may improve nurse retention.

Stress Management Among Working Mothers in an Institution of Higher Learning in Nigeria: Implication for Social Work Practice

The growing number of working mothers, dual career couples, and working single parents raises concerns about the impact of work stress on family lifestyles and their ability to balance work and family obligations. The aim of this study is to examine the role of social workers in promoting work-life balance among working mothers at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The cross-sectional survey design involving the mixed-methods approach was adopted for the study. A total of 604 questionnaires were distributed to the participants; of those, 99.3% ( n = 596) were correctly completed and returned, 0.7% were not, and eight were selected at random for IDI. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), while frequency and percentages were used to present the data. According to the study, 83.6% of working mothers experience work-related stress. The results also showed that working mothers’ stress levels depend on their level of education, the size of their family, and their income, as well as on their desire to publish in order to advance in their careers. The study concludes that, in order to reduce the stress experiences of working mothers, attention should be paid to their understanding of the stressors confronting them, while also recommending the establishment of an occupational social work office anchored by professional social workers, whose duties will be to offer professional advice on appropriate coping mechanisms to adopt while ensuring the welfare of university students and staff, particularly mothers.

Perception of Gender Issues among Surgical Residents and their Supervisors

Objective: To discover attitudes and perceptions about gender related issues in surgical residents and supervisors in major teaching hospitals of twin cities. Methods: This study was conducted in Rawalpindi and Islamabad during July and August 2020. Responses of 22 surgical training supervisors from five institutions and 49 surgery residents from three training institutions were collected via separate questionnaires. These were based on 5-point Likert scale. Responses were tabulated and analyzed on SPSS version 23. Results: Among the 49 residents, 53.1% (n=26) were men and 46.9% (n=23) were women. Of these, only 19% (n=10) felt any gender discrimination at workplace. This perception was comparatively more in men (P=0.006). More males felt comfortable working at odd hours then women (P=0.005). Childcare service was not a requisite for 77% of residents. Those who required it were mostly women (P=0.050). 64% (n=14) of the supervisors were men. Only 36% (n=8) considered gender to be unimportant during selection of residents. There was a slight tilt towards preferring male residents during selection. More than half of all supervisors considered men to be more confident, better leaders and decision makers in the emergency setting. Conclusion: Gender is not felt as a discriminatory factor by residents during training. Female residents suffer during training due to family obligations, pregnancy and parenthood. These challenges may be facilitated by changing surgical culture; However, supervisors disagree. Supervisors rate men higher on confidence, decision making and availability and tend to incline towards male residents while selecting. During training, supervisors do not discriminate amongst residents in imparting training and assigning tasks. KEYWORDS: Surgery; Surgeons; Career choice; Education; Gender bias.

Association of self-efficacy and faculty support on students’ readiness for practice

BackgroundThe nursing shortage is apparent again after nearly five decades of having a stable workforce. One novel development is that new Registered Nurses (RNs) are exiting their careers too early. Many of them leave the profession for multiple reasons such as burnout and family obligations, yet one reason has emerged – lack of readiness for practice, that also drives the RNs to leave the profession. PurposeThe purpose of this study was twofold — (1) to investigate the relationship between students' characteristics, their Generalized Self-Efficacy (GSE), Perceived Faculty Support (PFS), the Assessment Technologies, Inc. (ATI) Comprehensive Predictor RN Exam scores and their self-report of readiness for practice and (2) to examine which variables best explains the students' readiness for practice. MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive correlational research design with convenience sampling was utilized. Descriptive statistics were obtained to investigate the students' socio-demographic data. The Pearson r and multiple regression were used to analyze the relationships and influence between dependent variables Casey-Fink Readiness for Practice scale (CFRPS) and independent variables, students' characteristics, GSE, PFS, and ATI scores. ResultsOne hundred forty-three (143) out of 416 students in five baccalaureate schools from the western region of the United States participated in the survey. Findings showed GSE and PFS had significant positive correlations with students' readiness for practice. Further, factors of CFRPS in learning strategies, problem-solving, resourcefulness, and team player are best explained by GSE and PFS, accounting for 91 % of the variance. ConclusionStudents' GSE and PFS can contribute to their readiness for practice. Nurse educators must employ strategies that will bolster students' preparedness by improving their sense of self-efficacy and showing them the utmost faculty support.

Is Work–Family Enrichment Important to Social Workers’ Life Meaning? A Serial Mediation Model of Self-Efficacy and Work Engagement

Abstract Prior research has predominantly centred on the negative conflicts of the interplay between work and family obligations, with limited attention paid to the concept of work–family enrichment, particularly within the context of social work. Furthermore, little is known about the underlying mechanisms through which work–family enrichment influences social workers’ life meaning. To address these gaps, this study endeavours to scrutinise the serial mediation pathway involving self-efficacy and work engagement in elucidating the relationship between work–family enrichment and life meaning. A sample of 1,023 social workers (mean age = 36.24) is methodically selected through a multistage cluster random sampling approach in Hangzhou City, China. The empirical results provide evidence supporting a serial mediation path from self-efficacy with work engagement is posited to operate between work–family enrichment and life meaning. These findings hold both theoretical and practical significance, offering insights relevant to social workers, supervisors and their organisations.

Abstract 28: Social Dimensions of Sleep: An Exploration of Midlife Working-Class Women’s Experiences in Mexico

Sleep, one of Life’s Essential 8, is vital to midlife women’s cardiovascular health (CVH). However, achieving healthy sleep is complex. As a first step, it is important to understand the barriers and facilitators to achieve adequate and high-quality sleep among midlife women in a context-specific manner. To comprehensively address this issue, we employed a mixed-methods approach to provide a nuanced understanding of the ecologies and experiences surrounding sleep health among working-class midlife women from Mexico City. First, we utilized existing epidemiologic data on participants to describe sleep and its correlates in a study population (n=120) of women enrolled in a cohort study via objective and subjective standard sleep measures. Then, we used thematic analysis to analyze in-depth ethnographic interview data (n=30) to characterize self-described barriers and facilitators of sleep. Our findings revealed that a substantial proportion of midlife women experienced poor sleep quality, with 53% reporting short sleep duration and 43% experiencing insomnia-related difficulties over seven days. Epidemiologic data suggested poor sleep outcomes were driven by age, type of work/occupation, food insecurity, mental health issues, and diabetes status. Our ethnographic interviews demonstrated that study participants perceived their familial relationships and responsibilities as the prominent barrier to quality sleep, encompassing challenges such as insufficient sleep due to family obligations and sleep disturbances triggered by family-related stressors. Combining these methodological approaches underscored the strong social dimension of sleep, where good sleep hinged on completing household tasks and attending to family needs. In response to sleep deficits, women frequently turned to caffeine consumption and occasional napping as coping mechanisms and described using sleep facilitators, including remedies like teas or other “natural” products. This study highlights the intricate social drivers of sleep, termed the “Sociality of Sleep,” among Mexican midlife women and may demonstrate how sleep recommendations and hygiene principles are likely inadequate in relation to the complex social dynamics of sleep. These insights provide evidence for considering the social context when tailoring recommendations that promote healthy sleep within this demographic. Furthermore, the combined methodology employed in this research may serve as a model for future sleep health studies.

Adoption of nomadic childcare practices by urban Kazakh families: A sociological analysis

Relevance. Kazakhstan�s modern social policy landscape has created challenges for urban families in managing childcare and household duties. This study examines the revival of nomadic cultural practices, specifically the employment of �female assistants�, as a response to these challenges. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to investigate the experiences of urban Kazakh middle-class couples who adopt or revive the practice of employing �female assistants� for childcare and household management, exploring the underlying reasons for this trend. Methodology. The research utilizes data from 11 individual semi-structured interviews with female assistants, conducted between 2014 and 2017. A qualitative analysis approach was employed to examine the complexities of this social phenomenon. Results. The study reveals a complex interplay of familial obligations, gender roles, and economic necessities in the employment of �female assistants�. These arrangements often result in the exploitation of the assistants, who lose autonomy over their time and labour. The host families, while benefiting from the support, experience conflicting emotions about the fairness of the situation, often attempting to compensate through material means. Additionally, the study uncovers a significant invisibility of �female assistants� in symbolic representations and family hierarchies, contributing to the undervaluation of their work and social status. Conclusions. The research illuminates how urban Kazakh families navigate the challenges of contemporary social policies by reviving and adapting nomadic cultural practices. It underscores the complex power dynamics, emotional labour, and symbolic representations associated with the role of �female assistants� in modern Kazakh households, pointing to the need for further diversification of social policies regarding motherhood and childcare. Keywords: social policy; neo-traditionalism; Kazakh families; �female assistants�

Exploring Family Obligation as a Buffer Between Parental Differential Treatment and Sibling Hostility

High levels of between-sibling parental differential treatment (PDT) have been associated with several negative outomes, including externalizing behavior, emotional maladjustment, and depressive symptoms, as well as with hostility in sibling relationships. In contrast, high levels of family obligation have been associated with positive adolescent adjustment and family dynamics. Given the substantial risks associated with PDT and the benefits of family obligation for emotional health and family relations, we investigated family obligation as a potential buffer against the negative effects of PDT on sibling relationships. We hypothesized that 1) younger and older siblings experiencing higher levels of PDT would demonstrate greater sibling hostility, and 2) family obligation would buffer against these associations. Adolescent younger siblings (Mage = 12.1; 24 females) and their adolescent older siblings (Mage = 14.5; 21 females) participated in a collaborative problem-solving task, which was coded for directional expressions of hostility. Siblings also independently completed questionnaires on PDT and family obligation. Greater PDT was associated with more hostility expressed from younger sibling to older sibling, and a greater sense of family obligation buffered against this association. Greater PDT was also associated with increased hostility from older sibling to younger sibling, but no significant interaction effect was found with family obligation. Findings highlight the potential of family obligation to improve sibling relationships in the context of PDT and can inform future sibling research and family intervention work; the import of these findings is limited due to the homogeneous nature of the sample and we recommend inclusion of more diverse populations.

Family obligation in Chinese adolescents: Consequences and parental antecedents.

Adolescents' family obligation is a cultural strength that shows enduring prevalence in China. Given that the meaning of family obligation has undergone rapid changes in recent decades, it is crucial to examine the role of family obligation in adolescent adjustment in contemporary China. More importantly, although past research has investigated the consequences of family obligation on adolescents' adjustment, little is known about the antecedents of Chinese adolescents' family obligation. Using a two-wave longitudinal sample of 450 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 13.78 years, SD = .71 years; 49% female) and their parents, the current research explored two questions. First, this study examined the role of family obligation in adolescents' academic achievement, externalizing problems, and internalizing problems over early adolescence. Second, this study explored the role of parents in predicting Chinese adolescents' family obligation, specifically whether parental expectations or parental acceptance was predictive of adolescents' family obligation over time. Third, this study investigated whether family obligation is an underlying mechanism between parenting and Chinese adolescents' adjustment. Results showed that Chinese adolescents' family obligation was longitudinally associated with increased academic achievement and reduced externalizing problems. Moreover, perceived parental acceptance, but not parental expectations, was longitudinally associated with Chinese adolescents' greater family obligation. Notably, family obligation mediated the longitudinal effect of parental acceptance on Chinese adolescents' externalizing problems. By studying both the consequences and antecedents of Chinese adolescents' family obligation, this study helps provide a comprehensive understanding of this cultural strength.

The narratives of Chinese women academics: exploring gendered career trajectories for those who are not leaders

ABSTRACT Despite women academics reaching higher positions, in institutional hierarchies they still face multiple tensions that hinder reaching leadership positions. 1 This study explores the perception of leadership among Chinese women academics who currently do not hold academic leadership positions. A feminist critical discourse analysis of 14 Chinese women academics’ narratives, using Butlerian theory, indicates that institutional discourses have been shaped predominantly by men’s norms and preferences, creating challenges for women assuming leadership responsibilities. The findings show that women and men academics appear to have different career trajectories, with men taking on more administrative roles and advancing further in their academic careers. For many women, leadership conflicts with family obligations, as families often take priority, consistent with gender norms. This study also reveals how social and institutional regulatory power, such as gender norms and institutional discourses, constitutes and shapes a gendered structure of academic leadership positions in Chinese universities.

Learning from the COVID‐19 pandemic: Improving academic continuity in workforce development programs

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic caused an abrupt change in educational programs worldwide, including workforce development education in community colleges. Given the hands‐on requirements of these programs, considerations for changes included if and how instructors and students could maintain academic continuity during the pandemic. This article focuses on aviation maintenance technology schools (AMTS) as a case study to understand how programs that rely heavily on hands‐on learning responded to COVID‐19 significant disruption to education. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) must approve educational training for aviation maintenance careers, and the FAA requires specific hands‐on activities in the curriculum. Of the 182 AMTS in the United States, 143 are located within community colleges. We conducted 43 interviews with AMTS students, administrators, and instructors from 18 different community colleges. Following content analysis of the interviews, the authors identified six findings related to how these programs responded to the pandemic, with special attention to maintaining academic stability. The article advocates for integrating digital learning tools (DLT) to create resilient educational programs when disruptions occur. These tools allow for students to continue to asynchronously practice the procedures and familiarize themselves with the materials needed for projects, provide students immediate feedback on their learning, and save schools money on expensive resources when students require extra practice on certain skills and processes. The application of these tools is relevant beyond the pandemic, helping students in many scenarios succeed in the face of natural disasters, family obligations, and the need for extra learning resources.

Familism, family cohesion, and health-related quality of life in Hispanic prostate cancer survivors.

Familism, the cultural value that emphasizes feelings of loyalty and dedication to one's family, has been related to both positive and negative outcomes in Hispanic cancer survivors. One potential source of observed inconsistencies may be limited attention to the family environment, as familism may be protective in a cohesive family whereas it can exacerbate distress in a conflictive family. The current study explored the associations of familism with general and disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Hispanic men who completed prostate cancer (PC) treatment, and whether family cohesion may help explain these relationships. Hispanic men treated for localized PC (e.g., radiation, surgery) were enrolled in a randomized controlled stress management trial and assessed prior to randomization. Familism (familial obligation) was assessed using Sabogal's Familism Scale and family cohesion was measured using the Family Environment Scale (ranging from high to low). The sexual, urinary incontinence, and urinary obstructive/irritative domains of the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite - Short Form measured disease-specific HRQoL. The physical, emotional, and functional well-being subscales of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General captured general HRQoL. Hierarchical linear regression and the SPSS PROCESS macro were used to conduct moderation analyses, while controlling for relevant covariates. Participants were 202 older men on average 65.7 years of age (SD = 8.0) who had been diagnosed with PC an average of 22 months prior to enrollment. Familism was not directly associated with general and disease-specific HRQoL. Moderation analyses revealed that greater familism was related to poorer urinary functioning in the incontinence (p = .03) and irritative/obstructive domains (p = .01), and lower emotional well-being (p = .02), particularly when family cohesion was low. These findings underscore the importance of considering contextual factors, such as family cohesion, in understanding the influence of familism on general and disease-specific HRQoL among Hispanic PC patients. The combined influence of familism and family cohesion predicts clinically meaningful differences in urinary functioning and emotional well-being during the posttreatment phase. Culturally sensitive psychosocial interventions to boost family cohesion and leverage the positive impact of familistic attitudes are needed to enhance HRQoL outcomes in this population.

Unravelling the tensions: exploring the interplay of paid care work, family obligations, and transnational care among Zimbabwean migrant care workers in the UK

ABSTRACT An increasing number of studies have examined the impact of migration on reconciling familial care obligations with demanding paid care work. However, much of this research focuses on women who employ migrant care workers and ignores the experiences of migrant care workers balancing their jobs with their own familial responsibilities. As a result, little is known about how migrant care workers navigate local contexts, form families, and manage work and childcare in destination countries while maintaining commitments at home. This paper explores the family dynamics and transnational lives of Zimbabwean migrant care workers in the UK. It draws on qualitative interviews with 10 participants to elaborate on the additional challenges they face in reconciling paid care work with localized and transnational family care. The analysis highlights that migrant workers must simultaneously respond to the care demands of their families and employers, often causing tensions as gendered care expectations are challenged. To manage these difficulties in balancing work and family, Zimbabwean care workers employ various strategies that sometimes strain familial relationships. This study provides insight into the intersection of migrant care workers’ paid labour and familial care obligations across borders.

Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in Colombia.

This study examined associations of mothers' and fathers' individualism, collectivism and conformity values with parenting (warmth, rules/limit-setting, knowledge solicitation and expectations regarding children's family obligations) and child internalising and externalising behaviours in Colombia. Mothers, fathers and children (N = 100) from Medellín, Colombia were interviewed when children were, on average, 10 years old. Higher maternal collectivism and conformity values were associated with higher maternal warmth and fewer child externalising problems, whereas higher paternal collectivism was associated with lower maternal warmth and more child externalising problems. Fathers' cultural values also were related to their expectations regarding children's family obligations. The findings suggest differences in how mothers' and fathers' cultural values are related to parenting and child adjustment in Colombia, as well as the need to examine cultural values beyond individualism, collectivism and conformity values.

Norwegian Biological Parents and Stepparents' Attitudes Towards Family Obligations in Middle and Old Age.

This study investigated the associations between the current family structure and the agreement with family obligations in middle and old age. It also tested whether gender differences exist in these associations. Based on research that has observed steprelationships tend to be less close than biological relationships are, it is argued that older individuals who are stepparents have lower agreement with family obligations than their counterparts in biological families have. The analytical sample was drawn from the Norwegian Life Course Ageing and Generation survey and consisted of 5564 individuals aged 50 and older. Findings suggest that individuals who do not have biological children but who are stepparents to their partners' children agree more with filial obligations and less with parental obligations than biological parents do. The findings extend knowledge on diverse family structures in old age.

Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment: Introduction to the special issue.

This introduction provides an overview of the major constructs that are the focus of this Special Issue. Individualism and collectivism have been the cornerstones of theoretical work on cultural values in psychological science, and conformity is an important component of theories related to motivational values. Individualism, collectivism and conformity values are reviewed in relation to parenting (warmth, knowledge solicitation, rules/limit-setting, parents' expectations regarding children's family obligations) and children's adjustment (internalising and externalising behaviours). Background on the Parenting Across Cultures project, a study of children, mothers and fathers, in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand and the United States) is provided as a prelude to the country-specific papers from each of these countries that follow in the rest of the Special Issue before a final concluding paper that focuses on between-country versus within-country variation in cultural values, parenting and children's adjustment.

Current situation and barriers to women’s leadership in health care education in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe aims of the current study were to explore the true representation of female academic staff who have advanced to leadership positions in Saudi health academic institutions and to determine the possible barriers to women’s advancement to leadership positions in academia. MethodologyThis was a cross-sectional study conducted between August 2022 and August 2023 using an adapted self-reported online questionnaire via Google form. Data was analyzed descriptively and comparatively by presenting frequencies with percentages besides means with standard deviations across various background categories and comparing them using student t test. ResultsA total of 115 educators in health care professions participated in the study, three fifths of them were Saudi and female, with the majority being married and employed by government organizations. The most impactful structural challenges for female leadership included the centralization of decision-making within the institution, unclear organizational bylaws for leadership qualifications and appointment processes, and the existence of a wide range of administrative units. The prevailing belief that men possess superior capacity and management skills compared to women in leadership roles and the reluctance to accept women’s authority by their subordinates were identified as the most influential culture challenges for female leadership. Most influential personality-related challenges included difficulty of balancing professional responsibilities with family obligations, stress and tension arising from reconciling the needs of subordinates with organizational goals and the complexity of traveling for work. ConclusionsThe study identified the most influential structural, culture, and personality-related barriers and other potential perceived challenges faced by female leadership. A collective effort involving academic institutions, leadership, and relevant stakeholders is critical to address these barriers. Academic institutions must eliminate these challenges to utilize female leaders’ talent fully, as they contribute unique perspectives and skills to their institutions.

Analysis of push and pull factors influencing the migration of Ugandan domestic workers to Saudi Arabia

The study explored the push and pull factors driving Ugandan domestic workers to migrate to Saudi Arabia. The research paradigm employed was social constructivism, where individuals seek to understand their world and develop meanings based on their experiences. A qualitative approach using a phenomenological research design was utilised. Data was collected from a sample of eighteen (18) respondents through unstructured interviews to identify the factors contributing to the migration of Ugandan domestic workers to Saudi Arabia. Thematic analysis was conducted during data analysis. The migration factors were presented in concept maps created using Nvivo 10.0. The study uncovered that push factors varied from person to person, but major ones included poverty, unemployment, school dropout, family obligations, marital neglect, domestic violence, personal development goals, poor working conditions, work-related challenges, peer influence, and single parenting. Pull factors include the influence of Arabian family culture that promotes the demand for maids, bilateral labour agreements, adventure, attractive job prospects, free travel documents, cost-effective job processes, and an easy migration process. The study concluded that without effectively addressing push factors to provide long-term solutions, the migration of Ugandan domestic workers to Saudi Arabia will persist. It is recommended that the Government of Uganda take steps to create a conducive environment with satisfying employment opportunities for these young individuals to reduce the number of people seeking jobs outside Uganda. This involves generating employment opportunities to regulate internal domestic work and make it highly profitable, thereby encouraging young people to remain in Uganda.