Myrtaceae Family Research Articles

Taxonomical, phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial study of some medicinal plants of the Myrtaceae family

This paper addresses a comparative study of three medicinal plants of the myrtle family (Callistemon macropunctatus Dum. Cours. Court; Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.; Myrtus communis L.). The morphological characteristics of the pollen grains and some anatomical characteristics of the leaves and stems were evaluated, with quantitative estimates of the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of the leaves and determination of the efficacy of the aqueous-alcoholic extract of the leaves as an antioxidant based on the DPPH method; in addition, the efficacy of the extract as an antibacterial for some pathogenic strains, Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) was evaluated. The results showed the taxonomic importance of pollen grain characteristics in separating the Myrtus communis species and the effective role of anatomical characteristics in separating the studied genera. Furthermore, the study's results showed the efficacy of the leaf extract of the studied genera as a strong antioxidant and an effective antibacterial for both types of pathogenic bacterial strains. The greatest efficacy of the extract was for the leaves of the Myrtus communis species due to the high content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids.

Characterization of volatile compounds in Eugenia uniflora L. essential oil by GC×GC/TOFMS: exploring its antioxidant potential and in vitro ocular irritation assessment

ABSTRACT The specie of Eugenia uniflora L., commonly known as Pitanga, is a tree from the Myrtaceae family widely distributed in Brazil and South American. Presents recognized ethnopharmacological activities, mainly due to leaves essential oil (EO). However, few studies have investigated the correlations between composition and biological activities, all of them using one-dimensional gas chromatography (GC/MS). This study discusses the chemical composition of pitanga OE by GC×GC/TOFMS, in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and ORAC assay), and in vitro ocular irritation using Hen’s Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM). 89 compounds were identified by GC×GC/TOFMS, more than the usual in literature by GC/MS, including selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one epoxide (20.09%) a marker of this specie. Isospathulenol, dimethyl-bicyclo[octanone]-diisopropylidene, 14-oxi-α-muurolene, 2-α-acetoxy-amorpha-4,7(11)-dien-8-one were also found. OE’s DPPH and ORAC assays showed 95.5/mL and 685.6 µmol TE/g, respectively, while HET-CAM assay showed non-ocular irritating potential. Therefore, one can consider this study to be the most complete involving pitanga essential oil.

Investigation of Medicinal Plants Utilized by Indigenous People in Saptari District of Madhesh Province, Nepal

The study has been carried out to investigate the traditional knowledge of ethnomedicine among the indigenous people of Saptari district, Nepal. The study has identified 83 plant species from 46 plant families overall. Out of the total number of plant species, 41 were domesticated and 42 were wild. Herbs account for the largest percentage of the 83 species of plants, followed by trees (31.32%), shrubs (20.48%), and climbers (6.024%). The Fabaceae family includes up to nine plant species that are used medicinally. Malvaceae, Moraceae, Solanaceae, and Lamiaceae all have four species apiece. From the Amaranthaceae, Apocynaceae, Apiaceae, and Poaceae plant families, three plant species were noted. From the Rutaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Araceae, Meliaceae, Brassicaceae, Zingiberaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, and Combretaceae plant families, two species are noted. The remaining families each represent a different type of plant. The plant species that have been collected are renowned for their ability to treat ailments like tonsillitis, elephantiasis, tonsillitis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, colds, arthritis, gastritis, gonorrhea, diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, and leprosy. Plant species from the list are reported to be effective in treating a variety of conditions, including arthritis, cancer, diabetes, asthma, bronchitis, leprosy, tuberculosis, intestinal worms, anemia, syphilis, skin disease, and others

A Comprehensive Review of the Botany, Bioactive Compounds and Health Benefits of Leptospermum.

There is increasing interest in research and application of natural bioactive compounds due to the growing demand for functional ingredients from the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. A major challenge is finding suitable natural plant resources for the development of functional ingredients. Leptospermum, a genus of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is primarily native to Australia. This genus has been traditionally used for the treatment of a range of ailments, such as colds, fever, constipation, diarrhoea, skin, inflammation, stomach disorder and both internal and external pain. Manuka honey, known for its medicinal properties, is produced from the nectar of Leptospermum flowers, and the leaves of some species are used for essential oil production. Various volatiles, such as pinene, citral and citronellal, have been identified in Leptospermum essential oils. In addition, various non-volatile compounds like leptosperin, cyanidin, quercetin, ellagic acid, delphinidin and myricetin have been isolated from Leptospermum extracts. Preliminary studies have linked Leptospermum essential oils and extracts with various health-promoting properties, such as antimicrobial activity, antidiabetes, anticancer and anti-Alzheimer's disease activities, revealing potential applications of Leptospermum as functional ingredients. To provide a comprehensive understanding of Leptospermum for future research and applications, this review presents an overview of its botanical features, outlines volatile and non-volatile active molecules identified in the genus, reviews potential health benefits and finally proposes trends for future studies on Leptospermum.

The Leaf Essential Oils of Syzygium oblatum and Syzygium abortivum: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Molecular Docking Study

Background and Objectives Syzygium (the family Myrtaceae) is a well-known genus in the field of food chemistry and medicinal purposes. The current study aims to provide a chemical analysis of essential oils from the fresh leaves of two Vietnamese Syzygium species Syzygium oblatum (Roxb.) Wall. ex Steudel and S. abortivum (Gagnep.) Merr. & L.M.Perry. Methods Chemical compounds in essential oils were identified using GC-FID/MS (gas chromatography-flame ionization detection/mass spectrometry) analysis. The broth microdilution method was used for the antimicrobial assay. Docking stimulation aided experimental results. Results ( E)-Caryophyllene (27.89%), α-selinene (18.34%), β-selinene (17.48%), and α-pinene (5.20%) were identified to be the main compounds in S. oblatum leaf essential oil, whereas the leaf essential oil of S. abortivum was dominated by ( E)-caryophyllene (19.56%), δ-cadinene (11.03%), germacrene D (10.34%), and γ-muurolene (5.50%). It noted that both studied oil samples with the MIC/IC50 values of 8-32 µg/mL/4.56-10.37 µg/mL were comparable to the standard drugs in antimicrobial experiments against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis, and yeast Candida albicans. Molecular docking results showed that the main compound ( E)-caryophyllene primarily formed hydrophobic interactions with the microbial proteins C. albicans N-myristoyl transferase B. cereus patB1, and E. faecalis carbamate kinase with the binding affinities of −6.969, −6.342, and −5.530 kcal/mol, respectively Conclusion It is advised to isolate the main chemicals and conduct in vivo antibacterial experiments for both essential oils and their main compounds.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Guava Leaf Fractions of Psidium guajava (Guava) Cultivated in Idah, Nigeria

This study aimed to determine the phytochemicals and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava leaves. Psidium guajava (guava) belonging to the Myrtaceae family is an evergreen tree cultivated for its precious fruits and high biological properties. This research work was done to screen the phytochemical present and determine the antimicrobial properties of Psidium guajava leaf fractions. Ethanol solvent was used to extract the sample (using the cold maceration method), and the crude extract was further fractionated using n-hexane, acetone, and methanol solvents respectively. The screening of the phytochemicals (to test for alkaloids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and saponins) was done using the standard procedure, and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the plant was done using agar well diffusion method. The results showed that Psidium guajava leaf extracts contain all the phytochemicals tested, with an n-Hexane fraction containing Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins polyphenols, and steroids. The acetone fraction reveals Alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, polyphenols, and steroids, while the methanol fraction contains Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The results also showed Psidium guajava's promising antimicrobial properties, with the n-hexane fraction showing the greatest antimicrobial activity. This research has confirmed the widespread traditional medicinal applications, which is most prevalent among people living in northern Nigeria.

Framing a Biobanking Response to Myrtle Rust in Western Australia.

Myrtle rust is a plant disease caused through infection by the fungus Austropuccinia psidii and was first detected in Australia in 2010. The disease has spread through New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, the Northern Territory, and Tasmania. In this short timeframe, myrtle rust has had a devastating impact on many native species in the family Myrtaceae, including several rainforest species that are now at risk of extinction. In 2022, myrtle rust was first detected in the northern part of Western Australia (WA)-the largest state in Australia. WA is home to ca. 2000 Myrtaceae taxa (ca. 60% of Australia's Myrtaceae diversity), many of which form the dominant component of the vegetation across several ecosystems (e.g., Eucalyptus, Corymbia, Melaleuca, Agonis, Verticordia etc.). While modelling suggests that the environmental conditions in WA's north are less conducive to myrtle rust in comparison to the wet, temperate rainforests of the east coast, WA's temperate, Myrtaceae-rich south coast may be climatically suitable. Coupled with the sheer abundance of Myrtaceae species in WA, their high degree of endemism, high proportion of threatened species, and little available information on their susceptibility to myrtle rust, a pre-emptive strategy to conserve germplasm of at-risk species is warranted. This paper highlights the role of ex situ germplasm conservation in responding to biosecurity threats such as myrtle rust. With early intervention critical to sourcing healthy and genetically diverse germplasm, we present a prioritized list of genera and species of Myrtaceae in WA to inform strategic, coordinated, and timely ex situ conservation actions, along with case studies to illustrate the complementary approaches of seed banking, cryobiotechnology, and tissue culture necessary to conserve germplasm of WA's myrtaceous flora.

Analysis of Associated Woody and Semi-Woody Local Wild Species in Entre Ríos, Argentina: Exploring the Agricultural Potential of Hexachlamys edulis

The loss of native forests in Argentina has been a concern, driven by factors such as agriculture expansion and urbanization. Therefore, understanding the conservation status of sampled populations and their adaptation to different plant communities is essential. This research focused on the heterogeneity analysis of the associated woody and semi-woody vegetation to Hexachlamys edulis (O. Berg) Kausel and D. Legrand, a species commonly known as “ubajay” in Entre Ríos, Argentina. The study aimed to record the species present in the populations, explore plant communities associated with H. edulis, identify other potentially useful agroforestry species, compare locations based on the similarity of accompanying species, and explain the conservation status of each population. Results revealed a total of 71 species belonging to 39 families. The Myrtaceae family was the most relevant, particularly in terms of native species representation. The analysis of biodiversity indicators, including richness, the Shannon index, and dominance revealed variations among the studied sites. The anthropic indicator highlighted the impact of human activity, with Concordia showing a higher ratio of native-to-exotic species. Cluster analysis and ordination techniques revealed groupings of censuses from the same localities, indicating differences in vegetation composition between sites. Significant differences in species composition were found among the sampled populations. Overall, the study can serve as baseline information for future research on the dynamics of vegetation in these areas and on the studied H. edulis species. Finally, these findings contribute to understanding how wild species like H. edulis adapt to different plant communities, which might be valuable for developing new agroecological approaches or identifying potential companion planting species in future agricultural systems.

Influence of nitric oxide donor on the physiological quality of seeds of Myrcia retorta Cambess

Brazil, with its vast biodiversity, is home to several species of the Myrtaceae family with significant ornamental potential that is still underutilized. Myrcia retorta Cambess is a endemic Brazilian plant wich stands out as a promising species for ornamental cultivation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the nitric oxide donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) on the germination of M. retorta seeds, with the aim of optimizing germination conditions for the domestication of this species. The seeds were divided into two batches based on their morphology: Batch 1 (spherical seeds) and Batch 2 (flattened seeds). The seeds were treated with five concentrations of GSNO (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mM) and the parameters evaluated included germination percentage, shoot and root length, and time to stabilization of germination. In batch 1, doses of 2.5 mM and 5 mM GSNO resulted in faster germination stabilization (6 and 7 days, respectively) compared to the control (9 days). In addition, these doses increased germination percentage by 15% and 12%, respectively. However, higher concentrations (10 mM and 15 mM) were found to be phytotoxic, reducing shoot length by 30% and 45% and root length by 28% and 42%, respectively. In batch 2, although no statistically significant differences were observed, a trend towards reduced germination and growth with increasing GSNO doses was observed. It is concluded that GSNO positively affects the germination and initial development of M. retorta at low concentrations, especially in spherical seeds, suggesting its potential in the domestication process of the species for ornamental purposes. However, doses higher than 5 mM should be avoided due to toxicity risks, highlighting the need to optimize concentrations for practical application.

Exploring the Antibacterial Properties and Chemical Profiles of Essential Oils from Syzygium aromaticum and Nigella sativa Against MDR Bacteria

For centuries, plants have been studied for their healing properties. Recently, the rise of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has prompted scientists to explore herbal remedies. Syzygium aromaticum, from the Myrtaceae family, has been utilized as a histological clearing agent. In contrast, Nigella sativa (black cumin), a member of the Ranunculaceae family, has long been utilized in traditional medicine dating back to ancient times. The current study investigates the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Nigella sativa (black cumin) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Using the agar well diffusion method, Syzygium aromaticum exhibited significant antibacterial activity, particularly against Salmonella typhi (30.66 mm inhibition zone), while Nigella sativa was effective only against Staphylococcus aureus (19 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for Syzygium aromaticum ranged from 3.53 to 7.06 mg/mL, indicating stronger antibacterial properties than Nigella sativa (MIC: 12.7 mg/mL, MBC: 22.5 mg/mL). GC-MS analysis revealed that Syzygium aromaticum contained bioactive compounds like Diglycolic acid (76.59%) and Eugenol (2.06%), while Nigella sativa was dominated by Heptasiloxane (80.83%) and Thymoquinone (2.66%). These findings suggest that Syzygium aromaticum essential oil could serve as a potent natural antimicrobial agent against MDR pathogens.

Volatiles extracted from Melaleuca Rugulosa (Link) Craven leaves: comparative profiling, bioactivity screening, and metabolomic analysis

BackgroundMelaleuca species (family Myrtaceae) are characterized by their wide-ranging applications as antimicrobials and in skin-related conditions. Herein, we estimated the volatile profile and biological significance of M. rugulosa (Link) leaves for the first time supported by a dereplication protocol.Materials and methodsVolatile components were extracted using hydrodistillation (HD), supercritical fluid (SF), and headspace (HS) techniques and identified using GC/MS. The variations among the three extracts were assessed using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The extracted volatiles were tested for radical scavenging activity, anti-aging, and anti-hyperpigmentation potential. Finally, disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays were implemented to explore the antibacterial capacity against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.ResultsThe yield of the SF technique (0.8%) was three times higher than HD. GC/MS analysis revealed that the oxygenated compounds are the most proponents in the three extracts being 95.93% (HD), 80.94% (HS), and 48.4% (SF). Moreover, eucalyptol (1,8-cineol) represents the major component in the HD-EO (89.60%) and HS (73.13%) volatiles, while dl-α-tocopherol (16.27%) and α-terpineol (11.89%) represent the highest percentage in SF extract. Regarding the bioactivity profile, the HD-EO and SF-extract showed antioxidant potential in terms of oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and β- carotene assays, while exerting weak activity towards DPPH. In addition, they displayed potent anti-elastase and moderate anti-collagenase activities. The HD-EO exhibited potent anti-tyrosinase activity, while the SF extract showed a moderate level compared to tested controls. OPLS-DA and dereplication studies predicted that the selective antibacterial activity of HD-EO to S. aureus was related to eucalyptol, while SF extract to C. perfringens was related to α-tocopherol.ConclusionsM. rugulosa leaves are considered a vital source of bioactive volatile components that are promoted for controlling skin aging and infection. However, further safety and clinical studies are recommended.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL RESEARCH OF COMMON MYRTLE LEAVES (MYRTUS COMMUNIS L.)

This paper presents the results of morphological-anatomical study of common myrtle leaves diagnostically significant features (Myrtus communis L.) harvested in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden (Republic of Crimea, Russia). Microscopic analysis of common myrtle leaf petioles was carried out and diagnostic features of dominant biologically active сompounds and tissues luminescence of this plant species leaf petioles were revealed. Morphology and anatomy of common myrtle leaves petioles, luminescence of their tissues were analyzed and summarized and additional diagnostic features of this plant object were revealed. Morphological and anatomical study of common myrtle leaves (Myrtus communis L.) was carried out in accordance with the OFS "Leaves" and "Technique of microscopic and microchemical study of medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal plant preparations" GF RF XIV edition using light microscopy in transmitted and polarized light, as well as luminescence microscopy, which has not been previously studied for this plant. The results of the study concluded that when comparing the luminescence of whole essential oils of myrtle, impure eucalyptus and their components provides a luminescence diagnosis due to the difference in luminescence color; 1,8-cineole is not a diagnostic element in morphological and anatomical luminescence for common myrtle due to the lack of obvious luminescence; euvimal-1 can be used as a diagnostic and luminescence as it has specific luminescence in the form of pink color; the peculiarity of pigmentation of the epithelium of the schizogenic receptacle of the leaf of common myrtle was revealed and the characteristic of its luminescence is species specific for myrtle and can be used as a diagnostic feature in contrast to the impurity raw material of eucalyptus. The results obtained during the study can be further used in the development of the section of the draft pharmacopoeial article “Microscopic features” and other regulatory documentation for a new type of medicinal plant raw material - “Myrtle leaves”, as well as in fundamental botany in the study of species of the family Myrtaceae.

Essential Oils of Neotropical Myrtaceae Species from 2011 until 2023: An Update.

The Myrtaceae family is renowned for its rich diversity of bioactive metabolites with broad applications across various industries. This review comprehensively explores the chemical composition and biological activities of Neotropical species within the Myrtaceae family from 2011 to 2023. A total of 170 papers were analyzed, covering 148 species from 28 genera, with notable emphasis on Eugenia, Eucalyptus, Myrcia, and Psidium. Compounds with relative abundance exceeding 10% were tabulated to highlight the most significant volatiles for each genus. Our findings were cross-referenced with previous reviews whenever feasible. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimicrobial activities emerged as the primary focus, collectively representing 41% of the studies, predominantly conducted in vitro. Additionally, we discuss less conventional approaches to essential oil studies in Myrtaceae species, underscoring avenues for future exploration. The investigation of essential oils from Myrtaceae holds promise for significant advancements in biotechnology, with potential benefits for the economy, environment, and human health. This review serves as a valuable resource for guiding future research strategies in this field.

The Telomere-to-Telomere Genome of Jaboticaba Reveals the Genetic Basis of Fruit Color and Citric Acid Content.

Jaboticaba is a typical tropical plant that blossoms and bears fruit on the tree trunks and branches. The fruits resemble grapes in appearance and texture and are also known as "treegrapes". Currently, research on the genomics of jaboticaba is lacking. In this study, we constructed an integrated, telomere-to-telomere (T2T) gap-free reference genome and two nearly complete haploid genomes, thereby providing a high-quality genomic resource. Furthermore, we unveiled the evolutionary history of several species within the Myrtaceae family, highlighting significant expansions in metabolic pathways such as the citric acid cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis throughout their evolutionary process. Transcriptome analysis of jaboticaba fruits of different colors revealed that the development of fruit skin color in jaboticaba is associated with the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, with the flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) gene potentially regulating fruit skin color. Additionally, by constructing the regulatory pathway of the citric acid cycle, we found that low citric acid content is correlated with high expression levels of genes such as thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) and low expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), indicating that PEPCK positively regulates citric acid content. These T2T genomic resources will accelerate jaboticaba pepper genetic improvement and help to understand jaboticaba genome evolution.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Chemical, Bioactive Profile, and Anti-oxidant Potential of Gabiroba (Campomanesia cambessedeana): An Underexplored Fruit from Brazil

Background: The Cerrado region has one of the world's largest and most diverse tropical biodiversity, hosting several species of exotic fruits little explored. In this context, we can highlight the gabiroba (Campomanesia cambessedeana), a native fruit tree belonging to the Myrtaceae family. However, its fruits are not used frequently, except by the local population who consume them, and are also reported as nutritional. Objective: This work evaluated the chemical composition of the whole fruit, pulp, peel, and seed of gabiroba. Methods: Physicochemical characterization, bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential, and mineral profile (ICP-OES) were evaluated. Individual phenolic compounds and organic acids by liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) of the pulp, peel, and seed fractions of gabiroba were also explored. Results: The results showed that the gabiroba fruit has a low lipid content (1.09 g 100 g-1), high magnesium content (12.60 μg g-1), and significant values of total phenolics (153.17 mg EAG 100 g-1), vitamin C (51.20 mg AA 100 g-1) and antioxidant potential by DPPH radical scavenging (15.35 g sample g-1 DPPH). The analysis of organic acids showed that the pulp and peel are rich in malic acid (7.29 and 8.15 mg 100 g-1, respectively) and the seed in citric acid (10.26 mg 100 g-1). On the other hand, both pulp, peel, and seed fractions showed similar individual phenolic composition, mainly being composed of catechin (3.36, 2.71, and 2.70 mg 100 g-1), gallic acid (1.67, 1.66, and 1.68 mg 100 g-1) and rutin (0.85, 1.39 and 1.16 mg 100 g-1, respectively). Conclusion: The individual phenolics in the gabiroba fractions may have been responsible for the high antioxidant activity. In this way, gabiroba has demonstrated its technological potential for its full use in producing food products and applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry.

In vitro inhibition of Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum, the causal agent of banana Xanthomonas Wilt, using medicinal plant extracts from North Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Banana Wilt caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (Xvm), has emerged as a significant threat to food security in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu). Currently, the only means of combatting this biotic constraint is through best agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of medicinal plants used in the Kivu provinces in inhibiting Xvm. Three in vitro experiments were conducted at laboratories of Uganda's National Agriculture Research Organization (NARO) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in South Kivu. The bacterial samples were collected from infected field-grown banana plants in South Kivu and isolated on Yeast Extract Peptone Agar (YPGA). Pure Xvm colonies were used for identification via i) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with specific primers and, ii) greenhouse inoculation trials. A completely randomized design was used for the three inhibition tests (1) on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) using disc diffusion with 10 plant extracts; (2) in liquid YPG Broth using 10 plant extracts; and (3) on MHA using disc diffusion with 19 plant extracts. The first two trials used plant extracts diluted in petroleum ether, while the third trial used 19 plant extracts diluted in methanol. After maceration, filtration, and solvent evaporation, 10 mg of extract was diluted in 80 µl of distilled water + 10 µl of Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Ten µl of this solution was impregnated on perforated discs of Whatman filter paper. Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Ricinus communis (castor) were the most effective plant extracts in suppressing Xvm. Of the thirteen plant species identified as effective against the pathogen, the Myrtaceae and Euphorbiaceae families were the most represented. Based on these results, evaluating the effectiveness of the most promising plant extracts in disinfecting the metal blades of garden tools is recommended. In addition, various phytochemical groups present in plant extracts could be evaluated for their effectiveness in suppressing Xvm, especially phenols and tannins.

Eight novel diagnostic markers differentiate lineages of the highly invasive myrtle rust pathogen Austropuccinia psidii.

Austropuccinia psidii is the causal agent of myrtle rust in over 480 species within the family Myrtaceae. Lineages of A. psidii are structured by their hosts in the native range, and some have success in infecting newly encountered hosts. For example, the pandemic biotype has spread beyond South America, and proliferation of other lineages is an additional risk to biodiversity and industries. Efforts to manage A. psidii incursions, including lineage differentiation, relies on variable microsatellite markers. Testing these markers is time-consuming, complex, and requires reference material that is not always readily available. We designed a novel diagnostic approach targeting eight selectively chosen loci including the fungal mating-type HD (homeodomain) transcription factor locus. The HD locus (bW1/2-HD1 and bE1/2-HD2) is highly polymorphic, facilitating clear biological predictions about its inheritance from founding populations. To be considered as potentially derived from the same lineage, all four HD alleles must be identical. If all four HD alleles are identical six additional markers can further differentiate lineage identity. Our lineage diagnostics relies on PCR amplification of eight loci in different genotypes of A. psidii followed by amplicon sequencing using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and comparative analysis. The lineage-specific assay was validated on four isolates with existing genomes, uncharacterized isolates, and directly from infected leaf material. We reconstructed alleles from amplicons and confirmed their sequence identity relative to their reference. Genealogies of alleles confirmed the variations at the loci among lineages/isolates. Our study establishes a robust diagnostic tool for differentiating known lineages of A. psidii based on biological predictions and available nucleotide sequences. This tool is suited to detecting the origin of new pathogen incursions.

A review of the pharmacological and bioactive compounds of syzygium cumini

The field of herbal medicine has grown rapidly in the past several years, and due to their natural origins and lower side effects, these medications are becoming more and more well-liked in both developed and developing nations. The plant known as jamun, Syzygium cumini (also called Eugenia jambolana, Syzygium jambolana, Eugenia cumini, and Syzygium jambos), is a great source of bioactive substances such flavonoids, polyphenols, antioxidants, iron, and vitamin C. The Myrtaceae family includes the essential medicinal plant known as the jamun tree, which is a tropical evergreen blooming plant that has long been utilized in Indian and other traditional remedies around the world. The majority of jamun's cultivation occurs in Asian nations like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan. It has been used to treat a wide range of illnesses and physiological disorders since the days of ancient medicine. In terms of medicine, the fruit is said to have properties that help with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, antidiarrheal, antiallergic, antiarthritic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifertility, antipyretic, antiplaque, radioprotective, neuropsychopharmacological, and antiulcer, hepatoprotective, antiallergic, antiarthritic, antioxidant, and various metabolic problems. This review examines the various dietary applications as well as the nutritional, phytochemical, and medicinal possibilities.

In vitro Evaluation of Fungicides and Bio-rationals against Pestalotiopsis psidii Causing Guava Fruit Canker

Guava (Psidium guajava L.), originating from Tropical America and part of the Myrtaceae family, is a highly adaptable and nutritionally valuable fruit. Known as the "Apple of the Tropics," it ranks as the fourth most important fruit crop globally. India leads in guava production. However, guava production faces serious threats from various diseases, particularly canker caused by Pestalotiopsis psidii. The disease, varying in severity across guava varieties, manifests as brown necrotic spots on fruits that progress to crater-like lesions covered with white mycelium. In vitro evaluation of fungicides and bio-rationals revealed that carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP and azoxystrobin 11% + tebuconazole 18.3% SC at all the tested concentration i.e. 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm demonstrated complete inhibition of the pathogen, followed by mancozeb 75% WP showed 97.41 per cent inhibition rate at highest concentration i.e. 2000 ppm. Among the bio-rationals, panchgavya completely inhibited mycelial growth at both 5% and 10% concentration, followed closely by buttermilk, which showed growth inhibition of 45.93 and 17.78 per cent at 10% and 5% concentration, respectively.

The complete sequence of chloroplast genome of Baeckea frutescens Linaeus 1753 (Myrtoideae), a traditional folk medicinal plant

Baeckea frutescens Linaeus 1753, as a traditional folk medicine in South East Asia, possesses sesquiterpenes, phloroglucinols, chromones, and essential oil, and is utilized for traditional Chinese medicinal purposes. The genetic diversity of the plant must be better understood, considering its significance. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome of B. frutescens was sequenced and assembled by using Illumina paired-end data, marking a significant advancement toward comprehending its genetic composition. The complete cp genome is 158,939 bp in length and contains 128 genes, consisting of 83 protein-coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNA genes, and 37 transfer RNA genes. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that B. frutescens and other the 13 were clustered to the family of Myrtaceae. These findings are crucial for the conservation and utilization of this important plant species. Additionally, they underscore the potential for future research on the evolution and preservation of B. frutescens, which could be advantageous in pharmaceutical applications.