Family Mother Research Articles

Hubungan Pengetahuan, Sikap Ibu dan Dukungan Keluarga dengan Kurangnya Minat Ibu Bersalin di Fasilitas Kesehatan Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sukarami Kecamatan Sungai Rotan Kabupaten Muara Enim

Based on Permenkes No.97 of 2014 Article 14, i.e. paragraph one states that childbirth must be carried out in a health facility. Based on data from the 2019 RI Ministry of Health, South Sumatra Health Office 2019, Riskesdes 2019, South Sumatra Health Office 2019, Muara Enim District Health Office and Sukarami Health Center there are still deliveries that are not carried out in health facilities. Deliveries that are not carried out at a health facility will lead to complications of childbirth, delay in getting services if complications occur and increase the risk of infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge, mother's attitude and family support with the lack of interest of mothers giving birth in health facilities. This study uses an analytical survey with quantitative methods with a cross sectional research design. This research was conducted in August 2021 at the Sukarami Health Center, Sungai Rotan District, Muara Enim Regency, South Sumatra. The population of this study were all mothers giving birth in the work area of the Sukarami Health Center in 2021, amounting to 301 people. The sample used amounted to 75 of the population taken by using the formula for determining the sample. Data analysis used univariate analysis (proportion) and bivariate analysis (chi square test). The results of the analysis showed that knowledge (p value = 0.022), Mother's Attitude (p value = 0.032) and Family Support (p value = 0.018) had a significant relationship with mothers giving birth in health facilities. The conclusion of this study is that there is an influence between knowledge, mother's attitude and family support with the lack of interest of mothers giving birth in health facilities.

Reading and Oral Language Skills in Children With Developmental Language Disorder: Influence of Socioeconomic, Educational, and Family Variables.

The Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a delay in language skills that cannot be explained by sensory or cognitive difficulties. Currently, there are limited studies that analyze how socioeconomic, educational, and family variables influence reading skills of Spanish-speaking children with DLD at school. This study identifies how oral language performance and reading skills of children with DLD are linked to socioeconomic, educational, and family factors. Oral language, phonological awareness and reading abilities were assessed in a sample of 15 children diagnosed with DLD and their controls by age and gender. Children's parents answered a Likert scale questionnaire inquiring about some aspects related to the family's socioeconomic status, mothers' educational level, family support, academic average, and repetition of school years of the participants. The results indicate that children with DLD have a lower performance in phonological awareness tasks as well as in reading abilities. There is also a direct relationship between their performance in language and reading skills and variables as mother's educational level and family support. Likewise, children in the sample have a lower academic average as well as a higher school year repetition rate interfering in their academic life. Educational implications of these findings and a discussion on possible causality axes and protective factors that contributes to support this population are presented.

"I Don't Know Where I Have to Knock for Support": A Mixed-Methods Study on Perceptions and Experiences of Single Mothers Raising Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Introduction and Objectives: It is well-documented that single mothers in sub-Saharan Africa face unique psychosocial challenges which can lead to child health and developmental disadvantages, often impacting life trajectories for both the mother and child. Years of instability, conflict, and widespread poor governance within the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have resulted in magnified challenges for parents, making it more difficult to provide supportive and effective parenting. To address gaps in knowledge regarding the specific challenges experienced and adaptations made among single mothers raising children in contexts of adversity, the present study aimed to investigate the phenomenon of single mother parenting in the DRC. Methods: Cognitive Edge SenseMaker, a mixed-method data collection tool, was used to collect self-interpreted narratives among parents in eastern DRC. Quantitative SenseMaker data were uploaded into Tableau, a data organization and analysis tool, to visualize differences in response patterns between single mother (n = 263) and two-parent family study participants (n = 182). Single mother micronarratives (n = 251) were then coded line-by-line and analyzed thematically. Qualitative themes identified in the single mother micronarratives were used to facilitate a deeper and more nuanced understanding of key quantitative SenseMaker findings. Findings and Conclusions: Our study found that single mothers experienced immense challenges raising children in the DRC, including financial-, health- and parenting-related hardships. Single mothers described negative emotions and higher levels of household adversity while providing for their children in situations of extreme poverty compared to two-parent family respondents. Self-reliance was exhibited among most single mothers in an attempt to overcome challenges, primarily financial barriers, and to prioritize the health and well-being of their children. However, many children still lacked access to sufficient food, education, and healthcare. Limited governmental and social security support for single mothers was identified as contributing to heightened challenges and the self-reliance observed among single mothers. Findings emphasize that additional research and attention should be directed towards identifying the specific needs of, and available resources for, single mothers in different localities in an effort to inform policies and programs that best support families.

Review Paper: ‘Discourses on the Place of Mothers Rights where They Are Subject to Domestic Violence within Child Protection Work in England’

This article examines the place of gendered relationships between parents with regard to child protection work in England, and the effects of this on mothers who are abused by their male partners. These areas are discussed within an emotionally, socially, and politically charged set of issues concerning to what extent the State should intervene, why, and how between parents and their children in terms of parental rights and child protection. In this way, the article examines fault lines in the Western world’s ideology of the family, and concepts and realities of parental, mothers’ and children’s rights. In examining dominant and competing discourses on parental rights in child protection work, the case is made for the need to disaggregate concepts and approaches away from parental rights per se, to viewing the possibility of needing to see fathers and mothers needs and rights as at times being in conflict. This becomes particularly problematic in relation to mothers’ rights to their own protection from abuse, and how this relates to professional interventions when both the mother and the children are being abused. It considers the need to acknowledge and foreground taking account of how the mother and child(ren) are experiencing the abuse, not how society and professionals might like to view the situation by way of an idealized view of families through a particular ideological lens.

The Relationship Between Mother's Education Level, Mothers Knowledge and Breastfeeding Status with Toddler Motor Skills and Nutrition Status In Diwek Sub-District, Jombang Regency, East Java, Indonesia

The predominant breastfeeding coverage rate in Jombang Regency is 9 percent, which is the highest in the province of East Java. Furthermore, according to the Jombang Health Profile in 2019, the exclusive breastfeeding rate was 82.9 percent. The exclusive breastfeeding coverage rate is 0.23 percent lower than the rate of 83.03 percent in 2018. Mother's knowledge, mother's education level, environment and family, and socio-cultural support are all factors that contribute to the lack of exclusive breastfeeding. According to several researchers, a mother's level of education and knowledge has the greatest direct influence on breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between education level, mother's knowledge, and breastfeeding status with motor skills and nutrition status of toddlers in Diwek District, Jombang. This study used a cross-sectional study design with an observational analytic approach. The total population of this study, which included all children aged 0-4 years in Diwek District, Jombang Regency, was 9,264 children, with 200 samples obtained from calculations using the S. Lemeshow. The findings of this study from three independent variables (x) revealed that only one had a p-value greater than 0.05 or had a significant relationship with toddler motor skills. At the same time, the dependent variable nutritional status demonstrates that all factors in the independent variable have a p-value greater than 0.05 or indicate a link.

Being the Father of a Preterm-Born Child: Contemporary Research and Recommendations for NICU Staff.

Background: Most studies on parental reactions to a preterm birth and to hospitalization of the newborn in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) have involved mothers. However, emotional responses and behaviors of fathers are equally important. Usually, the father is the first to meet the preterm newborn, to find out information about baby's condition and to communicate to the mother and other family members. In this context he is often left alone and can show psychological difficulties including affective disorders such as depression or anxiety. This paper describes the role of fathers in the NICU, the best practices to support fathers, and to explain the role of a psychologist in the NICU staff. Considerations and suggestions are provided on the difficulties encountered to support parents, with a focus on the role of fathers during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods and Discussion: Considering contemporary research data and following an attachment perspective, we analyze the role of the father of a preterm-born child in the relation with the partner and in newborn caring. Research has shown that involving fathers in newborn care in NICU and at home is essential not only because it promotes the father/son attachment relationship and has positive effects on the psychological and somatic development of the newborn, but also for the health of the mother and whole family.Conclusion: Recommendations are provided to enhance the functions of fathers in the NICU, promote their involvement in the care of their infant, and interventions to prevent the manifestation of psychological suffering and/or perinatal affective disorders. The commitments of a psychologist in a NICU team are presented and require not only clinical skills, but also the ability to manage the emotional and relational difficulties of fathers, family and NICU staff. Considerations and suggestions are provided on the difficulties encountered by parents in the NICU during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Parochial Linguistic Education: Patterns of an Enduring Friction within a Divided Catalonia

Amid the tensions created by the secession push in Catalonia (Spain), an important conflicting issue has been the “immersion linguistic educational system”, in which the Catalan language has precedence throughout all of the primary and secondary school curricula. Here, we present an analysis of a survey (n = 1002) addressing features of linguistic and political opinion profiles with reference to the mother language and feelings of national identity. The results show that the mother language is a factor that differentiated the participants in terms of common linguistic uses and opinions about the “immersion educational system”. These results were confirmed when segmenting respondents via their feelings of national self-identification. The most distinctive political opinions consisted of either asserting or denying the damage to social harmony produced by the secession campaign. Overall, the findings show that a major fraction of the Catalonian citizenry is subjected to an education system that does not meet their linguistic preferences. We discuss these findings, connecting them to an ethnolinguistic divide based mainly on mother language (Catalan vs. Spanish) and family origin—a complex frontier that has become the main factor determining alignment during the ongoing political conflict.

FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSEWIVES’ ATTITUDES TO HIV AND AIDS TEST IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA


 HIV testing becomes one of the standard components of mother and child health and family planning services at every level of health care. Increase case oh HIV among Housewives. There are 67% of pregnant women supported HIV test, but only 24% who tested HIV. This study aims to know the factors that influence the housewife attitude toward HIV testing in Yogyakarta which includes knowledge, mother’s belief in HIV testing, belief the attitude of her husband, friend and community leaders. This research is correlational analytic with cross sectional design. The sample are 350 housewives in Yogya City and Sleman district that already implemented Prevention Mother to Child Transmission for HIV program. Analysis data use chi square and logistic regression. The result is majority of respondents: mothers aged >35 years, secundipara, education level is middle, husband's work as an employee and family income above the regional minimum income standard. Majority respondents have a good knowledge of HIV/AIDS and HIV testing, supportive attitudes toward HIV testing and have high belief in HIV testing from husband's attitudes and community leader’s attitude. Respondents’ belief that the attitude of friends did not support HIV testing for them. The majority have a supportive attitude to HIV testing are have a good knowledge of HIV/AIDS, have high belief in HIV testing, have high belief in the attitudes of husbands, friends and community leaders. The most factors influence on mother's attitude toward HIV testing is mother belief in her husband's attitude

The effect of oxytocin massage during postpartum on baby weight

<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em>The low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia and the world can have a negative impact on mothers, babies, families, and even the country. Research by Rawat, et al (2018) states that one of the causes of failure of the breastfeeding process in primiparous and in the first week of delivery is that the mother finds it difficult to attach when breastfeeding and feels that breast milk is not enough. Another study conducted by Jacobs, et al (2013) also proved that the majority of respondents felt that breast milk production was scant, so they decided to provide formula milk. Meanwhile, research conducted by Madhavi and Manikyamba (2016) found that the reason for not giving exclusive breastfeeding was difficulty in the breastfeeding process. Therefore it is necessary to have a method to stimulate milk production at the beginning of postpartum, one of which is oxytocin massage. </em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives:</em></strong><em>The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the oxytocin massage and baby weight. </em></p><p><strong><em>Materials and methods:</em></strong><em>this study was a pre-experimental research using posttest only design and true-experiment using posttest only control group design. The research locations were in the Mother and Child Health (KIA) Clinic and Midwives Independent Practice (PMB) in Bantul, Sleman, and Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta areas. Implementation from April until September 2020. The population of this study was all the families of postpartum mothers from the first to the third day and after 1 week an evaluation of breastfeeding. The sampling technique uses total sampling was 80 postpartum mothers on the first-third day of childbirth followed until the baby was 2 months old. The research instruments were the oxytocin massage checklist and baby weight observation note sheet. Test analysis using paired t-test. </em></p><p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> The results of this study were that the majority of respondents performed oxytocin massage with a frequency of 2-3 times (85%) and the majority of baby's weight at the age of 2 months was according to age (98.8%). In the results of the bivariate analysis, there was an effect of oxytocin massage education on the family of postpartum mothers with baby body weight (p = 0.009).</em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions:</em></strong> <em>Oxytocin massage education on the family of postpartum mothers there was significant with baby weight.</em></p>

HUBUNGAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DENGAN PARENTING SELF EFFICACY PADA IBU POSTPARTUM DI KABUPATEN BANTUL

The Corelation Between Family Support with Parenting Self Efficacy In Postpartum Mother In Bantul Regency Background: t he postpartum a period of crisis for a mother husband and family so arious changes physically, psychologically and family structure. The process is related to parenting self-efficacy. Parenting self-efficacy is self-confidence and the mother’s ability to caring the baby. Several factors influence the mother’s parenting self-efficacy in caring for her baby, one of which is family support. Objective: this study aims to determine the relationship between family support and parenting self-efficacy of postpartum mothers in Bantul Regency. Methods: t his study is a correlation quantitative analytic study with a cross sectional approach with a total sample of 46 respondents taken by accidental sampling technique. Data analyze using Kendall Tau test. Results: m ost (63%) families support postpartum mothers and most (76,1 %) Postpartum mothers have parenting self-efficacy in the sufficient category. The Kendall Tau result showed a P-value of 0,478. Conclusion : t here no relationship between family support and parenting self-efficacy in postpartum mothers in Bantul Regency .

Housing insecurity experiences and coping strategies of single‐mother families in Australia: An Internet‐mediated research

AbstractHousing has broader implications for families. Single mother families face many difficulties that make them more susceptible when encountering housing problems. By analyzing the content of a single mother Facebook group, this article describes a variety of housing insecurity issues experienced by single mother families in Australia, including unaffordable housing, struggles in the private rental market, high mobility, and homelessness. We observed some risk factors and protective factors at both individual level and structural level that intersect and mediate single mother families’ experiences of these housing insecurity issues. A multidimensional framework is applied to analyze the complexity and fluidity of these factors. Psychosocial and group‐based interventions can help single mother families manage stress and improve their adaptation to some housing insecurity issues. However, mountain‐moving efforts to tackle structural problems are central and urgent to address these issues and to support single mothers and their children.

Correlates of food intake and mealtime behaviors among Kuwaiti adolescents.

Eating meals with the family improves the food choices of adolescents. Studies conducted on Kuwaiti adolescents have reported suboptimal dietary intake; however, it is unclear what meal-related behaviors and family dynamics influence dietary choices in young Kuwaiti adolescents.This study explored the food intake and meal-related behaviors of young adolescents in relation to their mother's educational level, parental employment, and family size and to identify meal-related behaviors associated with poor dietary choices. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a modified and validated version of the International Health Behavior in School Children questionnaire recruiting 774 adolescents aged 14-16 years from all six governorates of Kuwait. A higher level of the mother's education was associated with higher odds of eating fruits and breakfast. A stay-at-home mother was associated with higher odds of consuming milk and home-made desserts. Larger family size was associated with higher odds of eating fruits, and a higher frequency of family meals was associated with higher odds of consuming vegetables and whole grain bread. All unhealthy snacks, including sweets, potato chips, french fries, home-made desserts, and sugar-sweetened beverages, were associated with higher odds of watching TV during mealtime. A higher level of mother's education level, large family size, and family meals encouraged consuming fruits, vegetables, whole grain bread, milk, and breakfast, but consuming empty calorie snacks is very common. Family involvement in developing healthy meal-related behaviors is imperative for shaping healthy eating habits of adolescents.

Differential in infant, childhood and under-five death clustering among the empowered and non-empowered action group regions in India

BackgroundWith 8,82,000 deaths in the under-five period, India observed varied intra-state and inter-regional differences across infant and child mortality in 2018. However, scarce literature is present to capture this unusual concentration of mortality in certain families by examining the association of the mortality risks among the siblings of those families along with various unobserved characteristics of the mother. Looking towards the regional and age differential in mortality, this paper attempts to provide evidence for the differential in mortality clustering among infants (aged 0–11 months), children (12–59 months) and under-five (0–59 months) period among mothers from the Empowered Action Group (EAG) and non-EAG regions of India.MethodsThe study used data from the National Family Health Survey (2015–16) which includes all the birth histories of 475,457 women aged 15–49 years. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to fulfil the objectives of the study. A two-level random intercept Weibull regression model was used to account for the unexplained mother (family) level heterogeneity.ResultsAbout 3.3% and 5.9% of infant deaths and 0.8% and 1.6% of childhood deaths were observed in non-EAG and EAG regions respectively. Among them, a higher percentage of infant and child death was observed due to the death of a previous sibling. There were 1.67 times [95% CI: 1.55–1.80] and 1.46 times [CI: 1.37–1.56] higher odds of infant and under-five mortality of index child respectively when the previous sibling at the time of conception of the index child was dead in the non-EAG regions. In contrast, the odds of death scarring (death of previous sibling scars the survival of index child) were 1.38 times [CI: 1.32–1.44] and 1.24 times [CI: 1.20–1.29] higher for infant and under-five mortality respectively in the EAG regions.ConclusionThe extent of infant and child mortality clustering and unobserved heterogeneity was higher among mothers in the non-EAG regions in comparison to their EAG region counterparts. With the growing situation of under-five mortality clustering in non-EAG states, region-wise interventions are recommended. Additionally, proper care is needed to ameliorate the inter-family variation in mortality risk among the children of both EAG and non-EAG regions throughout their childhood.

Kewenangan Notaris Atas Pembuatan Surat Keterangan Hak Dalam Waris Terhadap Anak Di Luar Nikah

Legal concepts concerning the status of a child born outside marriage with only a civil relationship with the mother and her mother's family experienced a shift in the issuance of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 concerning the Material Test against Article 2 Paragraph (2) and Article 43 Paragraph (1) Number 1 Year 1974 concerning Marriage. There are 2 (two) issues to be discussed, namely the rights and position of the child outside of marriage after the decision of the Constitutional Court, as well as the authority of Notary in the making of Certificate of Inheritance to the Outer Child after the Constitutional Court Decision. The research method is normative legal research, to obtain the necessary data in connection with the period issues. The result of research is obtained that the decision of the Constitutional Court opens opportunities for the Outer Child to have a civil relationship with father and his father's family as well as the authority of Notary in the making of Certificate of Inheritance to the Outer Child after the Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 46 / PUU-VIII / 2010 becomes very important , It is based on Article 280 of the Civil Code of the civil relationship between the newlyborn child arises when there is already recognition from the mother or his biological father to the child. The deed of recognition shall be made authentically as mandated in Article 281 of the Civil Code. So the government should make regulations relating to children outside of marriage in accordance with the mandate of the Constitutional Court's decision

Profile of Claude Desplan

“I have been in science for four decades and my enthusiasm is still as fresh as on the first day,” says Claude Desplan, the New York University (NYU) biology and neural science Silver professor, who in 2018 was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Focusing on Drosophila , among other model organisms, Desplan and his team have made significant contributions to the fields of molecular biology, genetics, developmental neurobiology, and electrophysiology. They have provided insights on body axis formation, the generation of neural diversity, the molecular mechanisms involved in retinal and optic lobe development, and the neural circuits underlying motion detection. Using evolutionary developmental biology, or “evo-devo,” approaches, they have elucidated how sensory systems in various organisms adapt to different ecological conditions. Desplan’s Inaugural Article (1) reviews his laboratory’s work on Drosophila over the past decade and describes neural development principles predicted to apply to most organisms, including mammals. Claude Desplan. Image credit: Danielle Desplan (photographer). Born in Algeria in 1953, Desplan was raised with an appreciation of multiple cultures. His mother's family settled in Algeria in the 19th century. Desplan says his mother, age 91, is one of the world’s oldest yoga instructors. Desplan’s father worked in law, as did many of his relatives, yet Desplan forged his own career path. He says, “I wanted to be a surgeon, but there was no good rationale for it.” When Desplan was 9 years old his family moved to France. There, he drew inspiration from his ninth-grade science teacher, whom he knew as Ms. Joschau. Desplan says, “Even though she was teaching geology at the time, I became interested in the natural sciences and decided to pursue a career in research.” At age 15 he met another woman who influenced his life. “I met Danielle,” says Desplan, …

KEDUDUKAN ANAK ZINA DITINJAU DARI YURIDIS NORMATIF

Problems related to children resulting from adultery are still interesting to discuss, namely in terms of how the position of adultery children in the Compilation of Islamic Law in Article 43 paragraph (1) and Article 272 of the Criminal Code. This research is in the form of normative legal research, namely legal research conducted by researching library materials and using an approach. The type of research used is Libray Research. that the adulterous child in Compilation of Islamic Law or Civil Code both cannot be recognized by his genetic father, while in Compilation of Islamic Law he has more empathy so that the child has a kinship relationship with his mother and mother's family, while in the realm of the Civil Code an adulterous child will not have a juridical relationship with his parents , either to the father or to the mother. However, the child can only obtain rights from his mother and his mother's family. Whereas in the realm of the Criminal Code, adulterous children can only earn what they need according to the ability of their biological parents. But besides that, the adulteress child cannot ask and demand more for what he has given.

ANALYSIS OF PREGNANCY INTENSION RISK FACTORS IN INDONESIA WITH DEMOGRAPHIC HEALTH SURVEY (DHS) IN 2017

The pregnancy intention can be divided into two, namely the desired pregnancy and unwanted pregnancy/Kehamilan Tidak Diinginkan (KTD). Unwanted pregnancy can cause negative impacts on the mother, such as not carrying out antenatal care (ANC) and abortion. Besides, babies born from KTD are more at risk of experiencing low birth weight and not getting breast milk/Air Susu Ibu (ASI) from their mothers. Therefore, the risk factors of pregnancy intention need to be known to prevent the incidence of KTD in Indonesia. This study analyzes the risk factors for pregnancy intention in Indonesia, such as maternal age, parity, sex of the baby born, mother's work status, education level, type of area of residence, family economy, and history of contraceptive use or family planning/Keluarga Berencana (KB). The research design was cross-sectional with analysis using logistic regression statistical tests. This study used secondary data from the 2017 Demographic Health Survey (DHS) with 14,778 subjects. The results of this analysis are the risk factors for pregnancy intention in Indonesia, namely the age of the mother (p-value = 0,000 and OR = 1.403), parity (p-value = 0,000 and OR = 2,860), the type of area of residence (p-value = 0,000 and OR = 1,518) and history of use of family planning (p-value = 0.000 and OR = 0.711). The risk of adverse events is greater in mothers aged <20 years and> 35 years, parity more than 3, residing in urban areas, and having a history of using family planning. There is no significant relationship between the sex of the baby, the mother's employment status, education level, and family economy on pregnancy intention.

Can use of pictograms reduce liquid medication administration errors by mothers? An interventional study

BackgroundLiquid medication dosing errors (LMDE) made by caregivers affect treatment in children, but this is not a well-studied topic in many low-and middle-income countries including in India.MethodsAn intervention study was conducted among mothers attending a pediatric outpatient clinic of a tertiary care setting in Ujjain, India. The mothers randomly measured 12 volumes of a paracetamol liquid preparation by using a dropper (0.5 and 1 mL), measuring cup (2.5 and 5 mL), and calibrated spoon (2.5 and 5 mL) each with two instructions—oral-only measurement session (OMS) and oral plus pictogram measurement session (OPMS, the intervention). The main outcome was dosing error prevalence. The effectiveness of the intervention was assessed by measuring effect size. Risk factors for maximum LMDE were explored using backward multivariate logistic regression models. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsIn total, 310 mothers [mean (± SD) age, 30.2 (± 4.18) years] were included. LMDE prevalence in the OMS versus OPMS for dropper 0.5 mL was 60% versus 48%; for l mL dropper was 63% versus 54%; for 2.5 mL cup 62% versus 54%; for 2.5 calibrated spoon 66% versus 59%; 5 mL cup 69% versus 57%; and 5 mL calibrated spoon 68% versus 55%. Comparing OMS with OPMS, underdosing was minimum with the calibrated spoon for 2.5 mL (OR 4.39) and maximum with the dropper for 1 mL (OR 9.40), and overdosing was minimum with the dropper for 0.5 mL (OR 7.12) and maximum with the calibrated spoon for 2.5 mL (OR 13.24). The effect size (dCohen) of the intervention OPMS was 1.86–6.4. Risk factors for the most prevalent dosing error, that is, with the calibrated spoon for 2.5 mL, were increasing age of the mother (aOR 1.08; P = 0.026) and nuclear family (aOR 2.83; P = 0.002). The risk of dosing errors decreased with higher education of the mothers.ConclusionsPictograms can effectively minimize LMDE even in less educated mothers.

Maternal smoking trajectory during pregnancy predicts offspring's smoking and substance use - The Northern Finland birth cohort 1966 study.

The aim was to characterize the association of maternal smoking trajectory during pregnancy with offspring's smoking, alcohol and substance use behavior. We used the prospective Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study including 11,653 mothers and their offspring followed up from mothers' mid-pregnancy to age of 46years. Main exposure was number of smoked cigarettes per day at each month of pregnancy. Outcome measures were offspring's smoking, alcohol and drug use at age 14, starting age of smoking, ever-smoking, and smoked pack-years until age 46. Four maternal smoking trajectories during pregnancy were identified with latent class trajectory modelling, namely "non-smokers" (86.0% of mothers), "early quitters" (2.0%), "late quitters" (2.1%), and "consistent smokers" (9.9%). In comparison to non-smokers, all maternal smoking was associated with offspring's increased odds of lifetime smoking adjusted for sex of the child, father's smoking, occupational status and place of residence of family, marital status and mood of mother, and desirability of pregnancy. The consistent smoker's class was associated with offspring's number of smoked pack years by midlife (median [interquartile range]: 8.3 [1.4-17.4] vs. 4.8 [0.0-13.0], p=0.028), and alcohol use in young age (odds ratio 1.23 [95% confidence interval 1.05-1.43]). Overall, to prevent parent-offspring transmission of smoking, the cessation support should target women planning pregnancy. Negative effects of maternal continuous smoking during pregnancy include all substance use and reach up to offspring's middle age.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Status Gizi Balita Di Kelurahan Pangkalan Jati Kecamatan Cinere Kota Depok Tahun 2020

Background: Toddler nutritional status is an important thing that must be known by every parent. Special attention needed for the growth and development of the toddler due to the fact that malnutrition during this golden period is irreversible, malnutrition in this period can also affect children's brain development in the future. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine what factors that related to the toddler nutritional status in Posyandu Kelurahan Pangkalan Jati Kecamatan Cinere, Depok city in year 2020. Research Metodes: The design of this study is cross sectional with a sample size 158 respondents who fit the inclusion criteria using a propotional stratified random sampling technique. Results: The result of this study, chi square showed the factors that related to the toddler nutritional status are gender variables (p value = 0.005), exclusive breastfeeding (p value = 0.003), infectious diseases (p value = 0,000), mother's occupational status ( p value = 0.004), mother's education level (p value = 0,000), family income (p value = 0,000), and number of family members (p value = 0.001). The logistic regression test results showed that the factor mostly affected toddler nutritional status in Posyandu Kelurahan Pangkalan Kecamatan Cinere, Depok City is family income (odds ratio 38.844; 95% CI 9.977-151.230). Conclusion: The factor mostly affected toddler nutritional status in Posyandu Kelurahan Pangkalan Kecamatan Cinere, Depok City is family income