Smoking Family Members Research Articles

Effect of Gargling with Warm Salty Green Tea on Signs and Symptoms of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection among Children

Background Green tea and salt had been known for a long time as an effective home remedy for common cold and flu. We aimed to evaluate the effect of gargling with warm salty green tea on signs and symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infection (AURTI) among children. Materials and Methods A two group, quasi-experimental research design was adopted. Tools: (1) structured interview to collect socio-demographic data of children, and history of the child’s disease (2) signs and symptoms of AURTI inventory. Samples: A purposive sample of 200 school age children who attended the outpatient clinics in Cairo University Specialized Pediatric Hospital (CUSPH), Cairo, Egypt. 200 cases were assigned randomly as follows: 100 children as controls for whom analgesics were prescribed, and 100 children as intervention group, who were given salty green tea gargling in addition to analgesics; data of signs and symptom severity were collected on daily basis for three consecutive days. Results There was a highly significant difference between controls and intervention group regarding total mean score of signs and symptoms (p-value<0.01). In addition, there was a highly significant positive correlation between children’s age, sex, residence, presence of a smoking family member and presence of another family member with similar condition and the total mean signs and symptoms score in control and intervention groups. Conclusion Children with AURTI in intervention group showed less total mean signs and symptoms scores than those in the control group.Recommendations: Experimental studies on larger random samples need to be conducted to explore the effect of gargling with salty warm green tea on the signs and symptoms of AURTI.

Prevalence of hookah pipe smoking in high-school learners in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Hookah pipe (HP) smoking has become popular globally, especially among young adults and adolescents. There are misperceptions regarding the safety of HP smoking, relative to cigarettes. To assess the prevalence of HP use in grade 8 and 12 students and the factors associated with use in the different age groups. A cross-sectional study was conducted in grade 8 and 12 high-school students from six randomly selected public schools in Johannesburg, South Africa. A self-administered structured questionnaire was completed by students after consent had been obtained from parents and students. The questionnaire focused on knowledge and awareness of HP smoking. Data were analysed using Stata/SE version 15. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant. A total of 347 grade 8 and 232 grade 12 students participated in the study. Of the sample, 26% in grade 8 and 70% in grade 12 had ever smoked an HP. In both grades a higher proportion of males smoked. Eleven percent of students in grade 8 and 37% in grade 12 were currently smoking the HP. Approximately 47% and 51% of grade 8 and grade 12 students, respectively, first started smoking at parties. The mean age of initiation was 8 and 12 years in grade 8 and 12, respectively. Grade 12 students had greater awareness of the risks of HP smoking. Having a family member who smoked an HP was significantly related to HP use in grade 8 students. Overall, factors associated with increased odds of smoking the HP were being in grade 12, not being aware of health effects, and seeing the health warnings on hookah tobacco package labels. HP smoking increased significantly between grades 8 and 12. Increasing knowledge and awareness of the risks involved in HP smoking in children at an early age is recommended. One of the factors influencing uptake of HP smoking in young students was having a family member smoking it; adult anti-smoking and anti-HP campaigns are therefore also important.

Towards a better understanding of factors affecting smoking uptake among Saudi male adolescents: A qualitative study.

INTRODUCTIONAn increased smoking uptake by Saudi male adolescents and a lack of data about its determinants emphasize the need for a better understanding of factors leading to the onset of smoking and identifying ways to prevent it. The aim of this qualitative study is to explore adolescents’ views on smoking and their opinions about a smoking prevention program.METHODSA total of 103 school-going adolescents, aged 12–16 years, were purposely selected from grades seven, eight and nine from nine schools in Taif in Saudi Arabia. They were interviewed in 11 focus group discussions; five groups were held for smokers and six for non-smokers. An interview scheme was developed based on the I-Change Model, a model used for understanding smoking onset and prevention. We used QDA Lite version 2:0 software for data analysis.RESULTSMost of the participants agreed on the importance of social influences as determining factors to start smoking. The presence of smoking friend(s) and family member(s), especially the father, were mentioned. Factors such as having extra pocket money, absence of alternatives, showing off, to be seen as western, to be seen as an adult and the good taste of cigarettes were also mentioned as beliefs associated with smoking. Adolescents indicated to have low confidence not to smoke under peer pressure, suggesting self-efficacy problems. Intentions to smoke were also often mentioned. Almost all participants agreed that an interactive approach is optimal for an effective smoking prevention program.CONCLUSIONSDeterminants of smoking seem to be very similar to those outlined by previous studies. A smoking prevention program for Saudi adolescents should address how to cope with social pressure to smoke, the advantages connected with smoking, and how to increase self-efficacy. Information should be presented in an interactive rather than static way.

Influence of passive smoking on the onset of Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The relationship between passive smoking and the onset of Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease is still controversial. Therefore, we conducted the study to systematically evaluate and analyze the relationship. A comprehensive search was conducted. Meta-analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3 software, with the odds ratio as the effect size. Eight English articles with a total of 1379 Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease patients were eventually included. Passive smoking type of family members smoking in indoor (odds ratio = 2.53), paternal smoking (odds ratio = 2.76), maternal smoking (odds ratio = 2.02), maternal smoking during pregnancy (odds ratio = 1.68), using stove indoor (odds ratio = 2.56) are statistically significant (P < 0.05). For the family members smoking indoor, region may be a confounding factor (European group I = 92%, odds ratio = 2.51; USA group I = 5%, odds ratio = 3.26; and Asian group I = 0%, odds ratio = 2.25). In addition, the type of maternal smoking (odds ratio = 0.80, for 1-10 per day; odds ratio = 2.73, for 10-20 per day; odds ratio = 2.78, for >20 per day) and the type of maternal smoking during pregnancy (odds ratio = 1.36, for 1-9 per day; odds ratio = 2.02, for ≥10 per day) may show a dose-effect relationship. Passive smoking is a risk factor for the onset of Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease, but the specific types of passive smoking (haze, etc.), dose, dose-effect relationship, regional confounding, pathological mechanisms, etc. also require clinicians and researchers to continue exploring.

Abstract P252: Passive Smoking in Childhood and Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease in Adulthood Among Japanese Men and Women: The Jacc Study

Background: Secondhand smoke exposure among adults is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the impact of passive smoking in childhood on risk of adverse cardiovascular outcome in adulthood. We examined whether childhood exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with mortality from coronary heart disease(CHD) in adulthood among Japanese men and women. Methods: We analyzed the data for 71,459 participants ( 31,027 men and 40,432 women) aged 40-79 years, with no history of CHD, stroke, or cancer at the baseline (1988-1990) and who completed a lifestyle questionnaire including the number of family members who smoked at home in childhood(0,1,2 and 3+ members) under the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC Study). Results: The sex-specific proportions of current smokers were 49.0% for 0 member, 54.3% for 1 member, 56.8% for 2 members and 59.3% for 3+members among men, and the respective proportions among women were 3.3%, 5.2%, 7.2%, and 11.2%.During the median follow-up of 18.9 years, a total of 955 (589 men and 366 women) deaths from CHD were reported. There was a dose-response relationship between the number of smoking family members at home and CHD mortality at adulthood among the middle aged (40-59 years); the multivariable HRs, adjusting for age, sex, history of hypertension and diabetes, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, hours of exercise and walking, perceived mental stress, educational level and employment status, were 1.05 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.48) for 1 family member, 1.27(0.83, 1.94) for 2 family members and 2.34(1.17, 4.68) for 3+ family members compared with no family member(p for trend=0.04). Such an association was not observed for the older persons aged 60-79 years.The excess CHD mortality associated with 3+ family members among the middle-aged was more evident among never or ex-smokers than among current smokers: the respective multivariable HRs were 3.74(1.40, 10.01) and 1.90(0.72, 5.06). Conclusions: Passive smoking exposure in childhood was associated with increased risk of mortality from CHD in adulthood, primarily for the middle aged men and non-current smokers.

Never-smoking adolescents’ perceived accessibility of cigarettes following an increase in the tobacco age-of-sale from 16 to 18: A quasi-experimental study of two cities in the Netherlands and Belgium

BackgroundThe Netherlands increased the tobacco age-of-sale from 16 to 18 in 2014, paired with mass-media campaigns. We evaluated changes in perceived accessibility of cigarettes between 2013 and 2016 among adolescent never-smokers in the Netherlands compared with Belgium, where the age-of-sale remained 16 and no campaigns were conducted. MethodsRepeated cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2013 and 2016 among 4112 13–17-year-olds at a total of 22 schools in Amersfoort (the Netherlands) and Namur (Belgium). Multilevel Poisson regression quantified changes over time in prevalence of easy perceived accessibility to cigarettes (i.e., thinking it would be fairly/very easy to get cigarettes). Interaction terms were used to test whether changes differed between the Netherlands and Belgium. Analyses were stratified by age (13–15 and 16–17 years), sex (male and female), family smoking (0 and ≥1 smoking family members), and friend smoking (no and at least some smoking friends). ResultsPerceived accessibility to cigarettes decreased in the Netherlands (Prevalence Ratio (PR): 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72–0.93) and Belgium (PR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.70–0.87), to a similar extent (PR interaction: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.90–1.21). Results by sex, age, and family/friend smoking were similar to those for the total population; there were no significant differences in the decrease in perceived access over time between the Netherlands and Belgium within each of these subgroups. ConclusionThis study found approximately the same rate of decline between 2013 and 2016 in adolescent never-smokers’ perceived access to cigarettes in the Netherlands as in Belgium. This implies that we did not find clear evidence for an effect of the 2014 increase in legal age of tobacco sales from 16 to 18 years in the Netherlands.

Common mental disorders in Taiwanese consumers of commercial low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening: Comparison with a nationally representative sample

We examined the prevalence of probable common mental disorders (CMDs) in commercial low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) lung cancer screening consumers relative to the general population and to determine the correlates of probable CMDs among screening participants. Commercial LDCT lung cancer screening consumers (N=1323) were compared with a nationally representative sample from the Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS) (N=2034). Respondents scoring ≥3 on the Chinese Health Questionnaire were classified as having a probable CMD. Logistic regression was used to investigate differences between the two groups and correlates of probable CMDs among LDCT lung cancer screening participants. The prevalence of probable CMDs was higher among LDCT lung cancer screening participants (25.47%) than among TSCS adults (21.56%). Compared with the TSCS sample, the screening participants had a higher probability of CMDs (OR=1.40, 95% CI=1.13-1.73), higher education levels (OR=7.95, 95% CI=6.00-10.53), and a history of drinking (OR=11.85, 95% CI=9.45-14.85) or betel-quid use (OR=5.43, 95% CI=3.98-7.42) but were less likely to smoke (OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.40-0.68). Among the screening participants, being female (OR=1.37, 95% CI=1.02-1.84) and a current smoker (OR=1.74, 1.19-2.54) and living near ≥2 smoking family members (OR=2.30, 95% CI 1.57-3.38) were associated with an increased likelihood of having CMDs. Commercial LDCT lung cancer screening users may have a positive association with probable CMDs compared to the general population. Screening programs should consider including criteria and providing psychoeducation to improve the physical and mental outcomes of participants. Purely observational studies (those in which the assignment of the medical intervention is not at the discretion of the investigator) do not require registration.

Determinants of Smoking Status in a Sample of Outpatients Afferent to a Tertiary Referral Hospital.

The identification of determinants of attempts to quit smoking and quitting smoking success is crucial for effective smoking prevention and/or cessation programs. Thus, here we have conducted a survey to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of tobacco use and the potential determinants of quitting smoking among a population of 140 subjects—101 smokers and 39 ex-smokers—referred to our clinic for respiratory diseases. Subject characteristics included demographic data, employment and education status, respiratory disease family history, smoking habits, life habits, diet, alcohol intake, and physical activity. In comparison with former smokers, active smokers were younger, lived with at least one smoking family member, and were more frequently exposed to passive smoke. They also displayed a higher coffee consumption, a higher frequency of in-between-meal snacks, and a lower chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence. In comparison with subjects who had never attempted to quit smoking, individuals who had attempted to quit smoking were younger, had a lower pack-year median, consumed a higher amount of coffee and alcohol, and conducted regular physical activity. Determinants of successful smoking cessation were older age, lower passive smoking exposure and daily coffee intake, and COPD diagnosis. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of health education in fostering successful smoking cessation in respiratory disease patients.

Prevalence and determinants of mental health problems among children in Mongolia: A population-based birth cohort

BackgroundIn Mongolia, more than one-third of adolescents and children may experience mental health problems, but high-quality population-based data are lacking. In this study, the authors investigated the prevalence and the correlates of mental health conditions among school-age children. MethodsThe authors conducted a population-based birth cohort study with data collection between 2013 and 2016 in rural Bulgan, Mongolia. Mental health problems were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Mongolia). Protective and risk factors for mental health problems in six-year-old children were assessed using logistic regression with adjustment for potential confounders. FindingsA total of 1064 mother/child pairs participated, with a follow-up rate of 96.2%. Overall, 9.5% of children had abnormal emotional and behavioral scores (SDQ ≥17), rising to 20.1% when combined with borderline scores (SDQ ≥14). In the baseline analysis, smoking in family members (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.58, 95% CI 1.05–2.38) was positively linked to child mental health problems. In the follow-up analyses when children were aged 6 year, maternal depression symptoms (aOR 1.66, 95% CI 1.13–2.44), smoking of family members (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.06–2.21), and maternal alcohol consumption (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.02–2·33) were associated with greater incidence of mental health problems, while storytelling (aOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.42–0.99) and hospital visits (aOR 0.56, 95% CI 0.38–0.79) demonstrated protective associations. InterpretationMarkers of low socioeconomic status were the most influential risk factors for children's mental health problems. Effective intervention toward family members' smoking, maternal depression and alcohol consumption, and increased attention to potentially protective factors, including storytelling and access to appropriate hospital care, may better support the mental health of children in Mongolia.

The CHILD Intervention for Living Drug-Free Comprehensive Assessment of Risk, Resilience, and Experience (CHILD CARRE) Measure: Initial Findings

This paper summarizes the development and evaluation of an assessment instrument for children ages 7–12. The CHILD CARRE measure is a semi-structured interview with 7 domains. Children from the USA and Argentina (N = 134) completed baseline and follow-up assessments. Substance use occurred at an average age of 8. Almost 33% of the children were taking medications for medical issues, more than 50% of them said that medical problem gets in the way of doing things they like to to do and almost 64% of the children stated that they would like to feel better. On average, children completed third grade in school, 56% of them knew how to read and 26% of the children started making money at age 8. Most children (74%) saw someone drunk or high and 23% of children reported alcohol or psychoactive substance use. Among these children using substances, such substance use occurred at an average age of 8, and in the past 30 days they used these substances an average for 5 days. The rating of level of risk on the part of the interviewer placed these children in the “risky” to “very risky” categories. Most children reported seeing their family members smoking (83%) or using alcohol (67%), and 49% reported seeing their family members high on drugs. Few children (10%) had conflicts with the law, while 46% of their family members had legal problems. Some children (30%) reported having serious problems getting along with family members, neighbors, or friends. These results suggest that this measure can serve as the first comprehensive measure to assess multiple life domains for young children at risk for or using psychoactive substances.

Prevalence and determinants of smoking among rural young males of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu: a cross sectional study

Background: Tobacco is the leading global cause of preventable death which kills millions of people and causes huge economic damage every year. Smoking form of tobacco is a major modifiable risk factor for number of chronic non-communicable diseases. In spite of various statutory warnings, smoking still remains a major Public health problem especially in young males. In order to reduce the magnitude and for effective control, the risk factors and distribution should be well known. This study was planned with the objective of assessing the prevalence and determinants of smoking among rural young males of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu, India.Methods: This community based cross sectional study was carried out between March and May 2018 among rural young males aged between 18 to 29 years. Sample size of 431 was calculated by using 4PQ/L2 and the respondents were selected from sampled households using systematic random sampling. Data were collected using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire, which were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 and presented using descriptive and analytical statistics.Results: Among 422 participants interviewed, the prevalence of smoking was 23%. Factors found to be protective against smoking were employment status and sedentary type of jobs. Factors found to be significantly associated with smoking were individuals with smoking friends and family members, habit of alcoholism, employment and low education status.Conclusions: Since smoking is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality, efforts should be made to control its use by intensive health education, implementing counsellingfacilities and rigorous enforcement of anti-tobacco legislation.

SHS exposure among high school students in Taiwan

ABSTRACTObjective: This study evaluated the frequency and risk factors of secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) among high school students in Taiwan.Methods: Data from the General Tobacco Hazard Proficiency Test were investigated for 4,671 students during 2017. The SHS exposure was divided into four groups with the intensity of exposure. The chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression were used for inferential statistical analysis.Results: 9.9% of students are exposed to SHS every day; the highest exposure rate was found in people living in urban areas (≥100,000 people per kilometer), male and family members smoking or with betel chewing habits. Boys were less likely exposed to SHS than female students (aOR 0.769, 95% CI 0.682 to 0.868). The areas with less than 49,999 people per kilometer have the lowest SHS exposure rate (aOR 0.713, 95% CI 0.533 to 0.954), and students with smoking or betel chewing family members proved a higher SHS exposure rate (aOR 5.332, 95% CI 4.641 to 6.126 and aOR 1.422, 95% CI 1.232 to 1.642, respectively).Conclusions: These findings not only highlight the risk factors of SHS exposure in high school students, but also show a direction for developing effective intervention programs for the prevention of SHS exposure.

Patterns and predictors of e-cigarette, cigarette and dual use uptake in UK adolescents: evidence from a 24-month prospective study.

Background and AimsTo assess prevalence and predictors of e‐cigarettes/cigarettes patterns of use in adolescents in England.DesignProspective study with 24‐month follow‐up of e‐cigarette/cigarette ever/regular use with data from an intervention evaluation.SettingForty‐five schools in England (Staffordshire and Yorkshire).ParticipantsA total of 3210 adolescents who, at baseline, were aged 13–14 years and had never used e‐cigarettes/cigarettes.MeasurementsBased on e‐cigarette/cigarette ever use at follow‐up, six groups were created: (a) never user, (b) e‐cigarette only, (c) cigarette only, (d) dual use—order of use unclear, (e) dual use—e‐cigarettes used first and (f) dual use—cigarettes used first. Baseline measures were: gender, ethnicity, socio‐economic status, impulsivity, family plus friend smoking and smoking‐related beliefs (attitude and perceived behavioural control).FindingsIn groups (a) to (f), there were 71.5, 13.3, 3.3, 5.7, 2.9 and 3.4% adolescents, respectively. Among groups using cigarettes, regular smoking was more prevalent in group (f) (dual use—cigarettes used first) [17.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.4, 24.8] than in groups (c), (d) and (e) combined (7.3%, 95% CI = 4.7, 9.9). Among groups using e‐cigarettes, regular use was less prevalent in group (b) (e‐cigarette only) (1.9%, 95% CI = 0.6, 3.2) than in groups (d), (e) and (f) combined (12.2%, 95% CI = 8.9, 15.5). Higher impulsivity plus friends and family smoking were predictive of being in groups (b) to (f) compared with group (a) (never users). Males were more likely to be in group (b) compared to group (a); females were more likely to be in groups (c) to (f) compared to group (a).ConclusionsRegular use of e‐cigarettes/cigarettes varies across groups defined by ever use of e‐cigarettes/cigarettes. Interventions targeted at tackling impulsivity or adolescents whose friends and family members smoke may represent fruitful avenues for future research.

Predictors of intentions to use cigarettes and electronic-cigarettes among high school students.

PurposeTobacco is the second most commonly used drug by Spanish high school students and e-cigarette use has increased over the last three years among this population. Students who reported smoking tobacco and/or e-cigarette use often have friends and family that also consume these substances. The aims of the present study were to: determine the prevalence of tobacco and electronic cigarette consumption among young adolescents, the age of initiation and the intention to consume both of these substances in the future; study the relationships between their current tobacco and e-cigarette consumption status, intentions to consume these substances in the future and the consumption of these substances by family members living in their home and friend’s consumption status; investigate the relationship between their current tobacco and e-cigarette consumption status, friends’ consumption status and their intention to consume each substance in the future; analyse the relationship between current consumption status, intentions to consume in the future and perceived risk; identify the main predictors of intentions to use these substances in the future.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2017. The sample consisted of 468 school students in the first cycle of secondary education in Catalonia, Spain. The participants who were aged between 11 and 15 years old, with 49.4% being female.ResultsA stepwise binary logistic regression showed that the best predictors of the intention to smoke tobacco in the future were: having tried tobacco, being a current consumer, having a family member smoking at home and having a low perceived risk of smoking. The best predictors of the intention to use electronic cigarettes in the future were: having tried tobacco, being a current consumer and having friends who smoke or use electronic cigarettes.ConclusionSmoking prevention programs must consider the social network surrounding teenagers, particularly close friends and family. Intervention strategies for delaying the onset of tobacco or e-cigarette consumption are greatly needed.

Beyond the Lung Cancer Diagnosis: Leveraging the Oncology Clinic Setting for Actively Smoking Family Members

Beyond the Lung Cancer Diagnosis: Leveraging the Oncology Clinic Setting for Actively Smoking Family Members

A Cross-Sectional Survey on Cigarette Smoking in the Chinese Navy.

The military is a risk environment for cigarette smoking. This study determined the prevalence of, cessation attempts, knowledge, and attitudes regarding smoking, and factors related to it in the Chinese navy. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of military personnel on active duty in the Chinese navy, Guangdong province. Data were collected using a standard structured questionnaire and analyzed through SPSS. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with smoking. The research protocols were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Naval Medical University, and participants gave written informed consent. A total of 1,530 military personnel who had served for >3 months completed the survey, 859 (56.14%) of whom were current smokers. The main reasons for smoking were stress alleviation and social needs. A total of 377 smokers had previously attempted quitting. More than half considered the military environment supportive of smoking. Subjects' knowledge regarding smoking mainly comprised negative respiratory-health effects. Smoking status was related to education level, military service duration, number of smoking family members, and smoking knowledge. Smoking prevalence in the Chinese navy is higher than that among Chinese civilians and the US and UK military personnel. Although many sailors are aware of the dangers of smoking to their health, they seldom get advice or help regarding smoking cessation. Most smokers believed that smoking cessation could improve their health. Therefore, the navy should formulate policies encouraging and facilitating military personnel's smoking cessation.

Peers Pressure And Families Smoking Habit Influence On Smoking Behavior among male Students attending Secondary Schools At second Al- Kurkh education Directorate /Baghdad.

Background: There is a strong desire of adolescent to have a peer group and to be appreciated and also to become a member of this group which can affect one each other. There for; encourage, adapting,and imitating of friends and group consider as the main reasons behind starting of smoking among youngsters. Smoking habits in the family were found tobe acause of smoking pressure among adolescentas peer pressure. Smoking habit may be started before 18 years of age in most adult smokers.&#x0D; Objectives: To study the effect of peer pressure and family smoking habiton the prevalence of smoking among secondary school students.&#x0D; Type of the study: A cross sectional study .&#x0D; Methods: the study done with cluster sampling method; was conducted between 1st of March to 30th of May 2016. By clustering schools and randomly 7 schools were selected;3secondary schools, 3 intermediate schools and 1 professional secondary school these schools were from second Al- Kurkh education directorate /Baghdad.A total of (1993)boy students were included. An anonymous self-completion questionnaire was used..The questionnaire was essure and family smoking habiton the smoking status of students.&#x0D; Results: The results of the study showed an increasing prevalence of smoking habits among students both forcigarette23.6% -41.4%, and shisha4.1% - 38.8%by increasing the class grade, and also by existing smoking parents(cigarette30.1%,and shisha 32.7%). The prevalence of nonsmoking habit among students decreases by increase smoking family members (63.4% -3.9 %).&#x0D; Conclusion: The effects of peer pressure and family smoking habit were obvious among students with statistically highly significant association. Education and awareness for anti-tobacco programs should be adopted in the curriculum of all secondary schools.&#x0D; Keywords: peer pressure, family smoking habit, cigarette, shisha, secondary schools, students.

E-cigarette exposure among high schools students in Taiwan

ABSTRACTObjective: This study assessed the prevalence and determinants of e-cigarette experience among junior and senior high school students in Taiwan.Methods: Data from the General Tobacco Hazard Proficiency Test were analyzed for n = 7,599 respondents during 2017. The knowledge and determinants of e-cigarettes exposure experience were assessed. The chi square, ANOVA test, and logistic regression were performed for inferential statistical analysis.Results: A total of 30.5% of students had seen someone trying e-cigarettes; 70.6% of the students agree or strongly agree having clear knowledge about the shape and hazards of e-cigarettes. Among the students who had e-cigarettes exposure experience, adolescent boys were more likely than female students (aOR 1.315, 95% CI 1.186–1.457), vocational high school students have the highest rate (34.3%) of the schools (aOR 1.391, 95% CI 1.253–1.543), and students who had smoking family members were higher than those without smoking family members (aOR 2.220, 95% CI 1.978–2.491). Moreover, experiencing e-cigarettes was more likely among the students who had been exposed to second-hand smoke daily (aOR 2.188, 95% CI 1.864–2.568).Conclusions: These findings underscore the need to evaluate the potential risk of e-cigarette use in adolescents, and develop effective intervention programs for e-cigarette regulation.

Real-time predictors of smoking among sexual minority and heterosexual young adults: An ecological momentary assessment study

BackgroundSexual minority young adults have higher smoking rates than the general young adult population, but reasons for this disparity are poorly understood. The current study aimed to: 1) identify real-time predictors of smoking among sexual minority and heterosexual smokers and 2) examine between-group differences in these predictors. MethodsWe conducted an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study in the San Francisco Bay Area, California in 2016-2017. Data from 84 young adult smokers (44% identified as sexual minority, including 29 bisexual and 8 gay/lesbian) with 6498 EMA assessments were analyzed. Both internal and external predictors and interaction terms between each predictor and sexual group were examined using generalized estimating equation models. ResultsCommon correlates of smoking were found for both groups (e.g., craving, absence of smoking bans, presence of other smokers, outside location, and seeing triggers). Unique factors for sexual minority smokers were being at a bar (aOR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.06–2.90) and the number of other smokers present (aOR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.04–1.20), while the presence of a smoking family member reduced the odds of smoking in this group (aOR = 0.13, 95%CI = 0.02-0.85). In interaction models, the number of other smokers exerted a greater influence on sexual minority participants compared to their heterosexual counterparts (aOR = 1.10, 95%CI = 1.01–1.20), while craving (aOR = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.75-0.93) and presence of a smoking family member (aOR = 0.11, 95%CI = 0.01-0.82) had weaker influences. ConclusionsOur study highlights unique situational factors associated with smoking among sexual minority young adults and differences in these factors by sexual identity. Future interventions targeting sexual minorities should address bar attendance and specific triggers.

Berbagai Faktor Risiko Kejadian Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR) (Studi di Beberapa Puskesmas Kota Makassar)

Background: Low-birth-weight (LBW) as community health problem have remained as the main cause of prenatal morbidity and mortality. In Indonesia, the occurrence rate of LBW has reached 10,2%. LBW has caused by multifactors such as maternal factor, fetus factor, and environmental factor. The aim of the study was to elaborate if maternal factor and environmental factor are the risk factors contributing to LBW occurrence.Method: The study was based on case control design. The number of samples was 138 respondents who were categorized into 69 cases and 69 controls fulfilling the criteria of inclusion and exclusion. The cases were mothers with babies having birth weight &lt;2500 grams regarding the gestational age, and the controls were mothers with babies having birth weight ≥2500 grams regarding the gestational age. Sampling method to the cases was conducted by consecutive sampling while sampling to the controls was conducted by simple random sampling with matching to sex and location.Results: Maternal factors observed as risk factors contributing to LBW are low nutritional status (OR=5.357; 95%CI=1.985-14.457), illness pregnancy (OR=3.976; 95%CI=1.669-9.476). Maternal factors and environmental factors observed as non-risk factors to LBWN are age &lt; 20 years old or age &gt; 35 years, the spacing of pregnancy &lt; 2 years, the of family members smoking at home, the of a food taboos culture, ANC status &lt; 4x , low social economy status.Conclusion: Low nutritional status, illness pregnancy are risk factors contributing to LBW occurrence. The probability of LBW occurrence when those risk factors observed are 68,87%.