Family Line Research Articles

Analysis of a Familial IgAN Accompanied by COL4A3 Mutation.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the prevailing primary glomerulonephritis globally and is the key factor contributing to the onset of chronic kidney disease and eventual progression to end-stage renal disease. This study aims to explore the mutated gene in a familial case of IgAN, especially COL4A3. Family lineages diagnosed with familial IgAN at the Longyan First Hospital of Fujian Medical University were selected for this study, followed by comprehensive whole exome sequencing. After obtaining the sequencing data, bioinformatics analyses were conducted to discern potential mutated genes. These findings within the familial lineages were validated using Sanger sequencing to identify IgAN-associated mutated genes, based on literature references and in accordance with the genetic variation classification criteria determined by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Whole exome sequencing analysis of familial IgAN family lineages led to the identification of a total of 212,187 single nucleotide variant/insertion-deletion mutation sites, annotated using ANNOVAR. These sites were screened targeting four mutated genes, revealing three mutations of undetermined significance along with a single disease-causing mutation: a heterozygous disease-causing mutation within COL4A3 (p.G1167R). This mutation manifested across seven family members within the group, encompassing both family members diagnosed with kidney disease and those serving as normal carriers. Notably, one additional family member with IgAN within the familial lineage exhibited an absence of the pathogenic mutation. This study identified four mutated genes that may be involved in the onset and progression of IgAN, further revealing the complex multigenic inheritance characteristics of IgAN. The underlying mechanisms of the disease require further investigation. Additionally, we discovered potential mutations associated with known genetic kidney diseases, such as COL4A3 mutations. Therefore, we recommend comprehensive genetic screening in familial cases of IgAN to improve disease diagnosis and facilitate genetic counseling.

The Unthinkable Conclusion: Derek Parfit's Budding Antinatalism.

Derek Parfit famously opined that causing a person to exist with a life barely worth living can be wrong, although it is not wrong for that person. This conundrum is known as the nonidentity problem. Parfit also held that persons can, in a morally relevant sense, be caused to exist in the distant future by actions that make the agent a necessary condition for a person's existence. When these views are combined, which he did, and applied explicitly to persons with a life not worth living, which he did not, an interesting conditional conclusion can be drawn. If every family line eventually produces a person with a life not worth living, and if causing that person to exist cannot be justified by the benefits befalling others in the family line, it is always wrong to have children. Parfit did not draw this antinatalist conclusion, but an analysis of his introduction of the nonidentity problem shows that he could have. Since Parfit's other views on population ethics continue to be discussed with relative respect, it stands to reason that the antinatalist position should be no exception. Right or wrong, it has its legitimate place in considerations concerning the future of reproduction.

Examining the Concept of Reincarnation in African Indigenous Religion Through the Lens of Pentecostal Eschatology

Reincarnation is the belief in ongoing birth and rebirth. The philosophy of African Traditional Religion centres on birth and rebirth, where previous life quality affects both. Infants are seen as resemble deceased grandparents, implying they may be reincarnated. This interpretation assumes that the departed ancestor lived a morally virtuous life and died at an advanced age to qualify for reincarnation in the family lineage. Conversely, a family member is hesitant to associate with someone who has lived a morally repugnant life. The aforementioned intellectual construct is related to Christian eschatology. Thus, eschatology and reincarnation must be thoroughly examined. This paper explains the similarities between African Traditional Religion and Pentecostal eschatology and sheds light on African philosophy. This study examines reincarnation in African indigenous religion through Pentecostal eschatology. The relationship between these two belief systems is examined to determine their similarities, differences, and potential effects on religious understanding and practices. The study employed a qualitative methodology, strictly descriptive analytical perspective and concludes that African indigenous religion and Pentecostal eschatology affect people's beliefs about the afterlife and spirituality. The study further shed light on religious syncretism, amalgamation, and how multiple belief systems interact within African spirituality.

Reclaiming Narratives - Muslim Women Navigating Activism in Educational Research Implications and Recommendations for Educators

This chapter delves into the intricate dynamics of activism within educational research within the context of resistance and justice within settler-colonial states from Turtle Island and beyond. Drawing inspiration from Eve Tuck's (2010) concept of shifting from damage-centered research to desire-based research and Sara Ahmed's (2010) work on embodying what it means to be a killjoy, we endeavour to confront and address prevailing tensions we face as visibly identified Muslim women researchers and educators. We position ourselves to navigate the complexities of our lived experiences and advocate for justice in the current climate. We come together from Pakistani and Palestinian familial lineages to share our lived experiences and specific testimonies of ‘othering’ in educational research and activism. Using an anti-colonial and desire-based framework, we explore the framing and tensions of Orientalism and the struggle against it. We also contemplate our identities, positionalities and stances within educational research. Drawing strength from Indigenous cultures and Islamic philosophies, we seek to advocate for disruption, refusal and subversion, essential to activist research. We conclude with implications for educators, universities, researchers, schools, communities, and beyond. We aim to illuminate the paths we navigate as activist researchers, harnessing our collective experiences and reframing the research approach through a desire-based approach.

‘Marriage is like Gambling’: Interpreting and Narrating Stories of Hakka Chinese Indonesians’ Marriage Migration

ABSTRACT This article examines the stories of marriages between ethnic Hakka Chinese women from Singkawang, Indonesia and men in Taiwan. Initially, Indonesians described marriage as an opportunity to achieve a better life, whereas Taiwanese saw a ‘foreign spouse’ as the means to fulfil caring duties and carry on family lines. Marriage from Singkawang to Taiwan was a normative practice shaped by cultural, sociopolitical, and economic conditions, which peaked in number in the early 21st century. Yet these marriages rapidly declined in number after 2010, as Indonesia’s economy improved, and as attitudes changed when returning women told stories of failed marriages and abusive spouses and in-laws in Taiwan. Analysis of stories collected from more than 100 participants in Singkawang shows how participants interpreted ‘good’ and ‘bad’ marriages via an adaptive and malleable folk theory of fate and luck. Hence, parents can narrate themselves as passive, ill-fated participants not responsible when their daughters’ marriages turn bad. Or a woman can say that it is her fate to ‘try’ marriage and narrate herself as having agency when making decisions that test her luck. Therefore, this study deepens and enriches our understanding of the complexities and enduring impacts of marriage migration as experienced across time in Asia.

Multiple Localization Analysis of the Major QTL-sfw 2.2 for Controlling Single Fruit Weight Traits in Melon Based on SLAF Sequencing.

Cucumis melo is an annual dicotyledonous trailing herb. It is fruity, cool, and refreshing to eat and is widely loved by consumers worldwide. The single fruit weight is an important factor affecting the yield, and thus the income and economic benefits, of melon crops. In this study, to identify the main QTLs (quantitative trait locus) controlling the single fruit weight of melon and thereby identify candidate genes controlling this trait, specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF) analysis was performed on the offspring of female 1244 plants crossed with male MS-5 plants. A total of 115 individual plants in the melon F2 population were analyzed to construct a genetic linkage map with a total map distance of 1383.88 cM by the group in the early stages of the project, which was divided into 12 linkage groups with a total of 10,596 SLAF markers spaced at an average genetic distance of 0.13 cM. A total of six QTLs controlling single fruit weight (sfw loci) were detected. Seven pairs of markers with polymorphisms were obtained by screening candidate intervals from the SLAF data. The primary QTL sfw2.2 was further studied in 300 F2:3 family lines grown in 2020 and 2021, respectively, a positioning sfw2.2 between the markers CY Indel 11 and CY Indel 16, between 18,568,142 and 18,704,724 on chromosome 2. This interval contained 136.58 kb and included three genes with functional annotations, MELO3C029673, MELO3C029669, and MELO3C029674. Gene expression information for different fruit development stages was obtained from 1244 and MS-5 fruits on the 15d, 25d, and 35d after pollination, and qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription-PCR) indicated that the expression of the MELO3C029669 gene significantly differed between the parents during the three periods. The gene sequences between the parents of MELO3C029669 were analyzed and compared, a base mutation was found to occur in the intronic interval between the parents of the gene, from A-G. Phylogenetic evolutionary tree analysis revealed that the candidate gene MELO3C029669 is most closely related to Pisum sativum Fimbrin-5 variant 2 and most distantly related to Cucumis melo var. makuwa. Therefore, it was hypothesized that MELO3C029669 is the primary major locus controlling single fruit weight in melon. These results not only provide a theoretical basis for further studies to find genes with functions in melon single fruit weight but also lay the foundation for accelerating breakthroughs and innovations in melon breeding.

Genetic Structure and Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Growth and Reproductive Traits in Fengjing Pigs.

The Fengjing pig is one of the local pig breed resources in China and has many excellent germplasm characteristics. However, research on its genome is lacking. To explore the degree of genetic diversity of the Fengjing pig and to deeply explore its excellent traits, this study took Fengjing pigs as the research object and used the Beadchip Array Infinium iSelect-96|XT KPS_PorcineBreedingChipV2 for genotyping. We analyzed the genetic diversity, relatedness, inbreeding coefficient, and population structure within the Fengjing pig population. Our findings revealed that the proportion of polymorphic markers (PN) was 0.469, and the effective population size was 6.8. The observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.301 and 0.287, respectively. The G-matrix results indicated moderate relatedness within the population, with certain individuals exhibiting closer genetic relationships. The NJ evolutionary tree classified Fengjing boars into five family lines. The average inbreeding coefficient based on ROH was 0.318, indicating a high level of inbreeding. GWAS identified twenty SNPs significantly associated with growth traits (WW, 2W, and 4W) and reproductive traits (TNB and AWB). Notably, WNT8B, RAD21, and HAO1 emerged as candidate genes influencing 2W, 4W, and TNB, respectively. Genes such as WNT8B were verified by querying the PigBiobank database. In conclusion, this study provides a foundational reference for the conservation and utilization of Fengjing pig germplasm resources and offers insights for future molecular breeding efforts in Fengjing pigs.

Benefits of osimertinib treat a lung adenocarcinoma patient with germline EGFR T790M, somatic EGFR 19-Del, TP53 and PIK3CA mutations

BackgroundSomatic mutations in the EGFR gene occur in about 50% of non-small cell lung cancers, with the T790M mutation significantly contributing to secondary resistance against EGFR-TKI drugs. However, EGFR T790M germline mutations rarely occur.Case presentationIn this study, we report a case of a lung adenocarcinoma family lineage linked to a germline EGFR T790M mutation. The main subject was diagnosed with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma and experienced a 19-month period without disease progression while treated with Osimertinib. We collected both clinicopathological and familial data from a patient with lung adenocarcinoma. Next-generation sequencing of 40 key genes was performed on the proband’s tumor tissue. To detect EGFR germline mutations, Sanger sequencing was conducted on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the proband and his two daughters. Mutations such as EGFR T790M, EGFR 19-Del, TP53, and PIK3CA were identified in the proband’s lung cancer tissue. Additionally, germline EGFR T790M mutations were confirmed in the proband and his daughters through sequencing of their peripheral blood samples. CT scans revealed multiple pulmonary nodules in both daughters.ConclusionsThese observations suggest that germline mutations in EGFR T790M could be strongly linked to a familial predisposition to lung cancer.

Four mutations identified in Chinese families with autosomal dominant congenital cataracts by next-generation sequencing.

Congenital cataracts, which can arise due to a combination of factors like environmental influences and genetic predisposition, significantly impact children's visual health globally. The occurrence rate of congenital cataracts varies from 0. 63 to 9.74 per 10,000 births. There are 7.4 instances per 10,000 children, with the highest occurrence seen in Asia. Symptoms of the disease include clouding of the lens and visual impairment. Timely identification of the condition plays a crucial role in the management and outlook of pediatric patients. This investigation aimed to discover causative mutations in four separate Chinese family lineages. The detailed clinical data and family history of four Chinese families with autosomal dominant congenital cataracts were carefully documented. Examination of the Whole Exome Sequencing was utilized to identify the genetic anomalies present in the familial cases. Subsequent validation of the identified mutations was carried out using PCR and Sanger sequencing. Following this, various computational predictive programs were utilized to evaluate how the mutations impact the structure and function of the protein. The sequencing results reveal four potential disease-causing mutations: c.436G > A (p.V146M) of CRYBB2 Family 1, c.26G > T (p.R9I) of GJA3 in family 2, c.227G > A (p.R76H) of GJA8 in family 3, c.-168G > T of FTL in family 4. Among them, the causative mutation in Family GJA3 is novel, and Family FTL is a rare cataract syndrome. These familial mutations showed complete co-segregation with the affected individuals, with no presence in unaffected family members or the 100 controls. Several bioinformatic prediction tools also support the likely pathogenicity of these mutations. Our findings expand the mutational and phenotypic spectrum of genes associated with congenital cataracts and provide clues to the pathogenesis of congenital cataracts. These data also demonstrate the importance of NGS technology for the molecular diagnosis of congenital cataract patients.

Job insecurity and fertility: Evidence from massive lay-offs in urban China

We exploit a staggered reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the late 1990s in China to provide plausibly causal evidence that job insecurity has a first-order impact on fertility. Prior to the reform, unemployment rates were low and job security for SOE workers paralleled that of government employees. Post-reform, numerous SOE employees were laid off and their contracts were no longer permanent, but government employees continued to enjoy high levels of job security. We find that the reform caused SOE employees who retained their positions to delay having their first child by 0.718 years. The spillover effects are sizable: employees in the untargeted private sector delay starting a family by 0.387 years. Despite the importance of family lineage in China at the time, our findings indicate that the fertility response transcended mere birth timing adjustments, and decreased couples’ likelihood of having children. Specifically, the reform initially reduced the number of births by 8.4 % in the short run and had a more pronounced long-term effect on completed fertility at age 45.

Rodbina Apfaltrer v srednjem veku Začetki rodu in vzpon rojske linije

The paper in two parts constitutes the first attempt at providing a comprehensive and primary source-based discussion of the Apfaltrers’ medieval history. Throughout its nearly seven centuries-long existence, the family had an important bearing on the destiny of Slovenian territory and left an indelible mark on it. It had the closest affiliation with the former province of Carniola, whence it also spread to Styria very early on. Its modest beginnings in the ranks of the Spanheims’ ministerial nobility were followed by a gradual social ascendancy, which, from the fifteenth century onwards, enabled the Apfaltrers to form part of the Carniolan noble elite. In spite of not attaining the highest offices in the provincial princely administration during the Middle Ages, members of the family played an important role at local level. Even though the family’s genealogical composition is not entirely clear, it is possible to recognize the existence of two main lines at least from the mid-fourteenth century onwards. The first part of the paper deals with the beginnings of the family and the Roje family line.

Generation of two familial hypercholesterolemia patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell lines harboring heterozygous mutations in the LDLR gene

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder affecting the metabolism of lipoprotein, characterized by elevated levels of plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC). The most common FH cause is mutations within the gene that encodes for the LDL receptor (LDLR) protein. Two induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines were generated from patients with FH, each carrying a single heterozygous mutation in the LDLR gene, one is a missense mutation, c.631C > T, and the other is a splice-site mutation, c.313 + 1G > A. Both iPSC lines exhibited strong expression of pluripotency markers, demonstrated the ability to differentiate into derivatives of the three germ layers, and maintained normal karyotypes. These derived iPSC lines represent powerful tools for in vitro modeling FH and offer a promising platform for therapeutic development.

Whole-Genome Sequencing Identified a Novel Mutation in the N-Terminal Domain of KIF5A in Chinese Patients with Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive damage to both upper and lower motor neurons. Genetic factors are known to play a crucial role in ALS, as genetic studies not only advance our comprehension of disease mechanisms but also help unravel the complex phenotypes exhibited by patients. To gain further insights into the genetic landscape of ALS in the Chinese population and explore genotype-phenotype correlations among individuals, we conducted whole-genome sequencing to screen genes in 34 Chinese familial ALS (FALS) probands lacking the most common ALS-associated genes. Within this cohort, we identified a rare heterozygous missense mutation in the N-terminal domain of KIF5A (c.86A>G) in one of the probands. This finding is significant as mutations in the KIF5A gene have been implicated in ALS in European cohorts since 2018, predominantly characterized by C-terminal mutations. Analysis of the clinical phenotype within this familial lineage revealed a delayed onset of symptoms, an extended survival duration, and initial manifestations in both upper limbs. These observations underscore the clinical heterogeneity observed in ALS patients harboring KIF5A mutations. In conclusion, our study contributes to the growing body of evidence linking KIF5A to ALS and enhances our understanding of the intricate genetic landscape of this disease.

Child Adoption and Conflicts of Jurisdiction: A Comparative Analysis of the Public Court and the Islamic Court of Surakarta

The adoption of Muslim children is one of the familial issues in Indonesia. At the law level, the Indonesian law authorizes two judicial institutions, namely Islamic and public courts, to handle the case. Here, conflicts of jurisdiction occur obviously and, as a consequence, the parties have the choice to decide which court to request based on their wishes. This article answers the question of why and what the consequences of conflicts of jurisdiction are in the case of the adoption of Muslim children? The study found that two judicial institutions both accepted and examined cases of the adoption of Muslim children. However, there is a difference in the legal consequences. If the adopted child is to be treated as a biological child and can inherit, the application is filed to a public court. On the contrary, if the child is to be maintained, it is an Islamic court that judges. In the case of family lineage (nasab), both the courts do not break the ties of the adopted child with his/her biological parents, including the right of guardianship.

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of WSSV-Challenged Penaeus vannamei with Variable Resistance Levels.

The Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, is highly susceptible to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Our study explored the transcriptomic responses of P. vannamei from resistant and susceptible families, uncovering distinct expression patterns after WSSV infection. The analysis revealed a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the susceptible family following WSSV infection compared to the resistant family, when both were evaluated against their respective control groups, indicating that the host resistance of the family line influences the transcriptome. The results also showed that subsequent to an identical duration following WSSV infection, there were more DEGs in P. vannamei with a high viral load than in those with a low viral load. To identify common transcriptomic responses, we profiled DEGs across families at 96 and 228 h post-infection (hpi). The analysis yielded 64 up-regulated and 37 down-regulated DEGs at 96 hpi, with 33 up-regulated and 34 down-regulated DEGs at 228 hpi, showcasing the dynamics of the transcriptomic response over time. Real-time RT-PCR assays confirmed significant DEG expression changes post-infection. Our results offer new insights into shrimp's molecular defense mechanisms against WSSV.

A glimpse into the multifaceted life of Pandit Kabiraj Dr. Ananta Tripathy Sharma

Abstract The life and contributions of Pandit Kabiraj Dr. Ananta Tripathy Sharma, a luminary in the field of Ayurveda, unfold in a multifaceted narrative that encompasses his ancestral roots, educational journey, professional achievements, political endeavors, and enduring legacy. Born on February 10, 1905, in Jagannathapur Sasana, Odisha, Pandit Kabiraj Dr. Ananta Tripathy Sharma’s family lineage, deeply entrenched in Ayurvedic traditions, guided him toward a career dedicated to ancient healing art. In his early years, influenced by his grandfather, Pandit Kabiraj Dr. Ananta Tripathy Sharma’s commitment to Ayurveda became the cornerstone of his professional journey. His academic pursuits began in Sanskrit and culminated in the prestigious “Sahitya Shiromani” degree in 1925. However, it was his later immersion in Ayurveda that defined the trajectory of his life. Beyond academic achievements, Pandit Kabiraj Dr. Ananta Tripathy Sharma ventured into social reform, notably challenging the prevalent practice of child marriage. His collaboration with like-minded individuals led to the formation of the Sanskaraka group, advocating against early marriage for girls. Post-independence, their efforts bore fruit, contributing to the repeal of the Sarada Act 1929. His commitment to making Ayurveda accessible led to the establishment of dispensaries in different parts of Odisha and the expansion of the “Bheshaja Mandir,” a pharmacy established by him. His foray into politics, driven by a commitment to Ayurveda, saw him elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly and later as a Member of Parliament, where he championed the cause of Ayurveda at both state and national levels. A significant chapter in his legacy unfolded with the establishment of the Kaviraj Ananta Tripathy Sharma Ayurveda College and Hospital in Brahmapur. Driven by his unwavering commitment, he overcame challenges to realize his vision and the institution stands as a living tribute to his dedication to Ayurveda. His literary pursuits included impactful books in both Sanskrit and Odia, reflecting his versatile talents. Awards and distinctions adorned his illustrious career, recognizing his expertise in Ayurveda and literature. His principles, deeply rooted in Dharma, guided his approach to healing, emphasizing the importance of treating rich and poor patients alike. In his later years, despite his poor vision, Pandit Kabiraj Dr. Ananta Tripathy Sharma persisted in translating Ayurvedic texts for the benefit of future generations.

Ancient DNA traces family lines and political shifts in the Avar empire.

Ancient DNA traces family lines and political shifts in the Avar empire.

‘Surviving and thriving’: intersectional stigma and resilience of dual minority identities among Chinese gay and bisexual men living with HIV

Intersectionality has facilitated an understanding of the complexities of the adversities and challenges faced by individuals with multiple disadvantaged identities, including gay and bisexual men living with HIV. This study used deficiency- and empowerment-based perspectives together with an intersectionality lens to examine the intersections between sexuality minority and HIV-related stigma and resilience, as well as their compound effects on Chinese gay and bisexual men living with HIV. We conducted in-depth interviews with 21 gay and bisexual men living with HIV in Shenzhen, identifying two overarching themes and six subthemes in the provided accounts via thematic analysis. The theme of ‘Interplay between Minority Identities’ comprised aggravating effects and alleviating effects at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, community and structural levels. The theme of ‘Compound Impact of Intersecting Identities’ was contributed to by the subthemes ‘the pressure to continue family lineage’, ‘persistent health concerns’, ‘financial concerns’, and ‘heightened psychological distress and resilience’. Integrating deficiency and empowerment perspectives, our findings highlight the importance of addressing intersectional stigma and identifying resilience resources to empower Chinese gay and bisexual men living with HIV to thrive amidst compounded adversities. Findings have implications for future intersectional research and intervention practice, especially in fostering resilience within the context of intersectional stigma.

Development of polymorphic simple sequences repeats markers from whole gene resequencing data comparison of 68 Oncorhynchus mykiss

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a significant cold-water fish farmed in China. Currently, most molecular marker-assisted breeding applications in rainbow trout rely on SSR markers. Although many rainbow trout SSR markers have been developed, methods for mining many polymorphic SSR markers from the genome and identifying them efficiently and rapidly are still lacking. For this reason, this study used in silico simulation method to rapidly develop a large number of polymorphic SSR markers quickly. A total of 354,613 SSR loci with two to six nucleotide repeat motifs were mined from 32 chromosomes of the rainbow trout reference genome using GMATA. The chromosome sequences of the reference genome were then aligned to the whole genome sequencing data (10×) of 68 rainbow trout samples. In silico genotyping was performed using the HipSTR programme to compare and count the variation in the number of repeats of the motifs of the SSR loci in the samples. The loci with high deletion rates and monomorphism were discarded, while those with more than one non-reference allele were kept. The final set of polymorphic SSR loci screened was 78,828. Finally, 4,821 SSR loci were selected with more than 3 alleles and no deletion in all rainbow trout samples and were physically mapped. The average polymorphic information content of these loci was 0.692, indicating high levels of polymorphism. These SSRs were utilized to analyse the genetic diversity and population structure of the 68 rainbow trout samples. The results showed that these 68 samples were divided into two groups. These newly discovered polymorphic SSR markers will provide valuable information for evaluating the construction of rainbow trout family lines for genetic diversity and improvement.

A Survey on Attitude of Gond Tribe Towards Marriage

Marriage is an important personal and social affair. A research was conducted to study attitude of Gond tribe towards marriage. Sample size was 20. Data collected from 20 persons of marriageable age, those between 15 and 35, were interviewed. Some were interviewed twice or thrice. It consisted of both open-ended and close-ended questions. The samples comprised of the tribal girls living in Keonjhar district of Odisha at the time of research. Non-random convenience sampling method was used. Some themes were identified on why people marry. For current generation, marriage is needed to show lavishness where, rituals are considered as secondary and there is inter- caste marriages also. Most are in favour of marriage as they want to be independent, due to their own wish, for family lineage, and also get support for their own family. Some are not in favour of doing marriage as they don’t belief in marriage, want to remain alone the entire life and also want to remain with their parents. The intention, beliefs and feelings of participants about marriage have been inquired to know the conative, cognitive and affective components of attitude.