Family Life Cycle Research Articles

The parental pay gap over the life cycle: Children, jobs, and labor supply

Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we estimate three earning gaps: the “motherhood penalty,” the “price of being female,” and the “fatherhood premium.” When added together these three produce the “parental gender gap,” defined as the difference in earnings between mothers and fathers. We estimate (log) earnings gaps for college graduates born around 1960 using longitudinal data from the NLSY79 and from the LEHD-Census that track respondents from their twenties to their fifties. As the children grow up and as women work more hours, the motherhood penalty is greatly reduced. But women, especially mothers, seem willing throughout their working lives to trade lower pay for various amenities, such as working in firms with management practices that are less penalizing of career interruptions or of shorter work schedules. Fathers, however, manage to expand their relative earnings gains as their children age, particularly among those working in time-intensive jobs, irrespective of work hours or firm fixed effects. The parental gender gap in earnings remains substantial over the family lifecycle.

Research on Opening Design Guidelines for Zero-Energy House Based on the Family Life Cycle

Research on Opening Design Guidelines for Zero-Energy House Based on the Family Life Cycle

Pengisian Family Folder Untuk Optimalisasi Kegiatan Home Visit Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II

The existence of health services that are accessible, good quality, and answer the needs of community can improve public health. One of the programs provided by health center to resolve patient problems is the Home Visit. During the home visit, various accurate and up-to-date data will be obtained regarding the health condition of patients and family members, environmental conditions around the house, and relationships between family members. One of the supporting instruments that can be used for home visit as an effort to optimize health services is the availability of medical records in the form of a family folder. Community service activities carried out in the form of home visits to one patient with Type II Diabetes Mellitus in the working area of the Jeulingke Health Centre. Home visit activities to the preparation of reports are supervised by supervisors from the Family Medicine Department of the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh. Home visits were carried out twice in one family. The aims are to evaluate treatment, obtain more information about the health condition of patient and family, patient-family relationship, living conditions to the environmental conditions around the patient and family members who live with the patient. Home visit activities are complemented by completing the family assessment tools which consists of a genogram, family life cycle, family map, family APGAR, family SCREEM and family life line.

Developing systemic therapies in a specialist perinatal mental health service using an attachment narrative therapy approach

This paper describes the development of systemic therapies in a Specialist Perinatal Mental Health Service (SPMHS) that developed Attachment Narrative Therapy (ANT) specifically for families in the perinatal stage of the family life cycle. ANT offers a good fit in the perinatal period, integrating systemic family therapy, narrative therapy, and attachment theory. From pregnancy to the child being two is a family life cycle stage of great change and reorganisation. This involves opportunities and challenges for attachments and relationships between parents, the baby and wider family/carers. Attending to cross-generational narratives and attachments are important in ensuring the perinatal stage is navigated successfully. Peri-ANT, a semi-structured version of ANT, was developed as a manualised approach. It can be flexibly adapted to the unique circumstances of each family. The paper describes the perinatal context, service needs and priorities, and the development of Peri-ANT including construction of the manual and how it was delivered.

Patterns of peasant way of life in Tobolsk province in the second half of the XIXth century (on the materials of N.N. Mataev’s personal archive)

The goal of the research is to analyze the specifics of the everyday life of old-timer peasants of Tobolsk province on the basis of information collected during ethnographic fieldwork in the Tyumen region. On the basis of the involved narrative sources, such as personal diaries, memoirs, biographies and retelling of ancestral memories of the hereditary peasant N.N. Mataev, marital behavior, child-parent relations, interaction between family members in and out of the home lifehave been studied, the level of child mortality and birth rate have been analyzed, and the cultural specifics of everyday life of several generations of one family have been revealed. The collected records in the form of interviews, diaries and memoirs refer to the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, i.e. to the period of active changes and transformations in the way of life of the peasant village in Russia, which determines the relevance of the research, because a thorough study of the identity of the Siberian sub-ethnos allows us to find differences in the consequences of these transformations and understand the history of Western Siberia. The principle of historicism and the civilizational approach applied allow us to observe the stages of development of new forms of family structure and the transformation of peasant life as a result of modernization. The studied ethnographic materials allow to present more fully the picture of peasant everyday life and to draw conclusions about the specific features of the life cycle of the traditional patriarchal peasant family and the community of old residents of Tobolsk province.

Residents’ future residential preference and its affecting factors in the rapid urbanization zone of rural China from a family life cycle perspective

Understanding farmers’ future residential preferences and the factors affecting these choices is crucial for tackling the issues related to hollow village management and rural planning. Despite limited research on the role of the family life cycle, this study explores how the family life cycle, characteristics of the household head, livelihood strategies, and resource availability shape farmers’ future residential preferences. Data were collected from 777 households in China’s main grain-producing area. The findings reveal that 52.90% of households prefer to stay in their current rural residences. Other favored options are elderly care facilities (13.90%), living with children in the village (12.36%), and ancestral homes (11.68%). The family life cycle significantly affects these preferences (p < 0.01), with changes in family structure and age leading to different living choices. Specifically, households in the initial (71.29%), burden (70.32%), and stable stages (40.14%) prefer their current rural residences, while those in the maintenance and empty-nest stages opt for living with their children’s residences (22.22% and 16.96%, respectively) or in elderly care facilities (30.00% and 33.93%). Meanwhile, age, health, income, livelihood strategies, and land ownership also markedly influence the choice of residence. Recommendations include educational programs for elderly rural residents, improving older individuals’ adaptability to rural changes, creating more rural employment opportunities, and enhancing medical and infrastructural services for the sustainable rural development.

Effects of family life cycle events on individual Body Mass Index trajectories: Evidence from China.

Body mass index (BMI) is an important predictor of one's physiological health. China is a family-centric nation compared to Western societies and has already entered an aged society. Exploring the characteristics and patterns of BMI changes during household events in China provides critical insights into the biological and social determinants of health, which can help enhance the scientific validity of health promotion measures and contribute to the realization of healthy aging goals in China. Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1993 to 2015, this article utilizes two-level growth curve models with piecewise spline specifications for age to examine the effects of family life cycle events on BMI trajectories for age groups and gender differences. Compared to continuing status, experiencing transition in an individual's family life cycle could lead to more fluctuating variations in their BMI trajectories, generally, there is a faster increase in BMI during youth and a faster decline during old age. As for gender heterogeneity, males are more affected by divorce, widowhood, and empty nest, whereas females' BMI changes are influenced by entering/maintaining marriage and parenthood. A long-term perspective has revealed the significance of family events on BMI throughout the life course. Future research should focus on the nutrition and health of specific populations, especially elderly individuals in vulnerable groups.

The influence of internet use on compensation standards for coal to electricity transition among Chinese residents based on the inverted U-shaped regulation effect of family life cycle

The factors that influence residents' willingness to accept long-term compensation are largely ignored, which leads to coal-to-electricity compensation failures. The core of Internet use is a viable solution to the inefficient coal-to-electricity transition for clean energy. This study employs the Heckman two-stage model to show that the compensation standard for coal-to-electricity transition should range from 25.61 to 174.07 yuan per person. Internet use has significantly promoted the compensation amount for the coal-to-electricity transition among residents. The conclusion is consistent with the theory of “information transmission”, indicating that netizens are particularly concerned about the positive information that interferes with the clean energy subsidy standards. The propensity score match method and replacement variables ensure the stability of the research conclusion. Secondly, a subdivision of the sample has shown a significant positive impact of internet use on women in rural areas with lower education levels in northern China. The paper also found that the increase in the importance of different Internet use promotes the amount of compensation for residents' coal-to-electricity transition. The driving mechanisms behind the increase include the learning effect, transaction cost effect and marketization effect, and the family life cycle was found to exhibit an inverted “U" regulation function in the relationship. Therefore, this study provides new policies for the determinants of compensation standards for the coal-to-electricity transition with Internet use.

Interdependencies in Visiting Relatives Travel: Uncovering the Nature, Meanings, and Dynamics of Host–Guest Interactions

This study examines the role of visiting relatives (VRs) travel in enabling the interdependencies between transnational sojourners and their stay-behind family members. VRs travel is found to facilitate cross-border support exchange while preserving geographically stretched family ties. This study contributes to the theory by demonstrating that the current understanding of social exchange theory does not adequately explain the dynamics of VRs host-guest interactions, because some previously unidentified factors (e.g., felt obligation and family life cycle) also shape visiting and hosting behaviors. At a practical level, the findings help both sides better understand each other’s needs and respective roles in VRs travel. This study contributes new knowledge to the field of tourism planning and management, by revealing motives and patterns that lie behind VRs travel, while suggesting that the VRs travel market is more diverse than it seems to be, as parent and non-parent visitors tend to have different expectations of hosting.

Integrating Genograms and Expanded Family Development Theory in an Application Project for a Family Science Course

This paper describes an innovative approach to teaching about family development over the life course through an application project and assesses its effectiveness in student learning. The integration of genograms and expanded family development theory (FDT) into one project aims to provide an engaging and useful structure for the assignment and promote the inclusion of diverse families. In this assignment, students (1) create their family genogram and (2) write an accompanying paper to identify and apply the FDT stages and developmental tasks to each generation of their family. Assessment results demonstrate that this project provided students with a practical opportunity to apply theoretical course content to diverse, real-life families and helped to recognize family trends across generations. Students appreciated the hands-on learning experience and opportunity for self-reflection, which promoted engagement with course materials. Incorporating genograms and the expanding family life cycle helps to overcome the limitations of the original FDT by being inclusive of all families, thus contributing to more effective preparation of competent professionals.

The Dueling Ambitions of High Achieving Women: A Family Development Pilot Case Study

At some point prior to their children turning 18, roughly 70% of mothers will hold the position of breadwinner in their family. The increasing number of breadwinning mothers is reflective of the shifting roles of women in families. Although a family role shift is evident for mothers, the centrality of women in the development of families across the lifespan remains unchanged. The centrality of mothers to family development is obvious in the family life cycle. Embedded in the traditional family structure, the family life cycle is a commonly used assessment model for family lifespan development despite its incongruence with professional counseling ethics and curriculum standards. The incongruence highlights the need for a family development model appropriate for diverse family structures. Therefore, a pilot case study approach guided this study as an initial exploration into the family development of high achieving women. An in-depth semi-structured interview with a single participant was conducted and then analyzed using a phenomenological approach. Four themes emerged from the participant's experience: self-efficacy and hustle, supportive relationships, resources used, and barriers faced. The findings from this study demonstrated a clear need for additional research. Additionally, the researcher recommends that counselor educators and family counselors should be cautious in their utilization of existing family development assessment models with diverse families.

Foster parenting in old age as a crisis. Baseline hope, generalised self-efficacy, and positive orientation of foster parents in late adulthood

The article presents the results of own research presenting differences in the level of basic hope, the sense of generalized self-efficacy and positive orientation depending on the function of a foster parent for one’s grandchildren. For this purpose, the Basic Hope Questionnaire (BHI-12), the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Positive Orientation Scale (P Scale) and the self-survey were used. 160 people took part in the study. The study group consisted of 80 foster parents in late adulthood. The control group consisted of 80 elderly people who did not perform this function.&#x0D; Statistical analysis showed statistically significant differences in the level of all the studied variables. It turned out that foster parents are characterized by a higher level of basic hope (this effect is strong), a higher level of a sense of generalized self-efficacy, and a lower level of positive orientation. In the case of the last variable, the effect was very strong. On this basis, it can be concluded that elderly people acting as foster parents, in the situation of a crisis occurring in the family, consisting in the disintegration of the previous way of its functioning, having a sense of agency and conviction that it is possible to build a new order, i.e. a strong basic hope, decide to take over the care of their grandchildren. At the same time, the results of research in the field of positive orientation indicate that it is a difficult situation for them related to the experience of lower satisfaction with themselves and their lives.&#x0D; Surrogate parenting in late adulthood has been shown as a difficult situation in which the family and human life cycle are disrupted. The psychological situation of elderly people acting as foster parents for their grandchildren is particularly interesting, because the natural developmental crisis resulting from the aging process is superimposed by an additional situational crisis consisting in the loss of the care of the biological parents by the minors and the assumption of this responsibility by the grandparents

The Ackerman Institute: a journey of culture and diversity over six decades. A conversation with Evan Imber‐Black

AbstractThe Ackerman Institute for the Family, established in 1960 by Dr Nathan Ackerman, stands as one of the oldest and most respected family therapy institutes in the United States. Ackerman pioneered the integration of systemic insights into group settings, emphasised the crucial role of family in therapy, and advocated for the advancement and acceptance of family therapy. ‘The Ackerman’ played a pivotal role in launching Family Process, the first journal dedicated to academic activities in family therapy. Diversity and inclusion have been central tenets of Ackerman philosophy, evident in its programs, training courses, and staff composition. This commitment has produced a veritable cadre of family therapy leaders who have contributed significantly to both the Ackerman Institute and the profession, influencing policy decisions and clinical practices. One of the most esteemed and respected thought leaders and innovators of our field, who played a vital role in the legacy of several institutions, including the Ackerman, is Dr. Evan Imber‐Black. She served as a long‐time faculty member and director of the Ackerman Center for Families and Health. Her expertise encompasses the exploration of family rituals and family secrets, with a focus on the importance of rituals in providing meaning, identity, and connection across diverse cultures and family life cycles. As editor of Family Process for 8 years, she highlights the importance of examining scholarly work in the context of cultures as a requirement – we do not stand outside the culture – we are active participants. This paper is based on a conversation with Dr Evan Imber‐Black, held in June 2023, delving into her personal and professional experiences, her connection to the Ackerman Institute, and her influential work on family rituals and secrets. Through this exploration, the paper sheds light on her commitment to diversity and the lasting impact of Dr Imber‐Black's contributions to family therapy.

Determiners of Family Life Cycle as a Demographic Segmentation Practices on Consumer Choice of Ready to Wear Clothes in Kenya

The family life cycle can be defined as the series of stages typically through which most of the family progresses, with different characteristics of the stages. These characteristics are related to their demographics, Clothing companies in the fashion industry are becoming more tuned in segmenting to what their customers want and giving them what they want. In order to overcome the stiff competition ready to wear business ought to understand their market characteristics. However, there was a deficiency in information on Family life cycle as demographic segmentation practices on consumer choice. This study therefore seeks to fill the existing knowledge gap by focusing Family life cycle as demographic segmentation on consumer choice of readymade clothes. The study adopted descriptive survey design to obtain in-depth information from the respondents on the influence of family life cycle as demographic segmentation on consumer choice of the ready to wear clothes in Kenya. The study adopted Nassiuma’s (2008) formula to get the overall sample size of 83 respondents from ready to wear entrepreneurs’ businesses from the three cities in Kenya. Both closed-ended and open Questionnaire was used to collect data desirable for the study. The findings showed that the relationship between family life cycle on consumer choice of ready to wear clothes was established to be positive, and statistically significant (r = 0.563; p &lt; 0.05). This implied that family life cycle had a significant influence on consumer choice of ready to wear clothes.

The Intersection of Cross-Border Migration and the Reconciliation of Work and Family: Chinese-Speaking Immigrant Women in Australia

The Intersection of Cross-Border Migration and the Reconciliation of Work and Family: Chinese-Speaking Immigrant Women in Australia

분거부부 아내의 부부관계만족도 관련 요인: 학령기 자녀 유무에 따른 차이

This study investigated the factors related to the couple relationship satisfaction of 213 wives in commuter marriages and whether the factors differed for those with or without children in school age. Data were extracted from the 6th wave of the KLoWF. Analytic results revealed that, first, wives with school-aged children shared more time with husbands and were more satisfied with their husbands’ sharing of domestic labor and couple relationships. Second, wives with school-aged children had better couple relationships when they were in commuter marriage due to the husband’s workplace and were more satisfied with the husband’s sharing of domestic labor. Third, wives without school-aged children had higher couple relationship satisfaction when they lived apart due to the husband’s workplace, were more satisfied with the husband’s sharing of domestic labor, had traditional family values, when the husband’s income was higher than the wife, and when couples shared more time. Findings suggest that child education might have acted as a significant factor in the wives’ assessment of couple relationships, and that interventions that aims to improve couple relationships in commuter marriage should consider the family life cycle.

The Impact of Family Life Cycle on Farmers’ Living Clean Energy Adoption Behavior—Based on 1382 Farmer Survey Data in Jiangxi Province

Encouraging farmers to adopt greener and cleaner energy is crucial for reducing energy pollution and achieving carbon neutrality goals. In rural China, the decision making of farmers is often closely related to the whole family. At different stages of the family life cycle, the family has different characteristics, which leads to heterogeneity in the focus and final decision of farmers in adopting living clean energy. Therefore, this paper studies the farmers’ living clean energy adoption behavior from the perspective of the family life cycle. It is helpful to identify the different policy needs and the evolution of farmers in different stages in order to provide a reference and inspiration for encouraging the adoption of living clean energy by farmers and for promoting the development of clean energy in rural areas. Based on the survey data of 1382 farmers in Jiangxi Province, this paper uses a multiple linear regression model to explore the impact of the family life cycle on farmers’ clean energy adoption behavior. The results show the following: (1) The family life cycle has a significant impact on farmers’ living clean energy adoption behavior, which is reflected in four aspects: energy demand, livelihood strategy, health demand and support burden; (2) Awareness of environmental ecology and frequency of government promotion have significant positive effects on farmers’ living clean energy adoption behavior, while gender has significant negative effects on farmers’ clean energy adoption behavior; (3) There are also differences in the influencing factors of farmers’ living clean energy adoption behavior at different stages of the family life cycle. Therefore, when promoting clean energy in rural areas, a precise clean energy incentive mechanism should be adopted to treat families in different family life cycle stages differently.

Identifying green citizen typologies by mining household-level survey data

Some impactful but unfavorable results of rapid urbanization are human-nature disconnection, waste of energy/water resources, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. To save the future of our planet, a transition to a more sustainable urban life is a must. However, there is no single sustainable city model because cities differ in terms of their assets. Hence, locally customized sustainable actions linked to global sustainability should be developed, such as a change in individual behaviors leads to a sustainable society, city, and country. This research investigated green citizen profiles and variables affecting the profiles in the context of environmental behavior and sustainability. For this purpose, survey research was done at the household level in a metropolis in Turkey. Measurement scales about environmental concern, human-nature connections, and sustainable consumption behavior were used for collecting data. A data analysis approach was proposed as the survey dataset contains mixed-type variables. It amalgamates statistics with machine learning algorithms, namely two-stage clustering with multilayered self-organizing maps, k-medoid clustering algorithm, factor analysis, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, principal component analysis and classification and regression trees algorithm. The results reveal that (i) five distinct profiles, namely unconscious greens, risky greens, economic greens, potential greens, and wasters are identified, none of which is entirely green; (ii) district, family life-cycle, household size, number of rooms, altruistic and biocentric environmental concerns are the most critical variables in distinguishing profiles; (iii) the proposed approach enables processing socio-demographic, psychographic, behavioral and consumption variables together.

Pelayanan Komprehensif pada Pasien Anak dengan Varicella Melalui Home Visit Menggunakan Family Folder

Home visit is one of the leading health service programs carried out by the health center. Various important information can be obtained from home visit activities, information on the health of family members, relationships between family members and illnesses suffered by each family member. One of the instruments that can be used in home visit activities is the family folder which also functions as a medical record. Community service activities carried out in the form of home visits to one patient with varicella in the working area of ​​the Batoh Health Center, Lueng Bata District, Banda Aceh City. Home visit activities to the preparation of reports are supervised by supervisors from the Family Medicine Section/Department of the Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh. Home visits were carried out twice in one family. The aim is to evaluate treatment and obtain more information about the patient's health condition, next of kin to the patient's and family's living conditions. Home visit activities are complemented by completing the Family Folder instrument which consists of a genogram, family life cycle, family map, family APGAR, family SCREEM and family life line.

The Russian peasant family in the twentieth century: a structural-typological and dynamic analysis

ABSTRACT The study discusses the transformation of the peasant family in Russia in the twentieth century and focuses on the materials of the budget surveys of peasant households in the Middle Urals in 1928/1929 and in 1963. The population censuses of 1926, 1939, and 1959 allow us to compare the family structure in rural areas of the Urals diachronically and to chart the evolution of the Russian peasant family. While the Ural budget surveys reflect the national dynamics, they also bear the signs of specific regional characteristics: milder demographic effects because WOII, higher rates of urbanization in rural areas as a result of the accompanying migration processes. Our study has shown that the demographic transition in Russia was characterised by the following : a very fast, albeit belated, change in the family structure from 1920 to the 1960s; the family was affected by demographic disasters such as wars and political campaigns. As a result, the peasant family could not maintain the fertility rates at the replacement level. The structural-typological analysis and micro-level modelling of the family life cycle have demonstrated that peasant families had peculiar mechanisms of adaptation to internal and external pressures. While the life cycle of the traditional family household was largely determined by the peasant economy, in an urbanized society there were two main family types and, correspondingly, two types of the family life cycle. The reduced life cycle of the single parent family became secondary to the ‘model’ life cycle of the two parent family. Soviet modernization contributed to the transformation of ‘fragmented’ family forms into a typical version of the family landscape, not only in cities but also in rural areas.