Family Investment Research Articles

Women’s Dominance in Education: An Analysis of the Influence of Housing Price Increase on Children’s Educational Expenditure

In recent years, the topic of equality between men and women has caused hot discussion. Concerning these topics, it is more because the gender ratio in China’s education sector is being reversed, and the average education level of women has exceeded that of men. The dominance of women in the education is a global phenomenon. In the West, the mainstream view believes that this phenomenon stems from the fact that women’s educational investment can get higher returns in the labor market and the marriage market. However, this explanation neglects the role of real estate which is an important family asset. Especially in China, the sharp rise in housing prices and the rise in the proportion of female in colleges and universities are consistent in time. Therefore, the analysis of women’s educational dominance from the perspective of family housing assets is of great significance for understanding the family education investment decision-making and behavior. As for the relationship between housing assets and family education investment, previous literature has analyzed it from the perspective of borrowing constraints”. However, it is very rare for parents to mortgage their houses to commercial banks or other financial institutions to obtain education loans in China. Therefore, it is impossible that the rise of housing prices influences the educational investment of Chinese families and women’s educational dominance by the channel of relaxing the family’s borrowing constraints”. This paper argues that the real reason for women’s educational dominance in China is the potential wealth effect” of the rise of housing prices on children’s educational expenditure; however, the existence of bequest motives” infamilies with boys which inhibits the wealth effect” of housing, makes the rise of housing prices only increase the educational expenditure of families with only girls, and ultimately leads to women’s dominance in the field of education. In order to verify the above explanation, this paper uses the two-stage panel data of the China Family Finance Survey” to analyze the differential impact of the rise of housing prices on children’s educational expenditure in families with only girls and families with boys. This study finds that: First, for families with only girls, the rise in housing prices will promote the educational expenditure to the offspring through the wealth effect”. Second, the existence of bequest motives” makes giving birth to boys restrain the wealth effect” of housing on the educational expenditure of the offspring. The appreciation of the family housing could not significantly increase the educational expenditure of families with boys, which makes the female offspring receive more educational investment. This paper has the following theoretical and practical significance: First, it is the first analysis for the reason of women’s dominance in education from the perspective of the rise of housing prices and effectively extends the relevant theoretical explanations. Second, unlike the existing literature which emphasizes the role of borrowing constraints, this paper analyzes the influence of the rise of housing prices on children’s educational expenditure by the channel of wealth effect”, and deepens the understanding of the original theory. Third, it analyzes the differential impact and mechanism of rising house prices on the educational expenditure of families with only girls and families with boys, and provides constructive suggestions for the formulation and revision of relevant policies.

Pengaruh literasi keuangan, experienced regret, risk tolerance, dan motivasi pada keputusan investasi keluarga dalam perspektif masyarakat Bali

This study aims to determine the effect of financial literacy, experienced regret, risk tolerance, and motivation on family investment decisions by taking samples of 105 Balinese residents. The investment decision investigated in this study is dealt with the decision to invest the money in capital market instruments and bank accounts. The analytical method used is a quantitative method using multiple linear regressions. The data were collected using a survey of questionnaire to the respondent. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling method and then continued using convenience sampling. The results of this study indicate that risk tolerance has positive influence on investment decisions of Balinese family. Meanwhile, financial literacy, experienced regret, and motivation do not affect significantly investment decisions of Balinese family. These results imply that Balinese people consider their risk tolerance as the main factor considered in making decision whether to put the money in bank accounts or capital market instruments.

Racial and ethnic differences in student participation in private supplementary education activities

Students in the United States increasingly use private supplementary education activities (PSEAs), but research has largely overlooked how race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status may affect participation. Drawing on nationally representative data from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09), we use logistic regression models to analyze variation in 11th-grade student reports of participation, by race/ethnicity, in each of four PSEAs: (1) test preparation courses, (2) out-of-school academic instruction, (3) consulting a hired counselor, and (4) college preparation camps, as well as the total number of PSEAs. We find that minority students are more likely than White students to participate in each of the PSEAs. The higher likelihood of PSEA participation among minority students is particularly noticeable among families whose mothers do not have a bachelor's degree. We also find that the relationship between prior academic performance and PSEA participation varies across race/ethnicity, with Black and Hispanic students generally using PSEAs to “catch up” and Asian students using PSEAs to “get ahead.” Findings point to the relevance of race/ethnicity in family investment in PSEAs beyond social class and also highlight the potential implications of PSEAs for educational inequalities.

A tale of two railways and the Reuter family

Between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the influence of Baron Julius de Reuter and his famous agency, Reuters, was evident in his and his family's investments around the world. By looking at the histories of the Reuter Concession and the Greek Railway Concession, this work aims to offer insight into the international politics of certain governments and the value of news as a commodity at the time. The Reuter Concession illustrates part of the British-Russian conflict over Persia while the Greek Railway Concession demonstrates British policy toward the Ottoman Empire and Greco-Ottoman relations.

가정의 사교육비지출과 청소년 학업성적 간의 관계에서 부모양육 유형의 조절효과

가정의 사교육비지출과 청소년 학업성적 간의 관계에서 부모양육 유형의 조절효과

Does family involvement monitor external CEOs’ investment decisions?

This paper examines two closely related issues: first, the impact of a professional chief executive officer (CEO) on family investment decisions; and second, how the organizational context (family involvement and board effectiveness) interacts with the external CEO risk-bearing attitude to affect investment intensity in family firms. Using a sample composed of 103 family firms from 13 countries for the period 2008–2015, our results support the negative impact of non-family CEOs on family investment levels, especially when they are of longer tenure. However, our results note that family involvement moderates CEO risk aversion propensity, increasing the levels of investment needed to preserve socioemotional and financial goals in family firms. Therefore, this paper extends the knowledge on the determinants of investment intensity in family firms by simultaneously considering non-family CEO characteristics as well as the organizational context variables of family firms.

Is There Really a Trade-off? Family Size and Investment in Child Quality in India

We address the relationship between number of children and investment in child quality, known as Quantity-Quality (Q-Q) trade-off, for India. Using a number of investment and outcome measures, we find that the OLS estimates suggest presence of Q-Q trade-offs. In the absence of a good instrument, we apply recently developed Oster (2016) bounds and find that there is no discernible trade-offs for majority of the measures except for the years of schooling and height.

Female domestic workers strategizing via commuting long distance: New challenges and negotiations in neoliberalizing Turkey

• Urban sprawl by the neoliberal logic led to FDWs’ long-distance commuting (LDC). • FDWs strategized in work relations via LDC to increase their bargaining power . • Developing new desires, some FDWs used their earnings for family investments. • This made women’s long-distance work an asset in the family and challenged traditional gender roles. • Yet, women were obliged to work harder and commute longer to fulfill their desires.

School readiness amongst urban Canadian families: Risk profiles and family mediation.

There is an ongoing need for literature that identifies the effects of broad contextual risk on school readiness outcomes via family mediating mechanisms. This is especially true amongst diverse and urban samples characterized by variability in immigration history. To address this limitation, family profiles of sociodemographic and contextual risk were identified when children were 2 months of age. Subsequently, their indirect effect on school readiness at 4.5 years was evaluated via family investments and maternal responsivity (N = 501 families). A latent class analysis yielded four distinct family risk profiles: low socioeconomic status (SES) multilevel risk, 12.0% of sample; maternal abuse history, 15.6%; low-SES immigrant risk, 27.7%; and low risk, 44.7%. Path analyses revealed that children in the low-SES multilevel risk and low-SES immigrant risk profiles had the poorest outcomes in all domains and these effects operated equally and indirectly via investments and responsivity. To date, several studies have suggested that sociodemographic risks impact cognitive outcomes primarily via the investment pathway. The present findings suggest that family relations are equally important when operationalized as observed responsive parenting. Furthermore, pathways of influence are similarly operative despite different patterning of adversity for high-risk immigrant and native born families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)

家庭投资理财现状及问题调查研究

家庭投资理财现状及问题调查研究

The Influence of Family Socioeconomic Status on Class Peer Status: The Mediating Effect of Psychological Suzhi

Based on the family investment model, a study was made to test if psychological suzhi and its dimensions mediate between the family socioeconomic status (SES) of middle school students and their class peer status. The participants, 1801 students from the first grade of junior middle school to the third grade of senior middle school, were asked to complete the questionnaires which measured their psychological suzhi as well as SES and peer status. Significant positive correlations were found to exist between SES and peer status (r= 0.10, p < 0.01), SES and psychological suzhi (r=0.15, p < 0.01), and psychological suzhi and peer status (r=0.20, p < 0.01). The psychological suzhi was found like a mediator between SES and peer status, its mediating effect being 0.03 (95% CI: [0.02, 0.04]). An analysis of multiple intermediary effects on the three dimensions of psychological suzhi showed that only the adaptability dimension played a significant mediating role in the process of SES influence on peer status, the mediating effect being 0.04 (95% CI: [0.03, 0.06]), that is to say, good family SES promotes higher peer status, mainly through its positive impact on the adaptability of adolescents. This finding has deepened, to a certain extent, the study of family investment model and improved the researchers' understanding of the role and function of psychological suzhi.

Family investments in low-income children's achievement and socioemotional functioning.

Family processes and parenting practices help explain developmental differences between children in low- versus higher-income households. There are, however, few studies addressing the question of: what are the key family processes and parenting practices for promoting low-income children's growth? We address this question in the present study, following conceptual work framing family processes and parenting practices as investments in children. Using secondary analyses of longitudinal data on low-income children from birth to age 15 (n = 528), we estimate several potential family investments in achievement and socioemotional outcomes during early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. For achievement outcomes, family investments in learning stimulation were consistently the strongest predictors. For socioemotional outcomes, investments in an orderly household and close parental supervision were the most consistent and strongest predictors, even more so than sensitive parenting. (PsycINFO Database Record

Preschoolers' vocabulary acquisition in Chile: the roles of socioeconomic status and quality of home environment.

Preschoolers' vocabulary acquisition sets the stage for later reading ability and school achievement. This study examined the role of socioeconomic status (SES) and the quality of the home environment of seventy-seven Chilean majority and Mapuche minority families from low and lower-middle-class backgrounds in explaining individual differences in vocabulary acquisition of their three-and-a-half-year-old children. Additionally, we investigated whether the relation between SES and receptive and expressive vocabulary was mediated by the quality of the home environment as the Family Investment Model suggests. The quality of the home environment significantly predicted receptive and expressive vocabulary above and beyond ethnicity, SES, parental caregiver status, and quantity of daycare. Furthermore, the quality of the home environment mediated the relation between SES and expressive and receptive vocabulary acquisition.

Testing the family investment model in Russia: Estimating indirect effects of SES and parental beliefs on the literacy skills of first-graders

The family investment model provides a powerful perspective for understanding the processes underlying relations between parents’ SES and children’s achievement. The extant research on the role of parental investments has largely built on U.S. studies. The present work extended this line of investigation to a novel context by testing family investments as a proximal link between SES and child outcomes in Russia. The study focused on predictors of literacy skills in children entering primary school. It examined the pathways from parental education, income and beliefs to children’s literacy skills through family investments: resources available at home, joint parent-child literacy activities and access to outside-home resources and activities. As hypothesized, these investments mediated the relation of parental income and education to child literacy, with education being more strongly related to child outcomes than income. Beliefs about the importance of developing literacy skills prior to school were found to be independent of SES and linked to child outcomes through the same sorts of family investments as SES. The findings show the robustness of the family investment model across diverse contexts and advance our understanding of the model by incorporating parental beliefs in its current framework.

Why Do Working-Class Kids Do Worse in School? An Empirical Test of Two Theories of Educational Disadvantage

There are a large number of studies which show social class differentials in educational test scores and results from an early age. Cultural explanations based on working-class ‘resistance’ to learning activities or class differences in ‘cultural capital’ are often put forward to explain differentials in educational test scores. In this article we first discuss why these processes cannot account for the pattern of class differences, given the empirical patterns observed before setting out and then testing two alternative theories that purport to explain class differences in educational performance: the family investment model (FIM) and the family stress model (FSM). Empirical expectations from these theories are defined and then tested using data from four waves of the Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative sample of children from the United Kingdom. Structural equation models with mediation are used to quantify the direct and indirect effects of social class acting via cognitive ability and child psychological adjustment. Our models account for between 81 and 93 per cent of the effect of social class on teacher assessments of child educational performance. Approximately two-thirds of the effect of social class on educational performance at age 7 years are mediated by differential child cognitive ability and 15 per cent by psychological adjustment. The mechanisms in the FIM and FSM models strongly interact suggesting that a hybrid model may be more useful. Processes central to the FSM but acting through the child’s cognitive ability are key in determining educational differentials across social class groups.

Family Investments in Education during Periods of Economic Uncertainty: Evidence from the Great Recession

At the beginning of the Great Recession, household spending on education across the income distribution was highly unequal. We examined how different income groups altered their spending on education for children under 18 during this economic crisis. As national and local economic conditions deteriorated during the recession, the difference in odds that a high-income household spent on education relative to a low-income family increased by 20 percent, and the difference in the amounts that high-income families spent on education relative to low-income families also increased by 20 percent. As state unemployment rates climbed and consumer confidence fell, high-income families’ educational spending increased relative to low-income families’ spending. Decreases in local housing prices were also associated with lower spending for low-income families. Given the importance of educational enrichment for children’s learning outcomes, increasing inequality in families’ educational investments during the Great Recession may contribute to future educational and social inequality.

PEMILIHAN INVESTASI KELUARGA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN EKONOMI KECIL DAN MENENGAH DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN AHP

Financial management has an important role in a small family. Many mistakes made in the conduct of investment by a family, it rose doubts in investing. It is necessary to understand to many criterias, so it can be determined the type of investment that appropriate with the family financial conditions. The method used in this research is the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is used in order to reduce subjectivity of decision-makers. The alternatives in this study are Savings, Gold Investment, Stocks, Insurance, and Property. To optimize the family's investment, it is necessary to make a ranking priority. The ranking was based on five criterias: Economic of Family, Benefit Investment, Operational, Legal, and Syariah Aspect. Based on the alternatives andcriteria and also sub-criteria, the decision of hierarchical model were created. According to experts, the comparison between four criterias and sub-criterias were assessed. The comparison was then tested for consistency. Data were processed using Expert Choice software version 11. The final result is priority ranking of the purchasing property investment with a weight point of 0,313.

여성노인의 구술생애사를 통해 본 1980년대 중산층 국제이주가족의 계층 재생산 전략과 젠더역할의 변화

여성노인의 구술생애사를 통해 본 1980년대 중산층 국제이주가족의 계층 재생산 전략과 젠더역할의 변화

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE 500 PLUS FAMILY PROGRAM AS AN IMPACT FACTOR OF FAMILY POLICY IN FAMILY INVESTMENT IN POLAND

n Poland since the beginning of the systemic transformation of the 1990s, the relatively low incomes of many families have been relatively low. Similar relationships exist in terms of material, housing and financial savings. Launched in April 2016, the 500 Plus Program contributes to a significant reduction in the scale of this socially and economically disadvantageous relationship, i.e. the current lowest profitability in families with many children. Moreover, the profitability and generating of surplus financial households in Poland are on average several times lower than in the financial situation of families in Western European countries. The strategic goal in this way of developing family policy is to increase the fertility in Poland in the coming years, which is to counteract the unfavorable demographic trends of the aging population. It is now assumed that the 500 Plus Program should work positively on the strategic socio-economic objective of reducing the demographic aging of the population, i.e. limiting the potential for publication in the perspective of the next few years of insolvency conducted by the Social Insurance Institution of the participatory pension system. The 500 Plus program is an important instrument for a comprehensive family investment policy in Poland.

Indigenous (Māori) perspectives on abortion in New Zealand

Abortion is an under-researched, sensitive and politicised topic, but in the New Zealand context, there is a conspicuous dearth of exploratory research on Indigenous (Māori) perspectives on abortion, despite some indication that Māori seek abortion services. International research that attends to the socio-cultural context of abortion evidences a fascinating variability of perspectives and attitudes about abortion, with some commonalities and patterns of resistance. Within accounts of Māori historical practice of abortion, there is some evidence of variability, and we sought to better understand the contemporary socio-cultural context surrounding Māori perspectives on abortion. As part of an Indigenous feminist (Mana Wāhine) interview study with 43 participants (26 women, 17 men), thematic analysis of participants’ talk about abortion identified notions regarding “protection of a new life”, “woman’s individual choice”, and “extended family investment and support” as foregrounded themes. We describe a rich and nuanced account of Māori perspectives on abortion, describing how these are structurally embedded within particular socio-historical and socio-cultural contexts, including Māori ideologies and theories, colonisation and Christianity, and women’s rights activism.