Family History Of Diabetes Mellitus Research Articles

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in A State in South East Nigeria: Results of a Population Based House to House Survey

Population based studies on diabetes mellitus (DM) are scarce in Nigeria. This was a population-based house to house survey aimed at determining the prevalence of DM and assessing the risk factors associated with DM in a state in Southeast Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional observational study in which 1680 adults were recruited using a multistage sampling method to randomly select not more than two suitable participants of both sex in each household from four enumeration areas (EAs) in each local government area (LGA) and the three senatorial zones in the state. A modified World Health Organization (WHO) Stepwise Approach to Surveillance questionnaire was used for data collection and random blood glucose (RBG) was measured after anthropometric assessment. Test statistics used were chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression. The overall prevalence of DM in this study was 3.3%. A positive family history of DM was significantly higher in patients with diabetes: 18.2% vs. 9.6% (p=0.036). The mean (SD) of weight, body mass index (BMI), hip circumference (HC) and waist circumference (WC) were significantly higher in patients with DM(p=0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001, respectively).The odd ratio (95% CI) of a person>35years developing DM was 3.89(1.11-13.60). The OR (95% CI) for waist-hip ratio (WHR) was 3.04 (1.02-9.03) and family history of DM had an OR of 2.62(0.88-6.50). The odd of developing DM is positively associated with age>35years, increased WHR, WC, family history of DM, BMI>25Kg/m2, and HC. The odd of developing DM was negatively associated with smoking. The prevalence of DM in this study was 3.3%. A BMI>25 kg/m2, WHR >0.85, family history of DM, HC, and older age were associated with significantly higher prevalence.

Effectiveness of Nursing care of antenatal mothers with Gestational diabetes mellitus

Pregnancy is perceived as a miracle. Many women feel an inner glow and bond to the growing foetus. Instead most of the expectant mothers were experiencing gestational diabetes mellitus at present during their pregnancy that leads to many complications to the mother and the foetus. So the investigator has selected this study to maintain blood glucose level within normal limit and to prevent complications to the mother and foetus. A quantitative approach -non experimental evaluative research design was used. Data were collected from 30 samples by non probability purposive sampling technique. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze the data. The study findings revealed that among 30 samples, 14 (46.7%) were belongs to the age group of 25 -31 years, 14 (46.7%) were illiterate, 13 (43.45%) were home maker, 18 (60.0%) were belongs to monthly income of RS. 3001 and above, 17(56.6%) were non vegetarian, 17 (56.6%) were primigravida, 15(50.0%) were belongs to the gestational age of 29 to 42 weeks, 17 (56.7%) were family history of diabetes mellitus, 15 (50.0) were obtained information through mass media. After nursing care 26 (86.6%) had good glycaemia control, 4 (13.4%) had moderate glycaemia control. Through this study the investigator has found that there is significant association between the age in years, occupation, family income, dietary pattern, gestational age and family history of diabetes mellitus.

The Prevalence of Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes among the Dubai Population: Findings from Dubai Household Health Surveys, 2014 and 2017

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, imposing a considerable burden on health systems and societies as it affects both individuals and their families and has a large impact on the economic and social development of a country. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to study the prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes among the Dubai population and associations with diabetes risk factors. Methodology: A cross-sectional Diabetes Household Survey was carried out in the Emirates of Dubai during 2017 as a complementary stage of the Dubai Household Survey, 2014, which was a randomly selected, multistage, stratified, cluster survey. The sampling technique was selected to assess the rates of undiagnosed diabetes as well as the rates of pre-diabetes through screening with HbA1c. The size of the 2017 survey sample was estimated at 300 individuals for Emirati and 300 for non-Emirati. An additional 200 individuals were added to address non-response cases. These were added to those who were identified as diabetics in the 2014 Household Health Survey and then weighted to give a representative sample for the Dubai population. Results: The study revealed that the prevalence of diabetes in Dubai among UAE nationals was 19%, and it was 14.7% for expats. Consequently, the overall prevalence of diabetes in Dubai is 15.2%. Undiagnosed diabetes was 10% in UAE nationals and 10.9% in expats. Pre-diabetes in UAE national males was lower than in females, although this pattern was not observed among expats. Younger age, normal weight, and exercise were associated with lower rates of diabetes and pre-diabetes in UAE nationals and expats. Hypertension was associated with higher rates of diabetes regardless of nationality. Conclusions: The study concluded that the prevalence of diabetes among the Dubai population is alarmingly high and that a large proportion of the population are not aware of their diagnosis. A higher prevalence of diabetes is associated with multiple factors, such as age, male gender, hypertension, higher BMI, lack of exercise, and lower level or no education, as well as a family history of diabetes mellitus. Many of these factors can be easily modified, which could lead to a decrease in the burden of the disease.

The role of ductus venosus doppler, fetal liver length and placental thickness in gestational diabetes

To detect the possible adaptive changes that may have an impact on placenta and fetus in the presence of gestational diabetes mellitus using ultrasonography. We compared ductus venosus peak systolic flow velocity, fetal liver length and placental thickness between 25 healthy pregnants and 25 pregnants with gestational diabetes mellitus; diagnosed by 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test during their 24–28 weeks of pregnancy. Measurements were conducted with a 2 D transabdominal convex probe. In addition, gravida, parity, type of birth, gestational diabetes mellitus story, diabetes mellitus story in family, body mass index and demographic characteristics were also compared. In the demographic characteristics, family history of diabetes mellitus and personal history of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus were significantly higher in the group with gestational diabetes than the control group. No statistically significant difference was found between other demographic features The mean ductus venosus peak systolic flow was measured 35 cm/s in group with gestational diabetes mellitus while it was 45 cm/s in the control group, hence significantly lower in the group with gestational diabetes mellitus. The mean fetal liver length was measured 48 mm in group with gestational diabetes mellitus while it was 44 mm in the control group, thus higher in the group with gestational diabetes. The mean placental thickness was measured 40 mm in group with gestational diabetes while it was 37 mm in control group. There was no statistically significant difference in placental thickness between pregnants with gestational diabetes and healthy controls. Ductus venosus peak systolic flow and fetal liver length measurements are different in patients with gestational diabetes than healty controls.

Study of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Urban Health Training Centre of Community Medicine Tertiary Care Hospital, Maharashtra

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of diseases, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, resulting from environmental and genetic causes. Aim - To study the cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus attending urban health training centre of community medicine department of tertiary care hospital, Maharashtra.&#x0D; Method: It was a hospital based observational descriptive study done in urban health training centre from January to December 2016 including all known cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus which was around 700.&#x0D; Result: Maximum cases were from age group 40-49 years (38.16 %) and 48% were males and 52 % were females. Maximum cases were Hindu 43% having unskilled occupation 19% and nuclear family 46%. Whereas 37% and 18 % study subjects were having BMI of 25- 29.9 and and ≥ 30 respectively, 28 % were having family history of diabetes mellitus, 37% were having Hypertension, 55 % men and 57% women were having abnormal waist-hip ratio, 29 % men and 09 % women were having habit of alcohol intake. Whereas 37% men and 25% women were having habit of tobacco intake.&#x0D; Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients having modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for the causation of the disease.

Prevalence rates of impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus amongst expectant mothers and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in walk-in patients at health centres in North Central Trinidad.

Objective:To assess the prevalence rates of impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes among expectant mothers, as well as the prevalence rate of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in walk-in patients at selected health centres in North Central Trinidad.Design:A cross-sectional study over the period January 2012 to December 2016.Setting:Primary health care centres.Sample Population:Pregnant women aged 18–45 years who were within their second and third trimester of pregnancy, and for undiagnosed diabetes mellitus the sample population consisted of males and females over the age of 18.Methodology:Medical records of 90 pregnant women and 174 walk-in patients who received care at the selected health centres during the period January 2012 to December 2016 were examined and the following were recorded: age, ethnicity, parity, gravidity, past medical/surgical history, past obstetric history, oral glucose tolerance test results, random blood glucose results, HbA1c results, and family history of diabetes mellitus (DM).Results:The sample population was 90 expectant mothers and 174 walk-in patients. However, valid results were available for 50 expectant mothers and 78 walk-in patients. Of the 50 valid results for expectant mothers, 1 mother had a confirmed diagnosis recorded for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) yielding a prevalence of 2% for GDM. Age was positively correlated with the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). (P = 0.028). Of the 141 valid entries for walk-in patients, 25 had a confirmed diagnosis of DM yielding a prevalence of ~ 18% for undiagnosed DM. A family history of diabetes was positively correlated with a subsequent diagnosis of DM among previously undiagnosed diabetes.Conclusion:The prevalence rate for GDM was found to be 2% and the prevalence rate for undiagnosed DM in walk-in patients was 18%.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy among Saudi diabetic patients: A multicenter cross-sectional study at primary health care setting.

Background:Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes and is responsible for morbidity and disability among diabetic patients.Objectives:The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of painful DPN and its associated risk factors in patients with diabetes mellitus.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 430 diabetic patients attending primary healthcare centres (PHC) in AL Madinah city, Saudi Arabia. The validated Douleur Neuropathique-4 (DN4) questionnaire was used to identify the presence of painful DPN.Results:The majority were female (54.7%) and had type 2 diabetes mellitus (74.9%). The prevalence of DPN was 30.1% in type 2 diabetic patients and 25.9% in type 1 diabetic patients with an overall prevalence of 29.1%. DPN was associated significantly with age, duration of diabetes milieus, uncontrolled A1c, and positive family history of diabetes mellitus (P < 0.05). All the investigated comorbidities were also associated significantly with DPN (P < 0.05).Conclusions:The prevalence of DPN was 25.9% and was associated with age duration of DM and uncontrolled HbA1c. PHC physicians treating diabetes should be more aware of the importance of screening for DPN and the treatment plan.

Risk factors for constant glycemic variability in pregnant women: a case-control study

to identify the factors associated with pregnancy that influence constant glycemic variability. a case-control study with random sampling. The medical records of 417 pregnant women were divided into case group (200 pregnant women with constant glycemic variability) and control group (217 pregnant women without constant glycemic variability). Data were collected from 2009 to 2015. pregnant women aged 25 years and over, with family history of diabetes mellitus, with systemic arterial hypertension, overweightness or obesity, sedentarism and polycystic ovarian syndrome are more likely to present changes in blood glucose. The study demonstrated that risk factors associated with pregnancy increase the risk of constant glycemic variability. The findings will allow reassessment of the interventions during pregnancy, providing an increase in nursing care quality.

Diabetes Risk among Medical Students in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Diabetes risk estimation is essential for the implementation of preventive measures. Objectives: We aimed to assess the diabetes risk among medical students in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 169 medical students in the Medical College, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, from October 2017 to April 2018. Participants signed a written informed consent and then responded to a questionnaire modified from the Finnish and the ARABRISK diabetes score. The questionnaire consisted of eight components inquiring about age, BMI, central adiposity, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity if found to have high blood pressure or blood sugar, and family history of diabetes mellitus. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. Results: Out of 169 students (68% with a family history of diabetes), obesity and overweight were found in 21.3 and 26.6%, respectively, 45.6% had central adiposity, more than half were not practicing exercise daily, and 60.4% were not consuming fruits and vegetables daily. A significant percentage was found to have high blood sugar (9.5%) and high blood pressure (4.7%). The diabetes risk score was high or moderate in 16% of the students. Conclusion: Medical students in Tabuk City were at high risk for diabetes mellitus. Obesity, overweight, central adiposity, physical inactivity, and less consumption of fruits and vegetables substantially contributed to the risk. Measures to prevent obesity, improving fruit and vegetable consumption, and exercise are needed.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Risk Factors Among Pregnant Women in Tuaran, Sabah State, Malaysia

T Objective: To determine the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its associated risk factors among pregnant women in Tuaran District, Sabah State, Malaysia. Material and Methods: A cross sectional analytical study was conducted in Tuaran. Data collection was done by interview method using structured questionnaire and antenatal records review. The study population was all the pregnant women, at and above 24 weeks of gestation who attended the antenatal care clinics in Tuaran District from March to June, 2018. The pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes were excluded from the study. Convenience sampling method was used and 195 pregnant women participated in the study. Descriptive and analytical statistics were done by using SPSS statistical software. GDM has emerged as a major public health concern all over the world. It would develop maternal and foetal adverse outcomes. The prevalence of GDM ranged from 1% to 28% worldwide and from 18.3% to 27.9% in Malaysia. Results: The prevalence of GDM among all participants in Tuaran District was 28.2%. The risk factors significantly associated with GDM were advanced maternal age (p=0.042), presence of family history of diabetes mellitus (p=0.009) and previous history of GDM (p=0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of GDM among pregnant women in Tuaran District was found to be higher than the previous studies done in Malaysia. Promotion of healthy lifestyle, provision of intense health education, quality antenatal care and early detection with proper management of GDM among pregnant women are crucial for prevention and control of GDM and reduction of adverse maternal and foetal outcomes.

Evaluation of University Students’ Nutritional Knowledge Attitudes and Behaviors

Objectives: In this study, nutritional habits of students, knowledge attitudes and behaviors about healthy nutrition will be evaluated.Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 818 students enrolled in the departments of the School of Health Sciences and the bachelor’s programs offered by the Faculty of Medicine. The developed data collection form consists of 52 questions.Results: In this study 818 665 female, 153 male students were reached. 22.3% of the students stated that smoke and 10.2% stated that used alcohol. The nutritional knowledge level was significantly higher in non-smokers, those that did not consume alcohol, those with a family history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension or coronary disease, those that exercised ≥6 hours a week, those that had knowledge of and consumed probiotic products, and those that had >3 meals/day p=0.019, p=0.001, p=0.048, p=0.006, p=0.032, p=0.046, p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.001, respectively . There was no significant relationship between the participants’ level of nutritional knowledge and the educational level of their parents, monthly net income, type of accommodation, BMI, whether they had previously received nutritional education, skipping meals, consumption of milk, egg, bread or water, sleep duration, and constipation p=0.88, p=0.069, p=0.055, p=0.070, p=0.072, p=0.0671, p=0.244, p=0.425, p=0.494, p=0.177, p=0.186, p=0.088, respectively .Conclusion: Students should be educated about converting their knowledge about healthy nutrition into attitudes and behaviors, and their knowledge should be increased with courses and various activities related to healthy nutrition

An Assessment of the Diabetic Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of School Teachers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Background: Teachers are the cornerstone of the next generation and they are considered an important source of health information for students about diabetes. The objective of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of teachers about diabetes mellitus (DM) and to identify the associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study design included a stratified random sample of male and female teachers from public and private schools in Riyadh city. A self-administered online questionnaire was developed. The data collection was from October to November 2019. Results: The study included 633 teachers. Overall, 57.2% of the surveyed teachers were knowledgeable about DM. Teachers aged between 51 and 60 years (p = 0.005), males (p = 0.018), PhD holders (p = 0.011), teaching science (p = 0.021), having more than 20 years of teaching experience (p = 0.001), diabetics (p < 0.001), and having family history of diabetes (p = 0.007) had the highest level of knowledge. Overall, positive attitude towards DM was reported among 53.1% of the teachers. Those with teaching experience between 11 and 15 years (p = 0.024), diabetics (p = 0.029), and having a diabetic student (p = 0.012) had more positive attitude towards diabetes. Good diabetes-related practice was observed among 54.3% of the teachers. Older (p < 0.001), having more than 20 years of teaching experience (p < 0.001), non-Saudi (p = 0.011), diabetic teachers with longer duration of the disease (p < 0.001), having family history of DM (p = 0.028), and principals (p = 0.002) had the highest level of good diabetes-related practice. Conclusion: The KAP of teachers in public and private schools in Riyadh about DM was sufficient in many aspects. However, targeting new young teachers should be a priority to raise awareness.

Retrospective Survey of Pediatric Diabetics at a Tertiary Healthcare Center in Uyo, South-South Nigeria

<i>Purpose</i>: Despite the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) reported among adult Uyo inhabitants in south-south Nigeria, no data exist on pediatric DM (PDM) to date. Hence, the current study aimed to evaluate pediatric subjects diagnosed with DM in Uyo, South-south Nigeria. <i>Methods</i>: This was a retrospective survey of incident/newly diagnosed PDM subjects diagnosed/managed over 15 years (2003-2018) at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH), South-south Nigeria. Patients’ demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables at PDM diagnosis were retrieved from medical records and analyzed using descriptive statistics. <i>Results</i>: 45,551 pediatric cases were managed during the studied period among them 9 PDM cases, all of type 1 DM, giving PDM prevalence of 0.20/1000. Age at diagnosis was 7.00±4.82 years (range 2-16) with a predominance of ≤5-year-olds (44.4%) and females (66.6%). Most (77.8%) presented via the pediatric outpatient clinic, during the rainy season (55.6%), were urban-dwellers (55.6%), of Ibibio ethnicity (55.6%), and lower socioeconomic status (44.4%). Three (33.3%) had DM family history, mostly in first-degree (n=2) relatives. Predominant symptoms were polyuria (100%), polydipsia (100%), weight loss (88.9%), and weakness (77.8%); polyuria being the most prolonged symptom. Three (33.3%) were underweight/stunted, and 2 (22.2%) were overweight. DKA complicated with AKI and dehydration-induced AKI was recorded in 2 respective cases. The default rate to follow-up was discouragingly high following diagnosis. <i>Conclusion</i>: The prevalence rate of PDM was relatively low, occurred mostly among the ≤5-year-olds, with a high rate of default to follow-up. These findings could serve as health policy targets by various stakeholders within the studied region.

Diabetes Mellitus Complications and Associated Factors Among Adult Diabetic Patients in Selected Hospitals of West Ethiopia

Background / Introduction: The prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing worldwide. The prevalence might even be higher in low-income countries. As a result, type 1 and type 2 DM and their complications are imposing a high burden on patients (e.g. hospitalization, disability and death). In Ethiopia, there are limited studies focusing on the complications of type 1 and type 2 DM. Thus, we assessed the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 DM complications and associated factors in selected hospitals in western Ethiopia. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 257 adult patients with DM attending the chronic care clinics of Nedjo general and Nekemte referral hospitals. The study was carried out between March 1 and April 30, 2016 using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire and chart review. Results: Of the 257 patients, 87 (33.9%) had ≥1 DM complication. Acute and chronic complications accounted for 9.3% and 24.5% of the total DM patients, respectively. The age of the patients (p=0.024), family history of DM (p=0.038), DM duration (p=0.015), DM regimen (p=0.041), and the occurrence of other chronic diseases (p=0.006) were significantly associated with DM complications. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that 1 out of 3 adults with DM have ≥1 complication in our chronic ambulatory care clinics. Diabetic keto-acidosis was the most common acute complication whereas hypertension was the most common chronic complication. The presence of DM complications was associated with the age of the patients, duration of DM, family history of DM, DM regimen and the presence of other chronic diseases.

Life style factors associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the commonest form of diabetes affecting more than 90% of the diabetic population worldwide. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and its complications are increasing in the world, including developing nations like Nepal. This study aimed to determine the association between the lifestyle risk factors and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nepalese population.&#x0D; Methods: This is hospital based cross sectional observational study done in the urban area of Nepal. Records of clients coming for the general health checkup in Grande International Hospital were evaluated in this study. Comparisons of the lifestyle factors in participants having and not having type 2 diabetes mellitus were done.&#x0D; Results: Significant associations with diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 were seen in age (P ≤ 0.001), associated hypertension (P ≤ 0.001), dyslipidemia, family history of DM (P ≤ 0.001), alcohol use (P ≤ 0.001), and tobacco use (P ≤ 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of having diabetes were high in age group above 40 (OR – 6.9, CI 3.82 – 12.47), history of hypertension (OR- 3.84, CI 2.42 – 6.08), tobacco users (OR-2.26, CI 1.12 – 4.53), alcohol users (OR-3.99, CI 2.47 – 6.44), family history of DM (OR-2.44, CI 1.53 – 3.89), and abdominal obesity in both males (OR-3.9, CI 2 – 7.4) and females (OR-9.6, CI 3.78 – 24.35).&#x0D; Conclusions: The modifiable risk factors - obesity, smoking and alcohol use carry significant risks of developing type 2 diabetes. These red flag signs call for urgent attention to look for and rectify the modifiable risk factors in Nepalese population to prevent diabetes.

Microalbuminuria and Traditional Serum Biomarkers of Nephropathy among Diabetic Patients at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in South Western Uganda.

Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common finding in diabetic patients. Microalbuminuria is the earliest clinical evidence of DN. Early detection of microalbuminuria is very important; it allows timely interventions to prevent progression to macroalbuminuria and later end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Objectives To determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients and establish its association with traditional serum renal markers in assessment of incipient nephropathy. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 140 participants with diabetes mellitus (DM) attending the diabetic clinic of Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Questionnaires were used to obtain participant data after obtaining written informed consent. Data collected included: age, sex, level of education, history of smoking and alcohol consumption, hypertension, body mass index, family history, and duration of DM. Morning spot urine samples were collected from each participant and blood drawn for analysis of other renal markers. Urine microalbumin was determined quantitatively using immunoturbidity assay (Microalbumin kit, Mindray). Serum creatinine and uric acid and glucose levels were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Results The overall prevalence of microalbuminuria was 22.9%. Using a simple and multiple linear regression model, serum creatinine (β = 0.010, 95% CI (0.005, 0.014), P = 0.0001) and glucose (β = 0.030, 95% CI (0.011, 0.048), P = 0.0017) levels were significantly associated with microalbuminuria. After adjusting for linearity, family history of DM was the only predictor of microalbuminuria (β = 0.275, 95% CI (0.043, 0.508), P = 0.002). Although microalbuminuria was weakly associated with eGFR (OR = 1.2, 95% CI (0.24, 5.96)), the relationship was not statistically significant (P = 0.824). Conclusion The prevalence of microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes in this study was high. The study suggests the need to screen for microalbuminuria early to reduce the possible burden of ESRD. When serum creatinine is used as a renal function marker among diabetic patients, it should be combined with microalbuminuria for better assessment of incipient nephropathy.

Association of gestational diabetes mellitus with vitamin D deficiency among Saudi pregnant women: A case-control study

Background: Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D) deficiency is high in Saudi Arabia. Whether GDM is associated with low vitamin D level or not is still under debate, and the literature regarding this association is deficient in Saudi Arabia. GDM is associated with an adverse pregnancy outcome; therefore, the current study was conducted on Saudi pregnant women to evaluate this relationship.Subjects and methods: This case-control study was conducted in the antenatal clinic at King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, from February 2015 till February 2017. The Study included 300 pregnant women, of which 100 were GDM cases, and 200 were controls (i.e., without GDM). Cases and control were matched for age, parity, body mass index, gestational age, family history of diabetes mellitus. Vitamin D levels were obtained between 24 to 28 weeks of gestation along with Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT).Results: The levels of vitamin D among pregnant Saudi women were sufficient in 13%, insufficient in 51%, and deficient in 36%. It was evident that Vitamin D deficiency (<25 nmol/L) was associated with 3 times more abnormal OGTT. Patients with vitamin D deficiency had a 2.3 times greater risk for developing GDM than those having normal levels. There was no difference among cases and controls regarding, demographic variables like age parity BMI and previous history of GDM.Conclusion: An inverse relationship between GDM development and maternal vitamin D deficiency.

A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ON EFFECTS OF SERUM CHOLESTEROL ON MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY OF STROKE

Introduction:Stroke or cerebrovascular accident or Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH) is definedas an abrupt onset of a neurological deficit that is attributable to a focal vascularcause. Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide causing 6.2million deaths in 2011. Relation of high total cholesterol and triglycerides withischemic heart disease is well established worldwide. High cholesterol level areestimated to cause 56% of ischemic heart disease. However, dyslipidemia as arisk factor for ischemic stroke has been quite controversial in recent times. Ithas been observed in several studies that higher cholesterol and triglyceridelevels are associated with better outcome after ischemic stroke.Aim:The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of serum cholesterol on themortality and morbidity of stroke.Materials and Method:We retrospectively included 100 consecutive patients over age 18 with Strokeor cerebrovascular accident or Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH) who wereadmitted in Sree Mookambika Institute of Health Sciences, confirmed by CTwithin 12 hours after onset. Patients with traumatism, brain tumor, previousICH, hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke, vascular cerebralmalformations, and patients who required neurosurgical procedures wereexcluded. Data was collected with meticulous history, clinical examination withdetailed neurological examinations along with appropriate investigations. Astructured questionnaire was used to obtain data on family history of diabetes mellitus, history of hypertension, past and present illness, dietary pattern,addiction and medication. NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) were evaluated atadmission. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed by SPSSversion 16.IEC clearance and a written informed consent were obtained frompatient or patients attenders. A P value of less than 0.05 was consideredstatistical significant.Results:Out of the 100 patients that were included in the study, the average age was 58.6± 12.15. Male to female ratio was 3:1(75:25) which clearly states that men aremore prone to develop stroke compared to females. Among the patients who hadstroke, risk factors like hypercholesterolemia(75%), hypertension(65%),diabetes mellitus(24%), smoking(40%), alcoholism(40%) were identified.Regarding the stroke severity, 39% of the patients had a minor stroke, 44% hada moderate intensity stroke while 17% of the patient had a severe stoke. A highmorbidity rate i.e., 80% was seen in patients who had had high totalcholesterol(75%) then compared to patients who had normal lipid profile with asignificant p value (<0.02).Only 2 passed away who was also found to have highcholesterol and triglycerides.Conclusion:Our study concluded a positive correlation between serum total cholesterol.Thus early detection of dyslipidemia and treatment with drugs along withdietary modifications & lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of stroke.Keywords: ICH, Stroke, Total Cholesterol, Cerebrovascular accident

Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus, Prediabetes and Its Associated Factors in Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia: A Community-Based Study.

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is becoming an epidemic public health problem in developing countries such as Ethiopia. As the International Diabetes Federation indicates, the number of adults living with diabetes globally has been increasing from time to time. If early screening and follow-up are done, diabetes is a manageable disease. However, diabetes study at the community level in Ethiopia is limited and scarce. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the current prevalence of DM, prediabetes and its associated factors in Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2019 among people aged 18 years and above in Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was used to select a total of 587 study participants. Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristic data were collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Venous blood samples were used to determine the level of blood glucose and lipid profile. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes were based on the criteria of the American Diabetes Association.ResultsThe prevalence of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes was 6.8% (95% CI 4.9–9.0) and 15.7% (95% CI 12.9–18.7), respectively. The prevalence of previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus was 72.5%. Positive family history of diabetes mellitus (AOR: 20.24, 95% CI 4.74–86.43), smoking habit (AOR: 12.12, 95% CI 2.30–63.73), overweight (AOR: 21.95, 95% CI 6.73–71.603), systolic hypertension (AOR: 4.61, 95% CI 1.09–19.50) and hypercholesterolemia (AOR: 8.97, 95% CI 2.05–39.23) were significantly associated with diabetes mellitus. Prediabetes was associated with advanced age (AOR: 3.55, 95% CI 1.16–10.79), marital status (single) (AOR: 3.06, 95% CI 1.40–6.67), educational status (illiterate) (AOR: 2.35, 95% CI 1.04–5.35) and overweight (AOR: 2.11, 95% CI 1.05–4.23).ConclusionThere was a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes. In addition, the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus was high in our study area. Therefore, targeting the control and prevention strategy to such modifiable risk factors associated with diabetes and prediabetes may contribute to the reduction of the prevalence and further complications of diabetes mellitus.

Riesgo de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 en el personal de salud del Hospital Alfredo Noboa Montenegro. Guaranda-Ecuador.

Objetivo: determinar el riesgo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el personal de salud del Hospital Alfredo Noboa Montenegro. Materiales y método: estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal, durante el período octubre 2015 a febrero 2016 en 90 trabajadores de la salud en el contexto declarado. Se aplicó el cuestionario FINDRISC (Finish Diabetes Risk Score). Resultados: De los 90 sujetos, 70% (63) fueron mujeres y 30% (27) hombres, la edad promedio fue de 42,8 años con una desviación estándar de +/- 10,4. Se encontró que el 35,6% (32) tuvo un Riesgo Bajo, el 33,3% (30) Riesgo Ligeramente Elevado, el 20% (18) Riesgo Moderado, el 10% (9) Riesgo Alto y el 1,1% (1) Riesgo Muy Alto de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 a 10 años. El mayor riesgo se identificó en el sexo femenino. El IMC ≥ 25 Kg/m2 tuvo un OR de 5.0 (IC 95%: 2,610 – 9,578, p&lt;0,0005), perímetro abdominal ≥ de 80 cm en mujeres presentó un OR de 8.0 (IC 95%: 3,645 – 10,321, p&lt;0,0005), uso de antihipertensivos OR 9,32 (IC95%: 2,285 – 37,976, p de 0,002), antecedentes familiares OR 11,31 (IC95%: 3,951 – 32,362, p&lt;0,0005), actividad física OR 0,33 (IC 95% 0,126 – 0,861, p de 0,023). Conclusiones: el riesgo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con una puntuación FINDRISC mayor o igual a 12 fue del 31,1%. Los principales factores de riesgo fueron un índice de masa corporal ≥ 25 Kg/m2, perímetro abdominal ≥ 80 cm para mujeres, uso de drogas antihipertensivas y antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus.