Family History Of Allergic Rhinitis Research Articles

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Allergic Rhinitis; A systematic Review

Allergic rhinitis (AR), an immunoglobulin E-induced nasal infection, significantly impacts nasal mucosa function and quality of life. Its incidence has risen globally, showing variations across income categories. This systematic study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of AR. Data were sourced from PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Embase, following PRISMA guidelines. English-language articles (2010–2023) discussing AR prevalence and risk factors were included. A total of 15 articles were reviewed, with surveys and national database analyses being predominant (n=15). The search initially yielded 95 studies, of which 15 met inclusion criteria. Enhanced knowledge of prevalence and risk factors is crucial for future treatment improvements. The prevalence of AR has surged, necessitating evidence-based assessments of risk factors. For adults, risk factors include smoking, asthma, family history of AR, drug and food allergies, pollen allergy history, antibiotic use, occupational dust exposure, home renovation, and middle school education. In children, passive smoking, asthma, family history of AR, allergies, eczema, pet ownership, seafood consumption, male gender, and breastfeeding were identified as risk factors. The study highlights AR prevalence\'s correlation with allergic diseases, familial allergy history, and environmental factors. Comprehending these associations is pivotal for enhancing adherence to preventive management plans.

The Relationship of immunoglobulin-e and tumor necrosis factor in patients with allergic rhinitis in Babylon province

Abstract Background: Rhinitis is defined as inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose usually that is accompanied by swelling of the mucosa and a nasal discharge. It is caused by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions to inhaled allergens, smoking and alcohol use, gender, age, overweight, adoption of pets, race, educational achievement, and family history can represent a risk factor for allergic rhinitis (AR). Objectives: To find the effect of electrolytes tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IgE on AR and study the influence of smoking, gender, and obesity (as a risk factor on AR) on the levels of TNF-α and IgE. Materials and Methods: Eighty subjects for this study were enrolled; 40 of those who have AR age ranged between 18 and 50 years. A control group of 40 subjects who appear to be in good health was selected. This study is a case–control study. TNF-alpha concentration and immunoglobulin-E were measured in serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique also The electrolytes concentrations were measured in the serum using an Abbott device with Integrated Chip Technology (ICT) human kit. The electrolytes were also measured in the serum using the Abbott device. Full history was taken from all patients, which include age, residence, smoking, body mass index, and family history of AR. Results: The results reveal a significant difference (P < 0.05) in levels of TNF-α, Ig-E between patients and controls, There was no significant difference between smoker and non- smoker, normal weight and overweight groups in patients and controls groups.

The efficacy and safety of standardized dust mite allergen subcutaneous immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis during treatment

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of standardized dust mite allergen subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in children with allergic rhinitis (AR) during treatment. Methods: A total of 283 children with AR diagnosed with definite dust mite allergy and completed 2 to 3 years of SCIT who attended the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, from August 2019 to October 2021 were included, including 205 males and 78 females, with a mean age of 10.8 years. The total nasal symptoms score (TNSS), symptom medication score (SMS), rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) and visual analogue scale (VAS) before and after 2 to 3 years' treatment were recorded, and the differences before and after treatment were compared. Adverse reactions during SCIT were recorded to evaluate its safety. SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: The overall effectiveness rate during SCIT in 283 children with AR was 89.4% (253/283). Compared with baseline, all symptom scores, medication scores and quality of life scores were significantly lower after 2 to 3 years of SCIT (all P<0.05). Further group comparisons showed positive efficacy in patients with different clinical characteristics, including age, gender, smoking status, family history of AR, symptom severity, mono-or poly-allergy, and second immunization, with no statistically significant differences between groups (all P>0.05). A total of 12 735 injections were administered during the SCIT, and a total of 213 (1.67%) injections of local adverse reactions occurred, mainly in the initial treatment phase, and the diameter of the local air mass was mostly 5 to 20 mm; 71 (0.56%) injections of systemic adverse reactions occurred, mainly in the initial treatment phase, and most of them were grade 1 reactions with no serious systemic adverse reaction such as shock. Conclusion: Standardized dust mite SCIT has a good safety profile and definite efficacy in treating AR children with different clinical characteristics. It can significantly improve all symptoms, reduce the use of symptomatic drugs and improve their quality of life.

Development and Evaluation of a Nomogram for INCS Insensitivity in Chinese Adults with Allergic Rhinitis.

The objective of this study was to design and validate a nomogram of intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) insensitivity for adult patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Training and validation datasets comprised randomly divided groups of AR patients diagnosed between 2019 and 2022, with a 7 : 3 ratio. These patients were categorized according to their INCS insensitivity status, and LASSO and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify associated risk factors. These factors were incorporated into a nomogram for predicting INCS insensitivity. The performance of the nomogram was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and discrimination techniques. In this study, 313 patients were included, of which 120 (38.3%) showed INCS insensitivity. The type of AR, comorbidities, family history of AR, and duration of AR were identified as predictors and incorporated into the nomogram using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and multivariate logistic regression. The calibration curves showed excellent agreement between predicted and actual probabilities of INCS insensitivity in both the training and validation sets. The area under the curve values observed in the validation set were 0.918 (95% confidence interval, 0.859-0.943), and 0.932 (95% confidence interval, 0.849-0.953) in the training set, indicating strong performance on both sets. Decision curve analysis showed that the constructed nomogram yielded a net clinical benefit for AR patients. The nomogram constructed from risk predictors of INCS insensitivity in patients with AR demonstrated strong predictive power and enabled clinicians to identify high-risk patients, aiding them in developing an optimal treatment plan for AR.

Allergen detection and logistic multifactor analysis of allergic rhinitis.

This study aims to investigate the allergens in children with allergic rhinitis (AR) and AR-related influencing factors. The clinical data of 230 children with AR admitted to our hospital from June 2020 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed and included in the observation group. The clinical data of 230 healthy children during the same time period were included as the control group. All children had been tested for allergens using serum allergens, and the clinical data were collected by telephone questionnaires. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the risk factors affecting AR. A total of 230 children with AR was included in this study, and some of them had two or more allergens. The proportion of house dust mite was the highest among the inhaled allergens, about 75.22%. Shrimp accounted for the highest proportion of food allergens, about 40.87%. Compared with the control group, the proportion of floating population, home heating, allergy history, asthma and other general information in the observation group was higher. At the same time, the proportion of environmental factors such as second-hand smoke, number of residents (≤ 3), daily ventilation and cleaning (no), domestic animals, domestic plants, decoration within 2 years, and living environment (rural) in the observation group was higher. In addition, the proportion of family factors such as delivery mode (cesarean section), family history of allergic rhinitis, parents' education level (middle school and above) in the observation group was higher (p < 0.05). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that allergic history, asthma, second-hand smoke, floating population, number of residents, domestic animals, decoration within 2 years, delivery mode, and family history of allergic rhinitis were the risk factors affecting the incidence of AR in children (p < 0.05), and daily window ventilation and cleaning were the protective factors (p < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that asthma, second-hand smoke, floating population, decoration within 2 years, family history of allergic rhinitis and domestic animals were independent risk factors for the occurrence of AR (p < 0.05), and daily ventilation and cleaning were protective factors for the occurrence of AR in children (p < 0.05). The proportion of house dust mite in inhalation allergens and shrimp in food allergens were the highest in AR children. The incidence of AR was closely related to asthma, second-hand smoke, floating population, decoration within 2 years, family history of AR and domestic animals, etc. Targeted measures could effectively prevent the occurrence and recurrence of AR. At the same time, daily ventilation and cleaning were the protective factors which could reduce the incidence and occurrence of AR in children.

Influence of the environment on the characteristics of asthma

Few studies have compared the prevalence of asthma in urban and rural settings or explored the issue of whether these two manifestations of the disease may represent different phenotypes. The aim of this study was: (a) to establish whether the prevalence of asthma differs between rural and urban settings, and b) to identify differences in the clinical presentation of asthma in these two environments. Descriptive epidemiological study involving individuals aged 18 or over from a rural (n = 516) and an urban population (n = 522). In the first phase, individuals were contacted by letter in order to organize the administration of a first validated questionnaire (Q1) designed to establish the possible prevalence of bronchial asthma. In the second phase, patients who had presented association patterns in the set of variables related to asthma in Q1 completed a second validated questionnaire (Q2), designed to identify the characteristics of asthma. According to Q1, the prevalence of asthma was 15% (n = 78) and 11% (n = 59) in rural and urban populations respectively. Sixty-five individuals with asthma from the rural population and all 59 individuals from the urban population were contacted and administered the Q2. Thirty-seven per cent of the individuals surveyed had previously been diagnosed with bronchial asthma (35% in the rural population and 40% in the urban setting). In the urban asthmatic population there was a predominance of women, a greater personal history of allergic rhinitis and a family history of allergic rhinitis and/or eczema. Asthma was diagnosed in adulthood in 74.8% of the patients, with no significant differences between the two populations. Regarding symptoms, cough (morning, daytime and night) and expectoration were more frequent in the urban population. The prevalence of asthma does not differ between urban and rural settings. The differences in exposure that characterize each environment may lead to different manifestations of the disease and may also affect its severity.

Role of sugarcane pollen in allergic rhinitis: a case-control study

L´identification des allergènes est essentielle dans la prise en charge de la rhinite allergique. La canne à sucre produit un pollen anémophile. L´objectif de notre étude était de déterminer la place du pollen de canne à sucre dans la survenue de la rhinite allergique. Il s´agit d´une étude analytique type cas-témoins, menée de juillet 2017 à juin 2018, chez des patients habitants une commune rurale malgache dans laquelle la culture et le traitement de la canne à sucre constituent les principales occupations. Elle incluait 182 patients (91 cas et 91 témoins). Les facteurs associés à la survenue des signes de rhinite allergique étaient la distance de moins de 500 mètres entre les domiciles et les champs de canne à sucre (OR = 1,50), la profession exercée en contact direct avec la canne à sucre (OR=116) et la présence d´antécédent familial de rhinite allergique (OR=13,67). Par ailleurs, l´exposition aux rafales (OR=0,84) et la profession exercée en plein air (OR=0,92) étaient des facteurs protecteurs. L´exposition des patients au pollen de canne à sucre est associée aux manifestations cliniques de la rhinite allergique et confirme la place que tient cet allergène dans la survenue de ladite pathologie. Des mesures d´éviction et d´hygiènes constituent par conséquents la base du traitement.

Four subtypes of childhood allergic rhinitis identified by latent class analysis.

Childhood allergic rhinitis (AR) is clinically heterogenous. We aimed to identify distinct phenotypes among children with AR using data-driven techniques and to ascertain their association with patterns of symptoms, allergic sensitization, and comorbidities. We recruited 510 children with physician-diagnosed AR, of whom 205 (40%) had asthma. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify latent structure within the data set using 17 variables (allergic conjunctivitis, eczema, asthma, family history of asthma, family history of allergic rhinitis, skin sensitization to 8 common allergens, tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy). A four-class solution was selected as the optimal model based on statistical fit. We labeled latent classes as: (1) AR with grass mono-sensitization and conjunctivitis (n=361, 70.8%); (2) AR with house dust mite sensitization and asthma (n=75, 14.7%); (3) AR with pet and grass polysensitization and conjunctivitis (n=35, 6.9%); and (4) AR among children with tonsils and adenoids removed (n=39, 7.6%). Perennial AR was significantly more common among children in Class 2 (OR 5.83, 95% CI 3.42-9.94, p<.001) and Class 3 (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.36-6.13, p=.006). Mild and intermittent AR symptoms were significantly more common in children in Class 2 compared to those in Class 1. AR was more severe in Class 1 compared to other 3 classes, indicating that upper respiratory symptoms are more severe among children with isolated seasonal rhinitis, than in those with rhinitis and coexisting asthma. We have identified 4 phenotypes in school-age children with AR, which were associated with different patterns of clinical symptoms and comorbidities.

Patterns of allergic rhinitis among adults in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study.

Introductiondeveloping and developed countries have a high prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR). Severe AR has negative impacts on sleep, quality of life, and work performance. The study aimed to identify the patterns of AR among patients attending the ears nose and throat Unit (ENT) clinic at King Saud Hospital, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.Methodsthis study was a cross-sectional study conducted at the ENT clinic of King Saudi Hospital, Unaizah City, Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. We examined outpatients diagnosed with AR using an interview questionnaire and clinical examination.Resultsthe sample included 455 patients. Of these, 23.7% were 21-30 years old, 65.7% had a family history of AR, 57.8% had no general symptoms, 75.6% reported runny nose as the most common nasal symptom, and 35.4% reported no complications. Dust was the most common trigger of AR (82.4%), 49.2% reported allergic symptoms in all seasons, 96% of patients have inferior turbinate hypertrophy, and oral histamine was the most commonly used treatment (33.2%).Conclusionperineal AR and inferior turbinate hypertrophy were very common findings comparing to previous studies, further studies to assess the risk factors are highly recommended.

English

BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis is a fairly common condition. A large number of patients of allergic rhinitis are usually found in daily ENT practice. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis are still a major problem, which can affect day to day activities of an individual. Intranasal corticosteroid has potent anti-inflammatory actions and is believed to exert its beneficial effects by inhibiting several types of cells and chemicals involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Present study determines the efficacy of intra nasal corticosteroid over placebo in patients of allergic rhinitis. METHODS A single blinded non-randomised trial was conducted among patients attending allergy clinic of ENT out-patient department of a Tertiary Medical College &amp; Hospital of West Bengal, India from March 2008 to May 2008. Two groups of patients were selected from the total sample size of 100 patients by alternate sampling technique. One group (Gr-F) was treated by intranasal corticosteroid (fluticasone nasal spray) and the other group (Gr-P) by placebo (normal saline aqueous spray) for 6 consecutive weeks. Patients were asked about their subjective feeling of symptoms and relevant examinations &amp; investigations were carried out. Improvements following treatment were judged by total nasal symptoms scoring. Collected data were analysed using SPSS version 20. McNemar’s test was carried out on paired nominal data and p value of &lt; 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS The present study revealed that 69 % male and 31 % female were suffering from allergic rhinitis. Most common symptom was nasal discharge followed by sneezing and nasal obstruction. 41 % had family history of allergic rhinitis. It was seen that inflamed nasal mucosa reverts back to normal in 35 % in fluticasone group after 6 weeks of treatment. Study also showed the decrease of blood eosinophil count in 60 % of patients in fluticasone group. 92 % of patients in the fluticasone group revealed that they improved after taking the drug, whereas 88 % of patients in placebo group did not improve after taking spray. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded from the present study that intra nasal corticosteroid spray is more effective than placebo for treatment of allergic rhinitis. KEYWORDS Allergic Rhinitis, Intranasal, Fluticasone, Corticosteroid, Normal Saline, Efficacy

CASE STUDY: EFFECTS OF UNANI MEDICINE ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS

Atopic Dermatitis is an endogenous eczema triggered by exogenous agents and characterized by: Extremely pruritic, recurrent symmetric eczematous lesions. Site of involvement depending on the age of the patient. Personal and family history of allergic rhinitis, asthma, hay fever. Increased ability to form IGE to common environmental allergens (1). Atopic Dermatitis is a common, often persistent skin disease that affects a large percentage of world's population. The term Atopic is from the Greek meaning 'strange'. The word Dermatitis means inflammation of the skin (2).

An uncommon outbreak of irritant contact dermatitis caused by rubber accelerators: a historical cohort study

Our aim was to study the association between the rubber accelerators and predisposing factors of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) among the semiconductor factory workers. The research design was a historical cohort study. The study population was divided into two groups: (1) the rubber accelerator exposure group, including workers who wore natural rubber finger cots containing 2,2 dibenzthiazyl disulfide (MBTS), zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC), and zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC); and (2) the non-rubber accelerator exposure group, including the workers who wore finger cots with less accelerators and without ZDBC (i.e., the non-exposed group). The samples were calculated, and each group comprised 99 workers. The content of rubber accelerators in the finger cots was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography technique. Cases of ICD and the respective associated factors were collected from the medical records as well as information derived from the questionnaire. Inferential statistics using multiple regression analysis were applied and the results presented as relative risk (RR), adjusted relative risk (adjusted RR), and the 95% confidence interval (CI). The demographics of the exposed and non-exposed group were statistically different in age, duration of employment, duration of contact to rubber accelerators, underlying atopic diseases, underlying allergic rhinitis, family history of atopic diseases, and family history of allergic rhinitis. The results showed that the ICD occurred in 27 (27.3%) of workers in the exposed group compared to 4 (4.0%) of workers in the non-exposed group. The adjusted RR of rubber accelerators containing MBTS, ZDEC, and ZDBC was 9.84 (95% CI 3.70, 26.15) and the predisposing factors which associated with ICD were finger cot contact duration more than 4 years, underlying allergic rhinitis, and family history of atopic diseases [1.78 (95% CI 1.03, 3.08), 1.50 (95% CI 0.85, 2.64) and 1.97 (95% CI 1.12, 3.46), respectively], while having underlying atopic dermatitis was found to be a protective factor adjusted RR 0.62 (95% CI 0.10, 4.13). Rubber accelerators MBTS, ZDEC, and ZDBC were the causes of ICD. The possible agent was ZDBC. Other predisposing factors play less important role in this epidemic.

Prevalence of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in a rural area of northern China based on sensitization to specific aeroallergens

BackgroundMost epidemiologic studies reporting prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) have assessed solely self-reported prevalence, without confirmation by objective measures. Furthermore, reports of prevalence of NAR in Chinese subjects are scarce. Thus, we aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of AR and NAR in a Chinese, based on both clinical manifestation and allergic status.MethodsWe conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey, involving 1084 local residents from a rural area of Beijing, China. Participants were enrolled using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling method. All adult participants or the guardians of children completed standardized questionnaires to provide relevant demographic and clinical information. Skin prick tests were also performed to determine sensitization to specific aeroallergens. AR/NAR was classified according to Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma criteria.ResultsPrevalence of self-reported AR was 46.80%. Based on SPT results, the confirmed standardized prevalence of AR and NAR were 16.78% and 24.60%, respectively. Severity scores for nasal itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea and congestion were significantly higher in subjects with AR, than subjects with NAR (P < 0.05 for all). The three most common aeroallergens in self-reported AR group were Blattella germanica (16.6%), Dermatophagoides farinae (14.6%), and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (13.9%). Family history of AR and atopic dermatitis were significantly associated with AR (adjusted OR: 4.97 and 2.69, respectively), whereas family history of AR and asthma were significantly associated with NAR (adjusted OR: 3.53 and 2.45, respectively). Similarly, comorbid asthma, CRS, and atopic dermatitis were significant risk factors for both AR and NAR.ConclusionsCombination of standardized questionnaires and specific allergen tests may provide more accurate estimates of prevalence of AR and NAR and associated risk factors.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Allergic Rhinitis in Saudi Arabia, 2017

Background: allergic rhinitis (AR) is considered a worldwide health disease therefore the lack of knowledge would result in poor adherence to management and preventive protocols and increasing the prevalence of AR. Objectives: evaluating the knowledge, attitude and practice(KAP) of Saudi adult subjects toward AR in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods: a cross sectional study conducted on 900 Saudi adult subjects admitted to primary health care centers. The subjects were interviewed and filled up a questionnaire including the respondent’s demographics, questions related to knowledge, attitude and practice. Results: most of the respondents aged from31-45 years old, 59.7% were females and 49% were graduated from college.30% of participants had a family history of allergic rhinitis and 34% suffered from allergic rhinitis. Inadequate KAP was found among the participants with higher KAP scores related with higher educational degree. But there were no association between KAP level and gender or age. Conclusion: an inadequate knowledge was found among most of respondents thus resulting in poor attitude and practice pattern. Also, higher educational levels were associated with higher KAP scores.

The prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis among the children of the preschool age

The objective of the present work was to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of the development of allergic rhinitis among the children at the age from 3 to 6 years. The cross-sectional study was carried out in five cities of the Altai region during the period from 2015 to 2016. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was evaluated with the use of the Russian language version of the ISAAC questionnaire filled up by the parents of the children. A child whose parents answered in the affirmative to the question 'Did your child have the runny nose, nasal congestion, and/or sneezing in the absence of cold symptoms and acute viral infection during the last 12 months?' were considered to be suffering from active allergic rhinitis (AAR). The risk factors for the development of this condition were identified with the use of an additional questionnaire. A total of 3205 filled questionnaires were available for the analysis. Based on the data obtained, the prevalence of active allergic rhinitis among the study population was estimated at 18.0% (n=577). 243 (42.1%) of these children presented with the symptoms of conjunctivitis. Therefore, the prevalence of active allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC appears to be 7.5% (n=243). In fact, the medically verified diagnosis of allergic rhinitis was established only in 6.4% (n=204) children of the 577 ones having AAR. The family history of allergic rhinitis was shown to increase the risk of development of AAR by 2.6 times (OR=2.63 , 95%; CI=2.16-3.19; p<0.01) and that of ARC by 2.8 times (OR=2.85, 95%; CI=2.16-3.75; p<0.01). Masculine gender was found to increase the risk of development of both AAR an ARC by 1.3 times (OR=1.35, 95%; CI=1.01-1.37; p<0.05) and (OR=1.35, 95%; CI=1.03-1.76; p<0.05) respectively. The actual prevalence of active allergic rhinitis was significantly higher than the frequency of the medically verified diagnoses of this condition. It is concluded that the family history of allergic diseases and the masculine gender considerably increase the risk of development of both AAR and AFC.

Factors associated with Allergic Rhinitis in Colombian subpopulations aged 1 to 17 and 18 to 59

Several studies have shown variations in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) around the world, and different potential predisposing factors. More studies are needed on risk factors, specifically in developing countries. This study explored the association of several factors and AR among urban residents in six cities of Colombia. A cross-sectional study and a nested case-control study were carried out between 2009 and 2010 involving two Colombian subpopulations: children/adolescents and adults. Cases were affirmative respondents to "In the past 12 months, have you (or your child) had a problem with sneezing or a running or blocked nose, when you (or your child) did not have a cold or the flu?" "Controls" were subjects who never had been diagnosed with asthma, AR or atopic eczema by a physician, and whom did not report any symptoms in the past twelve months. Weighted logistic regression was used to assess the association of different factors with case/control status. Factors associated with AR in children/adolescents were family history of AR, acetaminophen consumption and high socioeconomic status. Among adults, family history of asthma, AR and atopic eczema, and cetaminophen consumption were associated with AR. Consumption of cereals among children/adolescents and eating eggs among adults showed protective associations. Our findings suggest the presence of previously unknown cultural, environmental and family factors associated with the presence of AR in Colombia.

Analysis of allergens distribution of patients with allergic rhinitis in Nanchong of Sichuan

Objective:To annalyze the allergens distribution of patients with allergic rhinitis in Nanchong of Sichuan, and to provide basic information for the prevention,diagnosis,treatment and epidemiological studies.Method:Skin prick tests with 36 kinds of standard allergens were used to 3 621 patients with allergic rhinitis.All the patients were divided into different group on the basis of gender,age and history of allergic disease.Result:Allergen positive rate prick test was 73.73% in all patients.There were no significant differences in allergen positive rate between different gender (P> 0.05).The top five allergens were all inhaled allergens,such as House dust mites,dust mites,rape pollen,the French phoenix tree pollen,and cat hair.In different age groups,allergen positive rate of group A,was different from group B,group C and group D respectively(P< 0.05). Group B was different from group C and group D respectively(P< 0.05). There were no significant differences between group C and group D(P> 0.05). The groups with family history of allergic rhinitis,bronchial asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis respectively were different from its counterpart(P< 0.05). And there were no significant differences between group with urticaria and group with contact dermatitis (P> 0.05).Conclusion:The main allergens were inhaled allergens in Nanchong of Sichuan,such as dust mites,pollen,dust mites,rape French phoenix tree pollen,cat hair.Allergen positive rate has nothing to do with gender.Allergen positive rate was connected with age,history of allergic diseases(family history of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma and a history of hypersensitivity pneumonitis).

Factors associated with Allergic Rhinitis in Colombian subpopulations aged 1 to 17 and 18 to 59.

Several studies have shown variations in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) around the world, and different potential predisposing factors. More studies are needed on risk factors, specifically in developing countries. This study explored the association of several factors and AR among urban residents in six cities of Colombia. A cross-sectional study and a nested case-control study were carried out between 2009 and 2010 involving two Colombian subpopulations: children/adolescents and adults. Cases were affirmative respondents to "In the past 12 months, have you (or your child) had a problem with sneezing or a running or blocked nose, when you (or your child) did not have a cold or the flu?" "Controls" were subjects who never had been diagnosed with asthma, AR or atopic eczema by a physician, and whom did not report any symptoms in the past twelve months. Weighted logistic regression was used to assess the association of different factors with case/control status. Factors associated with AR in children/adolescents were family history of AR, acetaminophen consumption and high socioeconomic status. Among adults, family history of asthma, AR and atopic eczema, and cetaminophen consumption were associated with AR. Consumption of cereals among children/adolescents and eating eggs among adults showed protective associations. Our findings suggest the presence of previously unknown cultural, environmental and family factors associated with the presence of AR in Colombia.

울산지역 초등학생의 알레르기비염 유병과 면역반응과의 상관성: 환자-대조군 연구

*Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea **Environmental Health Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea ABSTRACTObjectives: This study aims to investigate the correlations between the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) andcytokines among elementary school children in an industrial city, Ulsan, South Korea, and to identify majorenvironmental risk factors associated with AR prevalence. Methods: We conducted a case-control study in June 2009 and February 2010 in order to evaluate therelationship between AR and related cytokines. Data on physician-treated prevalence over the past 12 monthsand potential risk factors for AR were compiled through a questionnaire from a survey of 339 schoolchildrenliving in different urban environments. Logistic regression analysis was carried out with propensity scorematched data (n=180) to assess the influences of cytokines (IL-13, IL-33, IL-4 and IL-5) on AR prevalence andto determine which environmental factors affected AR.Results: In univariate analysis, the AR prevalence was influenced by family history of AR (mother andsiblings), environmental factors (odor condition and irritated symptoms of air pollution), and indoorallergens (D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus). The t-test demonstrated that eosinophils, Immunoglobulin E(IgE), and interleukins (IL-13 and IL-5) were statistically significantly different according to treatment ofallergic rhinitis over the preceeding 12 months. The results of the multiple logistic regression analysisshowed that a statistically significant association between several factors (such as irritated symptoms of airpollution (OR 4.075, CI 1.735-9.568), IL-13 (OR 0.825, CI 0.734-0.928), odor condition (OR 2.409, CI0.908-6.389), and AR history of siblings (OR 2.217, CI 0.999-4.921)) and the prevalence of AR was foundafter adjusting for confounders. Conclusion: These results suggest that AR prevalence is significantly associated with cytokine level, geneticbackground, and outdoor environmental factors. Although living in a polluted area and genetic background cancontribute to an increased risk of childhood AR, cytokine level should be considered as an important factor inthe treatment of AR in the last 12 months.Keywords: Allergic rhinitis, case-control study, cytokine, environmental risk factors, propensity scorematching

High prevalence of rhinitis symptoms without allergic sensitization in Estonia and Finland

ObjectivesAllergic rhinitis and atopy are more common in urban than rural environments. Non-allergic rhinitis has not been studied to a great extent. We aimed to assess the relationship of rhinitis symptoms with different profiles of allergic sensitization, comparing this in rural and urban environments.MethodsThe study population consisted of population-based cohorts of adults aged 26–60 from Helsinki, Finland, and rural Saaremaa and urban Tallinn, Estonia. We compared the results of a structured interview and skin prick tests and assessed the risk factors for rhinitis.ResultsThe prevalence of rhinitis symptoms with atopy was 32.7% in Helsinki, 20.8% in Tallinn, and 12.5% in Saaremaa (p<0.001). Rhinitis symptoms without atopy were found in 26.4%, 29.8%, and 29.3% (p=n.s.), respectively. In Helsinki, 87.3% of participants with atopy identified symptoms as allergic, compared to 57.0% in Tallinn and 47.5% in Saaremaa. Childhood in the countryside (OR 0.63), family history of allergic rhinitis (OR 1.89), and polysensitization (OR 15.99) were significantly associated with rhinitis symptoms with atopy in a multivariate logistic regression model. The most common sensitizers were pollens and animals in Helsinki and mites in Estonia. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (OR 1.50) and family history of allergic rhinitis (OR 1.70) were associated with rhinitis symptoms without atopy.ConclusionRhinitis symptoms without allergic sensitization were common in both Finland and Estonia and were associated with environmental tobacco smoke. Family history of allergic rhinitis predisposed to rhinitis symptoms irrespective of atopy status.