Family-group Names Research Articles

A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) – suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts

A revised taxonomy of Cenozoic radiolarian families is of particular importance because exhaustive molecular phylogenetic analyses for Collodaria, Entactinaria, Nassellaria and Spumellaria have shown high level of confidence at family or higher taxonomic ranks. In this sense, this study presents a new comprehensive taxonomy at the family level that integrated a classification based on ribosomal taxonomic marker genes (rDNA) and classical morphological taxonomy. However, many family names commonly used in Cenozoic radiolarians (Polycystinea) are derived from genera whose type species were never illustrated at the time of the generic definition. Obviously, in the vast majority of those cases, the “Principle of Typification” regulated in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999: Art. 61) cannot be logically applied. This has contributed to a century-long misunderstanding about the validity of Cenozoic taxa (species, genera and/or family-group names) erected without any illustration or drawing of their types, in particular the huge contribution of Ernst Haeckel from samples of the Challenger expedition (1872-1876). Reexamination of Haeckel's collection definitively confirmed that all the original types series (the specimens on which Haeckel established the nominal species-group taxon) being nonextant; in other words, all name-bearing specimens (the types) are restricted to the illustrations given in Haeckel's drawings. Because “types” in taxonomy are precious things, a nominal species-group taxon lacking at all of illustration (or indication to a repository) do not ensure the recognition of the species. Following the rules and recommendations of the ICZN, these names should be excluded from all nomenclatorial and taxonomical acts. This revision presents the state of the art of all proposed family-group names (with full synonymy lists) for Cenozoic Polycystinea.The list of family-group nominal taxa and their names was inventoried from 6694 publications (89% of the whole known references on radiolarians). The references were examined in order to clarify and fix the status of family names; hence these family-group names were rigidly classified as: valid, junior synonym, nomen dubium, nomen nudum, homonym, and invalid names. A total of 372 family-group names were proposed for the Cenozoic. These consist of 94 valid family-groups, 118 junior synonym family-groups, 111 nomen dubium family-groups (mainly artificially created in a hypothetical conceptual framework), 6 junior homonym family-groups, 19 nomen nudum family-groups, as well as 24 invalid names. In addition, one nomen novum et four new families are presented. The description of 25 families have been also emended.This study also outlines the advantages of an integrated approach to taxonomy of Polycystinea by the combination of both morphological and molecular systematics. Based on molecular phylogenetic studies, the systematic classification proposed at suprageneric level is arranged as follows:a) Order Spumellaria: three Phylogenetic Molecular Lineages (PM Lineages = suborders), 13 superfamilies and 42 families;b) Order Entactinaria: one PM Lineage, five superfamilies and nine families;c) Order Nassellaria: four PM Lineages, 16 superfamilies and 37 families;d) Order Collodaria: three superfamilies and six families.

Research on revision of origins to Chinese medicinal materials in 2020 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia

The origins of 9 species of the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition of the Chinese pharmacopoeia(ChP) has revised in the 2020 edition of ChP. The revision is based on the investigation and textual research on the problems found after screening the original plants, animals or minerals of all the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition. Among them the Chinese names of Alismatis Rhizoma, Cassiae Semen, Coicis Semen, Corydalis Bungeanae Herba and Echinopsis Radix all do not match to the Latin scientific names, and also do not match the name of the actual medicinal origins. In addition, Alismatis Rhizoma has the omission of original plant. There is confusion about the Chinese name and the family name of the original insect of Cera Chinensis. The original mineral of Gypsum Fibrosum has the wrong group names. Alumstone and melanterite, the original mineral of Alumen and Melanteritum respectively, of which the group names are missing. To solve these problems, field survey and literature research were conducted on the medicinal materials and their origins. The source of these problems are explored. The correct origins and the Chinese names or Latin names are all determined according to the research results to the situation, in which the Chinese and Latin names of the original plants of the medicinal materials do not match. The correct family name and group name are obtained through textual research by taxonomy if the names are confused or mis-sing. The scientific evidence and correct results of revision in the 2020 edition of ChP are determined at last.

Case 3820 – Hemiarthridae Sirenko, 1997 (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) proposed emendation of spelling to Hemiarthrumidae to remove homonymy with Hemiarthrinae Markham, 1972 (Arthropoda, Malacostraca)

The purpose of this application, under Article 55.3.1 of the Code, is to resolve the homonymy between the family-group names Hemiarthrinae Markham, 1972, with type genus Hemiarthrus Giard & Bonnier, 1887 (Arthropoda, Malacostraca), and Hemiarthridae Sirenko, 1997, with type genus Hemiarthrum Carpenter in Dall, 1876 (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). It is proposed that the Commission declare the stem of the generic name Hemiarthrum Carpenter in Dall, 1876 to be Hemiarthrum-, resulting in a change of the spelling of the name Hemiarthridae Sirenko, 1997 to Hemiarthrumidae.

Opinion 2463 (Case 3746) – Ripiphorus Bosc, 1791 and Ripiphoridae Laporte, 1840 (Insecta, Coleoptera): generic and family-group names conserved by designation of a type species for the former

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has conserved the usage of the generic name RipiphorusBosc, 1791, type genus of RipiphoridaeLaporte, 1840, by designating Ripiphorus subdipterusFabricius, 1792 as its type species.

Opinion 2466 (Case 3761) – Platypleurini Schmidt, 1918 (Insecta, Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadoidea): name conserved by conditional reversal of precedence

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has conserved the usage of the family-group name PlatypleuriniSchmidt, 1918 for a group of Old World cicadas over its senior subjective synonym HamzariaDistant, 1905.

Opinion 2464 (Case 3749) – Erynnini Brues & Melander, 1932 (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae): name conserved

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has conserved the usage of the family-group name ErynniniBrues & Melander, 1932 for a tribe of hesperiid butterflies by suppressing its senior homonyms ErynnidiTutt, 1906, ErynnidaeSwinhoe, 1913 and ErynnidaeHampson, 1918.

A new genus of Liocranidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from Tajikistan

A new genus, Platnickgen. n., with three new species, P. shablyaisp. n. (♂, type species), P. astanasp. n. (♀) and P. sangloksp. n. (♀), are described from Tajikistan. The male of the type species has a unique pair of longitudinal ventral postgastral scuta. Females have such scuta also, but they are much shorter. The new genus is placed in Liocranidae Simon, 1897. A discussion on the subfamilies of Liocranidae and comments on the family-group names are provided.

Corrigendum: The Collins’ monster, a spinous suspension‐feeding lobopodian from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia

In the recent publication by Caron & Aria (2020), the proposed new family-group name ‘Teratopodidae’ is not available because it is not formed from the stem of an available generic name (ICZN 1999; Art. 11.7.1.1). A replacement name is proposed here, along with corrected Remarks. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:41E7E111-B628-42DC-AE3A-0290D5F25DB3 After the type genus Collinsovermis. Acinocricus Conway Morris & Robison, 1988, unnamed form from Emu Bay Shale (García-Bellido et al. 2013), Collinsium Yang et al., 2015, Collinsovermis Caron & Aria, 2020. Luolishaniid lobopodians with stout bodies and paired spinules on anterior lobopods up to c. 2.5 times as long as lobopod diameter, and spaced apart c. 1/3 of lobopod diameter. Collinsovermidae differ from other luolishaniid lobopodians by the length and spacing of their appendicular spinules, as diagnosed above. The need to create a familial-level rank arises with the demonstrated cladistic grouping of Collinsovermis,Acinocricus and Collinsium, which is helpful in discussing diversity across an ever larger luolishaniid clade. The extent of the presence of long and elongate dorsal spines is another potential character that could inform the monophyly of this group or a sub-group within Collinsovermidae, since spines at least twice as long as body diameter in Luolishania are present only on a few post-frontal somites, possibly from somite 2 to somite 4, whereas they cover most of the body in Acinocricus,Collinsium and Collinsovermis. The seemingly shorter spine length in the EBS taxon and its incompleteness cast doubt on the validity of this character, although it may mean that the EBS form occupies a basal position within Collinsovermidae. Likewise, we identified that an antero-lateral change in spine number per set characterised Acinocricus,Collinsovermis and, less markedly, Collinsium, but we cannot be sure at present whether this trait is diagnostic of Collinsovermidae as a whole. This published work and the nomenclatural act it contains, have been registered in ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/References/D5551921-7DCA-4B7E-B8B1-85FF5EBD711D

Opinion 2456 (Case 3669) – Family-group names based on Ortalis Merrem, 178 (Aves, Cracidae): usage conserved by suppression of the family-group names based on Ortalis Fallén, 1810 (Insecta, Diptera)

Opinion 2456 (Case 3669) – Family-group names based on Ortalis Merrem, 178 (Aves, Cracidae): usage conserved by suppression of the family-group names based on Ortalis Fallén, 1810 (Insecta, Diptera)

Four new gelechioid species to honor Costa Rica's conservation of wild biodiversity (Lepidoptera).

We described four new gelechioid species from Costa Rica: Philtronoma cbdora Metz, new species; Tinaegeria carlosalvaradoi Metz, new species; Tinaegeria romanmacayai Metz, new species (Depressariidae: Tinaegeriinae revised status); and Percnarcha claudiadoblesae Metz, new species (Gelechiidae: Gelechiinae). We provide these honorifics to recognize commitment and devotion to conservation of biodiversity. The new species are all highly diagnostic among other species of Gelechioidea, and species of Tinaegeria and Percnarcha demonstrate striking mimesis for presumed wasp and beetle models. The family-group name Tinaegeriidae Hampson, 1893 is clarified, including the previously overlooked priority of the family-group name synonyms, and is placed as a valid subfamily in Depressariidae comprised of the genera Filinota Busck, 1911, Nematochares Meyrick, 1931, Philtronoma Meyrick, 1914, Profilinota Clarke, 1973, and Tinaegeria Walker, 1856.

Recent family-group names (2013-2019) in the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha).

A list is provided of scale insect (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) family-group names published between 2013 and the end of 2019. This is a supplement to two previous lists by Williams, covering names published from 1814-1968, and those published from 1969-2012. As in the previous lists, each entry is headed by the nominal genus on which each family‑group name is based followed by any new ranks.

Case 3815 – Tyrannosauridae Osborn, 1906 (Dinosauria, Theropoda): proposed conservation by reversal of precedence with Deinodontidae Cope, 1866 and Dryptosauridae Marsh, 1890

The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.3 of the Code, is to conserve at both the family and superfamily level the widely used family-group name Tyrannosauridae (-oidea) Osborn, 1906 (Dinosauria, Theropoda), which is threatened by its senior subjective synonyms Deinodontidae (-oidea) Cope, 1866 and Dryptosauridae (-oidea) Marsh, 1890. Strict application of the Code would result in unnecessary confusion in dinosaur taxonomy since the names Tyrannosauridae and Tyrannosauroidea have been used consistently in the vertebrate paleontological literature since the 1970s with only a very few exceptions.

Additions and corrections to "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)".

Additions and corrections to "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)".

On the availability of the family-group name Lychnocolacidae (Strepsiptera).

In a phylogenetic study of the insect order Strepsiptera, the peculiar paleotropical genus Lychnocolax Bohart, 1951 was recovered as the sister group to Stylopidae + Xenidae rather than as nested among the Myrmecolacidae (McMahon et al., 2011). Accordingly, the genus was removed from the myrmecolacids and placed in a family of its own (Kathirithamby Engel, 2014). Kathirithamby Engel (2014) erroneously attributed the family-group name to Bohart (1951) and therefore provided nothing more than diagnostic traits in the form of a dichotomous key to families. Cook (2019) rightly noted that Bohart (1951) provided only an account of the genus but retained it within Myrmecolacidae and did not establish a higher category for Lychnocolax. Accordingly, the first usage of a family-group name based on Lychnocolax was by Kathirithamby Engel (2014) (Cook, 2019). Unfortunately, their usage of the name does not meet the criteria required to make the name available from that date and source (ICZN, 1999). Specifically, after 1999 all new family-group names, aside from being based on an available type genus and accompanied by a description in words (ICZN, 1999: Arts. 13.1 and 13.2), must also meet the following criteria pertinent to the current case : 1) must be explicitly indicated as new (Art. 16.1), and 2) must be accompanied by a clear citation of the type genus (Art. 16.2). While Kathirithamby Engel (2014) did base the name on an available type genus and included diagnostic characters to differentiate the family from other groups, they did not explicitly indicate the name as new (since they erroneously attributed the name to Bohart), nor did they specifically note the type genus (even if it was apparent from the formation of the familial name). Thus, given the failure to satisfy Articles 16.1 and 16.2 (ICZN, 1999), the family-group name based on Lychnocholax Bohart, 1951 must be considered as unavailable from the publication of Kathirithamby Engel (2014). Although the family name has been mentioned a few times subsequently (e.g., Lu Liu, 2014; Kathirithamby et al., 2015; Engel et al., 2016; Kathirithamby, 2018; Cook, 2019), none of these latter uses satisfy the requirements of the ICZN (1999). Therefore, this nomenclatural oversight is here corrected utilizing the diagnostic traits outlined in the key of Kathirithamby Engel (2014).

An overlooked family-group name among bees: Availability of Coelioxoidini (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Recent phylogenetic analysis of the family Apidae has applied the tribal name Coelioxoidini to the distinctive genus Coelioxoides Cresson, which has been thought to be related to Tetrapedia Klug. However, the nomenclatural status of such a family-group name has not yet been assessed. Herein, we determine that this family-group name is available and discuss its authorship and proposal date.

On the nomenclature of Cyrtorhininae Guinot, 1993 (Brachyura, Raninoidea)

Abstract The podotreme brachyuran subfamily Cyrtorhinae was established by Guinot (1993) for Cyrtorhina Monod, 1956, an unusual raninid genus from the Atlantic and Western Pacific. Although the family-group name has been accepted and used widely, it is not available for nomenclatural purposes. The present note serves to validate the name Cyrtorhininae.

On the spelling of family-group names based on the genus Trigonalys Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae versus Trigonalyidae)

On the spelling of family-group names based on the genus <i> Trigonalys</i> Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae versus Trigonalyidae)

Case 3813 – Acalyptini Thomson, 1859 (Hexapoda, Coleoptera) and Acalyptini Blatchley, 1926 (Hexapoda, Heteroptera): proposed removal of homonymy by emendation of the latter name to Acalyptaini

The purpose of this application, under Article 55.3.1 of the Code, is to remove the homonymy between two family-group names of Hexapoda: the coleopteran tribal name AcalyptiniThomson, 1859 (type genus AcalyptusSchonherr, 1833; family Curculionidae) and the heteropteran tribal name AcalyptiniBlatchley, 1926 (type genus AcalyptaWestwood, 1840; family Tingidae). We propose to adopt the entire type genus name AcalyptaWestwood, 1840 as the stem for the corresponding family-group name AcalyptainiBlatchley, 1926. The senior homonym AcalyptiniThomson, 1859 (Coleoptera), based on AcalyptusSchonherr, 1833, will remain unchanged.

Comment (Case 3775) – More information on Megaperidae Manter, 1934 and Apocreadiinae Skrjabin, 1942 (Platyhelminthes, Digenea): proposed re-establishment of precedence of the older family-group name

Comment (Case 3775) – More information on Megaperidae Manter, 1934 and Apocreadiinae Skrjabin, 1942 (Platyhelminthes, Digenea): proposed re-establishment of precedence of the older family-group name

A Reappraisal of the Northern Hemisphere Species of Platyonyx Schönherr and Leptoschoinus Dejean (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Baridinae)

The study explores the generic limits and systematic position of Leptoschoinus Dejean, 1836, the type genus for a poorly defined family-group name in Baridinae. Species of five nominal genera, generally with a bipartite denticulation on the endophallus but for historical reasons being assigned to different tribes, were examined for consistency and variants of morphological, mostly male-specific, traits. It is concluded that Leptoschoinus accommodates the most basal elements among the studied species, with plesiomorphic traits dominating. The species of PlatyonyxSchonherr, 1826 and LeptocorynusCasey, 1920 are recognized as advanced members of the same clade, not as a divergent branch of a monophyletic Leptoschoinus. OdontocorynusSchonherr, 1844 is considered as the sister group, with its own similarly inconsistent and progressively diversifying suite of apomorphic states. The following new synonymies are proposed: Leptoschoinus and Leptocorynus are placed in synonymy with Platyonyx; Centrinus nobilis Gistel, 1857 and Leptoschoinus quadriguttatus Voss, 1943 are placed in synonymy with Megabaris quadriguttata (Klug, 1829); Platyonyx ornatus griseofasciatusHustache, 1951 is placed in synonymy with P. ornatusSchonherr, 1826; and Polpones sexmaculatusHustache, 1951 is synonymized with Polpones decemmaculatus Bondar, 1945. Leptocorynus longiclava (Champion, 1908) and Leptocorynus tenuiclava (Champion, 1908) are transferred back to Geraeus Pascoe, 1889 (reinstated combinations). Centrinus curtusHustache, 1951, Leptocorynus aspersus (Champion, 1908), Leptocorynus scutatus (Champion, 1908), and Leptoschoinus fucatus (Klug, 1829) are transferred to Platyonyx (new combinations). Platyonyx ornatus diffususHustache, 1951 is promoted to full species rank (new status). Leptoschoinus quadriguttatus Voss is recognized as a junior secondary homonym of M. quadriguttata (Klug) (new homonymy). The subtribe Leptoschoinina Lacordaire, 1865 is transferred from Madarini Jekel, 1865 to Apostasimerini Schonherr, 1844 (new placement). Platyonyx burkei Prena and Platyonyx wecius Prena are described from central Mexico, and Platyonyx hah Prena is described from Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela (all new species). Previous records of Platyonyx fucatus (Klug) from Mexico apply to P. burkei, records from Panama to P. hah, and records from French Guiana probably to P. ornatus.