Geometry Research Articles

A Methodology for the Mechanical Design of Pneumatic Joints Using Artificial Neural Networks

The advent of collaborative and soft robotics has reduced the mandatory adoption of safety barriers, pushing human–robot interaction to previously unreachable levels. Due to their reciprocal advantages, integrating these technologies can maximize a device’s performance. However, simplifying assumptions or elementary geometries are often required due to non-linear factors that identify analytical models for designing soft pneumatic actuators for collaborative and soft robotics. Over time, various approaches have been employed to overcome these issues, including finite element analysis, response surface methodology (RSM), and machine learning (ML) algorithms. Based on the latter, in this study, the bending behavior of an externally reinforced soft pneumatic actuator was characterized by the changing geometric and functional parameters, realizing a Bend dataset. This was used to train 14 regression algorithms, and the Bilayered neural network (BNN) was the best. Three different external reinforcements, excluded for the realization of the dataset, were tested by comparing the predicted and experimental bending angles. The BNN demonstrated significantly lower error than that obtained by RSM, validating the methodology and highlighting how ML techniques can advance the prediction and mechanical design of soft pneumatic actuators.

A comparative study of body size evolution in moths: evidence of correlated evolution with feeding and phenology-related traits.

Interspecific variation in body size is one of the most popular topics in comparative studies. Despite recent advances, little is known about the patterns and processes behind the evolution of body size in insects. Here, we used a robust data set comprising all geometrid moth species occurring in Northern Europe to examine the evolutionary associations involving body size and several life-history traits under an explicitly phylogenetic framework. We provided new insights into the interactive effects of life-history traits on body size and evidence of correlated evolution. We further established the sequence of trait evolution linking body size with the life-history traits correlated with it. We found that most (but not all) of the studied life-history traits, to some extent, influenced interspecific variation in body size, but interactive effects were uncommon. Both bi- and multivariate phylogenetic analyses indicated that larger species tend to be nocturnal flyers, overwinter in the larval stage, feed on the foliage of trees rather than herbs, and have a generalist feeding behaviour. We found evidence of correlated evolution involving body size with overwintering stage, host-plant growth form, and dietary specialization. The examination of evolutionary transitions within the correlated evolution models signalled that overwintering as larvae commonly preceded the evolution of large sizes, as did feeding on tree foliage and the generalist feeding behaviour. By showing that both body size and all life-history traits correlated with it evolve at very slow rates, we caution against uncritical attempts to propose causal explanations for respective associations based on contemporary ecological settings.

ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE FAUNA OF THE GEOMETRID MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) OF AMURSKAYA OBLAST

The paper provides a zoogeographical characteristic of the fauna of geometrid moth fauna (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) of Amurskaya Oblast (Far East of Russia) in the aspects of regional zoogeographic connections with neighboring territories and connections of local moth faunas with the main types of landscapes within the region. It has been established that the moth fauna of Amurskaya Oblast shows a clear similarity with the faunas of the southeastern part of the Far Eastern Federal District in terms of species composition and the participation of longitudinal and altitudinal-latitudinal groups of areas. Differences of the fauna of Amurskaya Oblast from other regions are due to its middle location on the south of the District and direct contact with the regions of Eastern Siberia. The fauna of Amurskaya Oblast is closest to that of Khabarovskii Krai in the species composition, and differs in a smaller proportion of species included in the Far Eastern group of areas. There are two faunal complexes of moths in Amurskaya Oblast: boreal (taiga), with a predominance of wide-area northern mid-latitude species, and nemoral, with a predominance of Far Eastern southern midand low-latitude species. Fauna of geometrid moths of Amurskaya Oblast south of ~53° N and west of the river Bureya is a transitional between boreal and nemoral, relatively clinal changing in the composition of the groups of areas in the direction of southeast – northwest. There is no distinct northern border of the transitional zone due to the high patchiness of the distribution of boreal and nemoral biocenoses. Communities of geometrid moths of nemoral forests occupy the extreme southeast of Amurskaya Oblast east of the river Bureya, which can be considered an only distinct boundary of westward distribution for many Far Eastern southern mid- and low-latitude species of geometrid moths. In the transitional zone, a meadow-forest subzone is distinguished, containing species of moths associated with the steppe and forest-steppe faunas of Central Asia and Northern China. Based on the structure of local moth faunas, the Siberian – East Asian faunal boundary in the Amurskaya Oblast appears as a wide sublatitudinal “transitional” zone, running from approximately 53° N latitude in the north to the lower reaches of the river Bureya (~50° N latitude) in the south of the region.

Geometrids (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve and other natural areas of the Kamchatka Peninsula

An overview of geometrid moth species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve is presented. Additionally, materials from the Bystrinsky and Nalychevo Nature Parks, the Yuzhno- Kamchatsky and Kol River protected natural areas, as well as from the Bering Island (Commander Islands National Park). An annotated list has been compiled, including 79 species, of which Biston betularia (Linnaeus, 1758) and Scotopteryx chenopodiata (Linnaeus, 1758) are listed for the fi rst time for Kamchatka. Seventy species have been recorded in the Kronotsky Nature Reserve, 39 of which are new to the reserve. About 80% of geometrid moth species known on the peninsula inhabit the reserve. For all 79 species, we provided data on the collected material, distribution in the reserve and Kamchatka Krai, relative abundance, food plants for caterpillars and other ecological features.

Synchrotron X-ray microtomography and finite element modelling to uncover flax fibre defect’s role in tensile performances

Flax fibres offer performance capabilities comparable to glass fibres, thereby enhancing their potential in the biobased composites industry. However, these fibres have morphological defects affecting their mechanical features. In the present work, flax elementary fibres geometries with defects assessed by synchrotron X-ray microtomography were meshed to simulate a tensile test using finite element analysis. For the first time, the distribution of stresses in the vicinity of defects is revealed. The geometrical irregularities at the surface of the fibre and the delamination of cellulose layers within fibre cell wall turned out to concentrate stress up to 7.5 times compared to defect-free regions. These results demonstrate why flax fibres cannot reach their full potential in comparison to what could be expected from a structure mainly constituted from crystalline cellulose microfibrils, and why fracture in a composite is likely to initiate in those defect zones.

Lythria (Microlythria subgen. nov.) venustata Staudinger, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): distribution and description of the female, with a brief review of the genus

The article provides new localities for the little-known species Lythria venustata Staudinger, 1882; a map with all currently known locations is presented. A new subgenus, Microlythria subgen. nov., within Lythria Hübner is proposed for L. venustata. A morphological description of L. venustata female and illustration of its genital structure are given for the first time; some corrections in the description of the male genitalia are made. Both male and female genitalia of all other species of the genus are also shown, and a comparison of L. venustata with its congeners is made. Colour plates depicting males and females of all species of the genus Lythria are provided. The systematic position of the genus in the family Geometridae, and the implication of the features of L. venustata female genitalia for tribal association within the Sterrhinae are discussed. Identification keys (based on external morphology and genital structure) to Lythria species are given.

Molecular phylogeny of north European Geometridae (Lepidoptera: Geometroidea)

AbstractA comprehensive phylogeny of north European Geometridae is reconstructed using a two‐step analytical pipeline. First, a phylogenomic backbone tree was inferred using a 117‐species subset of geometrid moths and a 35‐species set of outgroup taxa from eight other macroheteroceran families. The data matrix totalled 209,499 bp from 648 protein‐coding loci obtained using anchored hybrid enrichment technique for sequencing. This backbone was used for constructing a larger phylogeny of Geometridae based on up to 11 ‘traditional’ protein‐coding genes which were obtained for all 376 species of north European geometrids, complemented by 98 species from taxonomic key groups of Geometridae from other parts of the world. Our results largely corroborate earlier findings about higher classification of Geometridae, but new evidence nevertheless allows us to suggest several changes to the taxonomy. Lampropterygini Õunap & Nedumpally tribus nova and Pelurgini Õunap & Nedumpally tribus nova (both Larentiinae) are described. Epirranthini are regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Rumiini syn. n. Triphosini and Macariini are shown to be paraphyletic within their current limits. Costaconvexa Agenjo is transferred from Xanthorhoini to Epirrhoini new tribe association, Artiora Meyrick from Ennomini incertae sedis to Boarmiini new tribe association, Selenia Hübner from Ennominae incertae sedis to Epionini new tribe association and Epirranthis Hübner from Epirranthini to Rumiini new tribe association. Ochyria Hübner stat. rev. is revived from synonym of Xanthorhoe Hübner as a valid genus and Epelis Hulst stat. rev. and Speranza Curtis stat. rev. from synonyms of Macaria Curtis as valid genera, leading to the following new or revised combinations: Ochyria quadrifasiata (Clerck) rev. comb., Epelis carbonaria (Clerck) comb. n., Speranza fusca (Thunberg) comb. n., Speranza artesiaria (Denis & Schiffermüller) rev. comb., Speranza brunneata (Thunberg) rev. comb., Speranza wauaria (Linnaeus) rev. comb., Speranza loricaria (Eversmann) rev. comb. Perizoma saxicola Tikhonov rev. comb. is transferred back to its original genus from Gagitodes Warren. Hydrelia Hübner, Xanthorhoe and Heliomata Grote & Robinson are shown to be paraphyletic within their current limits.

Macromoths (Erebidae: Lepidoptera) and Geometer Moths (Geometridae: Lepidoptera) Species Diversity in Central Sindh, Pakistan

Moths are primarily nocturnal, phytophagous, pests of agriculture, night pollinators, and potential bioindicators. The current study is the first to provide information on the diversity, richness, and abundance of moth species in central Sindh, Pakistan. Moths were collected by light traps, light sheets, and insect nets. A total of 517 specimens were collected during four seasons (Winter, Spring, Summer, and Autumn) and sorted out into 2 families. Moreover, Family Erebidae was sorted out into 3 subfamilies (Arctinae, Calpinae, and Erebinae) of 5 genera (Utethesia, Chalciope, Creatonotus, Grammodes, and Eudocima) with 8 species (Utethesia pulchella Linnaeusn1758, Utethesia lotrix Cramer 1789, Chalciope mygdone Cramer 1775, Creatonotus transiens Walker 1855, Grammodes geometrica Fabricius 1775, Grammodes stolida Fabricius 1775, Eudocima phalonia Linnaeus 1763, and Eudocima maternal Linnaeus 1767) while family Geometridae was sorted out into 3 subfamilies (Sterrhinae, Ennominae, and Geometrinae) of 3 genera (Scopula, Isturgia, and Microloxia) with 5 species (Scopula pulchella Fabricius 1794, Scopula minorata Boisduval 1833, Isturgia disputaria Guenee 1858, Isturgia Pulinda Walker 1860, and Microloxia herbaria Hubner 1800). However, the family Erebidae was found to be the most prevalent with 8 species while the family Geometridae was found to be the least prevalent with 5 species. However, the family Geometridae was found to be highest in abundance with 305 specimens while the family Erebidae was found to be lowest in abundance with 212 specimens. According to the localities, the highest value (0.91) of Simpson's index (D) was recorded for Matiari; while the lowest value (0.86) was recorded for Jamshoro. The survey locations featured varied moth fauna, as evidenced by the fact that Matiari was recorded as the highest value (2.394) Shannon index (H) while Jamshoro was recorded as the lowest value (2.034).

Complex evolution in thin air: Investigating female flightlessness and diel behaviour in geometrid moths (Lepidoptera)

AbstractMany unique high‐altitude mountain ecosystems have been declining due to climate change, posing a threat to flora and fauna that have adapted to these ecosystems. This study explores the evolution of high‐altitude adaptations, focusing on female flightlessness and diel activity, in geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Ennominae, Gnophini) within the European Alps. We constructed a phylogeny of Gnophini moths using a dataset of 157 taxa, with up to seven genetic markers and traced the evolutionary history of diel activity and wing length reduction in females. Analysis of divergence times suggested that female flightlessness has evolved at least three times independently between the early and late Miocene. The evolution of wing length reduction is likely correlated with elevation, indicating adaptations to cold and windy conditions in high altitude. The evolutionary events leading to shifts in adult diel activity, from ancestral nocturnality to diurnality, have occurred independently at least three times and may also be a consequence of adaptations at high elevations. Strikingly, among diurnal Sciadia, two species have evolved further to become nocturnal like their ancestors. Our findings highlight how phylogenies can provide new insights into evolutionary patterns in moths. We provided a robust basis for resolving taxonomic ambiguities in Alpine Gnophini, leading us to propose 10 changes to the current classification: Scrupodes Lee & Sihvonen gen. n., Elophos Boisduval (type species Geometra operaria Hübner) is considered a junior synonym of Sciadia Hübner syn. n., Yezognophos dilucidaria (Denis & Schiffermüller) and Y. sproengertsi (Püngeler) are transferred to Parietaria Leraut comb. n., Yezognophos serotinaria (Denis & Schiffermüller) is transferred to Scrupeus Lee & Sihvonen comb. n., Elophos caelibaria (Heydenreich), E. zirbitzensis (Pieszcek), E. operaria (Hübner) and E. andereggaria (De La Harpe) are transferred to Sciadia Hübner comb. n. and Dichrognophos Wehrli (type species Gnophos orthogonia Wehrli) is transferred from Ennominae: Cassymini to Ennominae: Gnophini.

Are day-flying moths more specialized in larval dietary breadth?-a test of the "Salient Aroma Hypothesis" in a predominantly nocturnal clade.

Although diurnality is widespread across Lepidoptera and has evolved many times independently, its causes and ecological implications are yet poorly understood. The "Salient Aroma Hypothesis" (SAH) postulates that diurnal insect herbivores are overall more specialized in dietary breadth than species active at night. It is furthermore assumed that diurnality evolved more frequently in species that live in cooler environments. Using European geometrid moths as a model group, we tested whether diurnal activity in adults is associated with an increased larval dietary breadth as predicted by the SAH. We further investigated whether species that exclusively occur in colder regions or whose flight period is restricted to cool seasons are more likely to exhibit a diurnal flight activity. Contrary to expectation, we found no consistent differences in larval dietary breadth between diurnal and nocturnal species, and thus no support for the SAH. Diurnal activity occurred more frequently in species restricted to cold regions but not in species restricted to cool seasons. We conclude that diurnality could serve as an advantageous adaptation in cold environments, depending on further factors such as resource availability or predation pressure, but has no immediate consequences for larval dietary breadth.

Phylogenomics of the geometrid tribe Palyadini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) reveals contrasting patterns of phylogenetic signal in wing colour characters.

Next generation sequencing techniques currently represent a practical and efficient way to infer robust evolutionary hypotheses. Palyadini is a small Neotropical tribe of geometrid moths composed of six genera that feature strikingly colourful wings. Here, we investigated patterns of evolution and amount of phylogenetic signal contained in various colour characters featured in the wings of members of this tribe by (i) inferring a robust phylogenetic hypothesis using ultraconserved elements (UCEs), and afterwards, (ii) mapping the morphological characters onto the molecular topology under a parsimonious ancestral character optimization. Our matrix, obtained with 60% completeness, includes 754 UCE loci and 73 taxa (64 ingroup, nine outgroup). Maximum likelihood and parsimony generated largely identical topologies with strongly supported nodes, except for one node inside the genus Opisthoxia. According to our topology, most wing colour characters are reconstructed as homoplastic, particularly at the tribe level, but five of the seven provide evidence supporting common ancestry at the genus level. Our results emphasize, once again, that no character system is infallible, and that more research is necessary to take our understanding of the evolution of wing colour in moths to a level comparable with the knowledge we have for butterflies.

130 years from discovery to description: micro‐CT scanning applied to construct the integrative taxonomy of a forgotten moth from Southern Africa (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

AbstractX‐ray micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) of dried and pinned museum specimens combined with advanced image processing can provide a useful, novel and non‐destructive tool for integrative insect taxonomy. This paper demonstrates how micro‐CT can be applied to provide unambiguous illustrations of diagnostic morphological characters for new taxa description and to understand how micro‐CT imaging may complement other imaging techniques. Following micro‐CT scanning, a semi‐automatic segmentation and volume rendering protocol was used to portray the wing venation and diagnostic structures and ornamentation of male genitalia from multiple angles. Using micro‐CT images, we provide the description of a conspicuous geometrid moth from southern Africa (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), which has been present in collections since 1894, but left without an available name. Using a multigenetic dataset comprising 273 terminal taxa from the superfamily Geometroidea, we constructed a molecular phylogeny to place our study species to an isolated lineage in Geometridae: Larentiinae, tribe Xanthorhoini sensu lato. We describe it as Chloecolora vergetaria new genus, new species Englund & Staude, and provide diverse ecological information on its distribution, habitat, host plant, adult and immature stages, and parasites. We found micro‐CT imaging particularly useful in two‐ and three‐dimensional imaging of wings, providing detailed information for instance on non‐tubular folds that may be difficult to distinguish using other techniques.

Evolution of wing shape in geometrid moths: phylogenetic effects dominate over ecology.

Locomotory performance is an important determinant of fitness in most animals, including flying insects. Strong selective pressures on wing morphology are therefore expected. Previous studies on wing shape in Lepidoptera have found some support for hypotheses relating wing shape to environment-specific selective pressures on aerodynamic performance. Here, we present a phylogenetic comparative study on wing shape in the lepidopteran family Geometridae, covering 374 species of the northern European fauna. We focused on 11 wing traits including aspect ratio, wing roundness, and the pointedness of the apex, as well as the ratio of forewing and hindwing areas. All measures were taken from images available on the internet, using a combination of tools available in Fiji software and R. We found that wing shape demonstrates a phylogenetically conservative pattern of evolution in Geometridae, showing similar or stronger phylogenetic signal than many of its potential predictors. Several wing traits showed statistically significant associations with predictors such as body size, phenology, and preference for forest habitats. Overall, however, all of these associations remained notably weak, with no wing shape being excluded for any value of the predictors, including body size. We conclude that, in geometrids, wing traits do not readily respond to selective pressures optimizing aerodynamic performance of the moths in different environments. Selection on wing shape may nevertheless operate through other functions of the wings, with the effectiveness of crypsis at rest being a promising candidate for further studies.

A DNA barcode library of Austrian geometridae (Lepidoptera) reveals high potential for DNA-based species identification.

Situated in the Eastern section of the European Alps, Austria encompasses a great diversity of different habitat types, ranging from alpine to lowland Pannonian ecosystems, and a correspondingly high level of species diversity, some of which has been addressed in various DNA barcoding projects. Here, we report a DNA barcode library of all the 476 species of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) that have been recorded in Austria. As far as possible, species were sampled from different Austrian regions in order to capture intraspecific genetic variation. In total, 2500 DNA barcode sequences, representing 438 species, were generated in this study. For complete coverage of Austrian geometrid species in the subsequent analyses, the dataset was supplemented with DNA barcodes from specimens of non-Austrian origin. Species delimitations by ASAP, BIN and bPTP methods yielded 465, 510 and 948 molecular operational taxonomic units, respectively. Congruency of BIN and ASAP partitions with morphospecies assignments was reasonably high (85% of morphospecies in unique partitions), whereas bPTP appeared to overestimate the number of taxonomic units. The study furthermore identified taxonomically relevant cases of morphospecies splitting and sharing in the molecular partitions. We conclude that DNA barcoding and sequence analysis revealed a high potential for accurate DNA-based identification of the Austrian Geometridae species. Additionally, the study provides an updated checklist of the geometrid moths of Austria.

Two new species of the hyperdiverse geometrid moth genus Eois (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) from Ecuador, with descriptions of early stages.

The hyperdiverse geometrid genus Eois Hübner, estimated to encompass more than 1,000 species, is among the most species-rich genera in all of Lepidoptera. While the genus has attracted considerable attention from ecologists and evolutionary biologists in recent decades, limited progress has been made on its alpha taxonomy. This contribution focuses on the Olivacea clade, whose monophyly has been recognized previously through molecular analyses. We attempt to define the clade from a morphological perspective and recognize the following species based on morphology and genomic data: E.olivacea (Felder & Rogenhofer); E.pseudolivacea Doan, sp. nov.; E.auruda (Dognin), stat. rev.; E.beebei (Fletcher, 1952), stat. rev.; E.boliviensis (Dognin), stat. rev.; and E.parumsimii Doan, sp. nov. Descriptions and illustrations of the immature stages of E.pseudolivacea reared from Piper (Piperaceae) in Ecuador are provided.

Nestling Diet of Two Sympatric Insectivorous Passerines in Different Habitats—A Metabarcoding Study

Increasing landscape transformations and urbanisation affect insectivorous bird populations in various ways such as food availability, breeding phenology, or reproductive success. Especially during the breeding season, many passerine birds rely on the availability of caterpillars as the main prey for their nestlings. Previous studies suggested that similar diet preferences of sympatric species may result in interspecific competition, as demonstrated for Blue and Great Tits in forest habitats. However, nestling diet and prey preferences in other habitats are not fully understood. Prey availability, especially caterpillars, is lower in cities than in forests, thus influencing prey choice and interspecific competition. Here we used faecal DNA metabarcoding to investigate if nestling diet composition of the two sympatric species Blue Cyanistes caeruleus and Great Tits Parus major varied among species and different habitats (forest, traditional orchards, and urban parks). Furthermore, we examined food availability by DNA barcoding of the arboreal arthropod communities among habitats and compared them to the nestling diet to infer parental prey selectivity. The study was carried out in central Germany from 2018 to 2019. Blue and Great Tits showed a diverse diet which was dominated by Lepidoptera in all habitats. Lepidopteran diet components were most similar between forest and orchard sites, as were the components with other arthropods between orchard and urban sites. Both tit species showed selectivity for the lepidopteran families Geometridae and Tortricidae in all habitats, and for Noctuidae (Lepidoptera), Tenthredinidae and Braconidae (Hymenoptera) in forest and orchard sites. As the tits showed preferences for mainly families of Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera, our approach provides a baseline to support monitoring of these groups.

Checklist of the Moth (Lepidopteran) Fauna of District Buner Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

An annotated checklist of the Moth (Lepidopteran) fauna of District Buner, KP, Pakistan were presented. In the current study 563 specimens of Moth were collected. Throughout entomological investigation a total of 28 species belonging to 25 genera names asCyana hemata (Walker, 1854), Aloa lactinea (Cramer, 1777), Creatonotos transiens (Walker, 1855), Olene mendosa (Hubner, 1823), Cyana puella (Drury, 1773), Syntomoides imaon (Cramer, 1779),Spilosoma obliqua (Walker, 1855), Stigmatophora palmata (Moore, 1878),Marumba sperchius (Menetries, 1857), Psilogramma increta (Walker1865), Leucophlebia lineata (Westwood, 1847), Polyptychus dentatus (Cramer, 1777), Theretra alecto (Linnaeus, 1758),Theretra oldenlandiae (Fabricius, 1775), Biston suppressaria (Guenée, 1858), Declana atronivea (Walker, 1865), Dysgonia torrida (Guenee, 1852), Polytela gloriosae (Fabricius, 1781), Chasmina candida (Walker, 1865),Anua tirhaca (Cramer, 1777), Aegocera venulia (Cramer, 1777), Anua coronata (Fabricius, 1976), Bradina diagonalis (Guenee, 1852), Archernis capitalis (Fabricius, 1794), Dinara combusta (Walker, 1855), Phalera raya (Moore, 1849), Euthrix potatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) and Ocinara varians (Walker, 1855) were reported. The species recorded under 8 families. i.e.Family Erebidae, Family Sphingidae, Family Geometridae, Family Noctuidae, family Crambidae, Family Notodontidae, Family Lasiocampidae and Family Bombycidae. Among them the most abundant family was Family Erebidae.

Larval polyphagy of Cataspilatesmarceloi (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), a Neotropical geometrid moth with flightless females.

Surveys in the arid shrubland of the central Andes revealed larval polyphagy for Cataspilatesmarceloi Vargas, 2022 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae, Boarmiini), a geometrid moth with flightless females. This discovery suggests that, as well as in the Holarctic fauna, larval polyphagy would have been important for the evolution of flightlessness among Neotropical geometrid moths of the tribe Boarmiini.

New data on geometroid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometroidea: Uraniidae and Geometridae) from Sakhalin and Moneron islands with notes on their taxonomy, distribution and ecology.

The paper treats 51 species of geometroid moths (Lepidoptera: Uraniidae and Geometridae) from Sakhalin and Moneron islands, Russian Far East. Among them, one species (Trichopteryx fastuosa Inoue) is first reported from Russia; ten speciesfirst recorded for Sakhalin (Uranidae Epipleminae: Eversmannia exornata (Eversmann), Dysaethria illotata (Christoph), and D. moza (Butler); Geometridae: Idiotephria evanescens (Staudinger), Lampropteryx minna (Butler), Lomographa simplicior (Butler), Pachyerannis obliquaria (Motschulsky), Venusia phasma (Butler), V. semistrigata (Christoph), and Zanclidia testacea (Butler), and two geometrid speciesfirst recorded for Moneron (Acasis exviretata Inoue, and Abraxas niphonibia Wehrli). For 26 species, which Beljaev and Mironov (2019) first noted for Sakhalin without label data on the specimens, relevant materials are published. For nine species previously recorded from Sakhalin by single or few specimens or whose habitation on the island was in doubt, new confirming data are provided. For eight species erroneously reported from Sakhalin, their identifications are corrected and they are excluded from the fauna of the island (Acasis appensata, Comibaena tancrei, Dysstroma korbi, Eilicrinia nuptaria, Eupithecia neosatyrata, Myrioblephara nanaria, Photoscotosia lucicolens, and Trichopteryx incerta). The nominal taxon Eupithecia consueta Butler is restored from a synonymy with Pasiphila chloerata (Mabille) as a subspecies Pasiphila chloerata consueta (Butler), stat. n. In Trichopteryx Hbner and Pasiphila Meyrick, the presence of two cryptic species in East Asia is suggested. Extended notes on the general distribution, misidentifications and / or identification characters are provided for Eversmannia exornata, Dysaethria illotata, D. moza, Abraxas niphonibia, Acasis exviretata, Dysstroma citrata (Linnaeus), Eulithis achatinellaria (Oberthr), Ecliptopera pryeri (Butler), Idaea foedata (Butler), Laciniodes denigrata Warren, Lampropteryx minna (Butler), Larerannis orthogrammaria (Wehrli), Lomographa simplicior, Pasiphila chloerata (Mabille), Perizoma alchemillata (Linnaeus), Photoscotosia atrostrigata (Bremer), Platycerota incertaria (Leech), Timandra rectistrigaria (Eversmann), Trichopteryx hemana (Butler), Venusia phasma, V. semistrigata, and Xanthorhoe hortensiaria (Graeser). The keys to Trichopteryx carpinata (Borkhausen) and T. ignorata Inoue; to Eulithis achatinellaria and E. testata (Linnaeus); to Ecliptopera pryeri, E. silaceata leuca (Djakonov), and E. capitata capitulata (Staudinger), are given. In addition to data on Sakhalin, Dysaethria illotata is reported for the first time from the Kuril Islands, Dysaethria cretacea (Butler) is excluded from the fauna of Russia, Acasis exviretata is excluded from the continental Asian fauna, Xanthorhoe evae Viidalepp & Remm, is reported for the first time from China, and Lampropteryx minna and L. denigrata are excluded from the fauna of Mongolia. A series of reidentifications of the specimens from the BOLD and GBIF databases is suggested. Observations in nature, local and general distribution, biogeography and ecology of the considered Sakhalin geometrid moths, as well as their possible invasions of the island, are also briefly discussed.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Semiothisa cinerearia Bremer & Grey 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) and its phylogenetic analysis

Semiothisa cinerearia Bremer & Grey, 1853 belongs to the lepidopteran family Geometridae, subfamily Ennominae. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of S. cinerearia by PCR and Sanger sequencing method. The mitochondrial genome of S. cinerearia is 15,523 bp in length and contains a typical set of 37 genes with ‘MIQ’ type gene arrangement and a 394 bp AT-rich regions. Except for cox1 using CGA as initiation codon, all protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with ATN codons and except for nad2 and nad4l using TAG as termination codon, all PCGs terminated with TAA codon. A phylogenetic tree including 39 genus of subfamily Ennominae was first reconstructed based on the mitochondrial genome sequences with nucleotide substitution model GTR + G + I, which showed that the genera Amraica, Jankowskia, and Ectropis are not monophyletic and S. cinerearia and Macaria notata are classified together.