Euphorbiaceae Research Articles

Strophiofimbrins A and B: Two Rearranged Norditerpenoids with Novel Tricyclic Carbon Skeletons from Strophioblachia fimbricalyx.

Two rearranged norditerpenoids with novel tricyclic carbon skeletons, strophiofimbrin A (1) and strophiofimbrin B (2), were isolated from Strophioblachia fimbricalyx. Their structures were established by 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy, HRESIMS, quantum chemistry calculations, and X-ray diffraction analyses. 1 and 2 represented the first examples of diterpenoids with unprecedented 5/6/7-fused ring systems. In the proposed biosynthetic pathway, they were suspected to derive from cleistanthane norditerpenoids via ring opening, expansion, cyclization, and rearrangement based on the existence of phenanthrenone and cleistanthane diterpenoids from Strophioblachia and Trigonostemon, two closely related genera of the Euphorbiaceae family. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant proliferation inhibition and obvious neuroprotective effects.

LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE EUPHORBIACEAE FAMILY PLANTS

Euphorbiaceae family plants are spread in Indonesia and empirically, have been used for a long time as medicine. This article review aims to discuss the pharmacological activities of several plants from the Euphorbiaceae family. This research was conducted by conducting a literature review limited to research in the form of scientific articles. The scientific article in question results from research reviewed and published in Indonesian and English. The steps in the search are divided into several stages, starting from identification, screening, eligibility, and data grouping. The articles used in this article review were obtained by searching the internet from online data search media/search engines such as Google/Google Scholar and journal provider sites such as PubMed, NCBI, and SINTA with the keywords "Euphorbiaceae plants," "Ethnopharmacology, "Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacy," "Plant Activity and Effectiveness," "Euphorbiaceae family activity," and "Pharmacological activity of Euphorbiaceae. After determining the keywords, the next step is filtering multiple data or duplications and filtering the article's title, abstract, and keywords so that data can be determined to be used or not for the following review.This study is a literature review based on several national or international scientific articles about the pharmacological activity of Euphorbiaceae plants. The literature study found that some plants from the Euphorbiaceae family have pharmacological activities, and the most dominant are antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. Moreover, many other activities include analgesic, antipyretic, antithrombotic, anti-hypercholesterolemia, antihyperglycemic, antihistamine, diuretic, and antiseptic.

Species Account of Mangroves in the Coastal Zones of Naawan, Misamis Oriental

Changes in the zonation pattern of mangroves can be a measure of natural and anthropogenic perturbations. As such, mangroves in the coastal zones of Naawan were surveyed usingthebelttransectmethod. There were a total of 8 species belonging to 4 families of mangroves, namely, Avicenniarhumpiana, Avicennia marina and Avicennia alba in Family Acanthacea; Sonneratia alba in Family Lythraceae; Rhizophoramucronata, Ceriopszippeliana, and Bruguieraparviflora in Family Rhizophoraceae; and lastly, Excoecariaagallocha in Family Euphorbiaceae. Families Acanthacea and Rhizophoraceae dominated the coastal zones and moving towards the foreshore riverine portion. Diversity and evenness indices indicated a relatively diverse and proportionally distributed mangrove species across the coastal zones of Naawan. This study could help some mangrove restoration initiatives to avoid introduction of certain species in the area based on site-specificity and sensitivity among mangrove species.

Ethnobotanical Study of Identification of Traditional Medicinal Plants in the Community of Kedungombo Village, Baturetno District, Wonogiri Regency

This study aims to identify the ethnobotany of traditional medicinal plants in the people of Kedungombo Village, Baturetno District, Wonogiri Regency. The research was carried out in Kedungmbo Village which consisted of 8 hamlets namely Gembol Hamlet, Kedungombo, Kedunggaleng, Setren, Nayu, Beji, Koripan and Klegen. The method used was a descriptive exploratory survey and semi-structured interview techniques with 40 respondents. There are 21 types of medicinal plants used as traditional medicine by the Kedungombo Village Community and are divided into 14 families. In the Zingiberaceae family there are turmeric, galangal, ginger kencur, curcuma. the Myrtaceae family has guava and salam, the Euphorbiaceae family has tentir and katuk, the Annonaceae family has srikaya and ylang flowers, the Rutaceae family has lemon, the Piperaceae family has betel, the Fabaceae family dadap serep, the Poaceae family has betel, the Rubiaceae family has noni, the Araceae family there is dringo, the Moringaceae family has moringa, the Lamiaceae family has basil, the Asphodelaceae family has aloe vera, the Pandanacea family has pandan. The most used part of the plant is the leaf with 43% utilization percentage and 29% rhizome. The people of Kedungombo Village use medicinal plants by boiling, consuming them directly, eating them, rubbing them on, and mashing them until smooth and then attaching them to the injured or painful parts.

The Allelopathic Effects of Trewia nudiflora Leaf Extracts and Its Identified Substances.

Trewia nudiflora Linn. is a woody plant of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is well known for its use as a folk remedy, but its potential for phytotoxicity has not been explored. Therefore, this study investigated the allelopathic potential and the allelopathic substances in T. nudiflora leaves. The aqueous methanol extract of T. nudiflora was found to have a toxic effect on the plants used in the experiment. The shoot and root development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and foxtail fescue (Vulpia myuros L.) were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced by the T. nudiflora extracts. The growth inhibition by the T. nudiflora extracts was proportional to the extract concentration and varied with the test plant species. The chromatographic separation of the extracts resulted in the isolation of two substances, identified as loliolide and 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin based on their respective spectral analyses. Both substances significantly inhibited lettuce growth at a concentration of 0.01 mM. To inhibit 50% of the growth of the lettuce, the required concentration of loliolide was 0.043 to 0.128 mM, while that of 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin was 0.028 to 0.032 mM. Comparing these values, the lettuce growth was more sensitive to 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin than loliolide, suggesting that 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin was more effective than loliolide. Therefore, the inhibition of the growth of the lettuce and foxtail fescue suggests that loliolide and 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin are responsible for the phytotoxicity of the T. nudiflora leaf extracts. Thus, the growth-inhibitory effectiveness of the T. nudiflora extracts and the identified loliolide and 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin may be used to develop bioherbicides that restrict the growth of weeds.

Anti-arthritic potential of jatropha curcas flowers extract using complete freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis model

Jatropha curcas is a member of the euphorbiaceae family and has a number of therapeutic benefits. The anti-arthritic potential of Jatropha curcas flowers extracted using various solvents is the focus of the current investigation. The use of several antioxidant assays has been researched for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of isolated chemicals and antioxidant activity. By administering crude extract orally at dose concentrations of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg to rats that had Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis, it was possible to assess the anti-arthritic effectiveness of the chosen solvent, ethanolic extract. On the 28th day of treatment, paw volume analysis and haematological parameters were analysed. The results show that extract from Jatropha curcas flowers has a sizable anti-arthritic effect.

Chemistry and Bioactivity of Croton Essential Oils: Literature Survey and Croton hirtus from Vietnam.

Using essential oils to control vectors, intermediate hosts, and disease-causing microorganisms is a promising approach. The genus Croton in the family Euphorbiaceae is a large genus, with many species containing large amounts of essential oils, however, essential oil studies are limited in terms of the number of Croton species investigated. In this work, the aerial parts of C. hirtus growing wild in Vietnam were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 141 compounds were identified in C. hirtus essential oil, in which sesquiterpenoids dominated, comprising 95.4%, including the main components β-caryophyllene (32.8%), germacrene D (11.6%), β-elemene (9.1%), α-humulene (8.5%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.0%). The essential oil of C. hirtus showed very strong biological activities against the larvae of four mosquito species with 24 h LC50 values in the range of 15.38-78.27 μg/mL, against Physella acuta adults with a 48 h LC50 value of 10.09 μg/mL, and against ATCC microorganisms with MIC values in the range of 8-16 μg/mL. In order to provide a comparison with previous works, a literature survey on the chemical composition, mosquito larvicidal, molluscicidal, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of Croton species was conducted. Seventy-two references (seventy articles and one book) out of a total of two hundred and forty-four references related to the chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils of Croton species were used for this paper. The essential oils of some Croton species were characterized by their phenylpropanoid compounds. The experimental results of this research and the survey of the literature showed that Croton essential oils have the potential to be used to control mosquito-borne and mollusk-borne diseases, as well as microbial infections. Research on unstudied Croton species is needed to search for species with high essential oil contents and excellent biological activities.

Mangrove Bio-Ecology for Rehabilitation Purposes in Pandeglang

This study aims to determine the bio-ecological condition of mangroves that could be considered for the rehabilitation planning process by the government or any other entities. This study was conducted in Ciseukeut-Panimbang, Pandeglang. Eight mangrove species were found, which belongs to four families of Avicenniaceae, Myrsinaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Rhizophoraceae. The density of mangrove species in the study site ranges from 113-744 ind/ha. The results of the diversity index value showed that mangrove vegetation was in the low category with a range of 0.04 – 0.16. This value indicates the presence of environmental pressures, so the mangrove ecosystem is considered unstable. The dominance index belongs to the low category with a range of 0.03 - 0.23. The uniformity index value is also low at 0.01-0.08. The value shows that the mangrove ecosystem in Ciseukeut Panimbang Village is experiencing pressure, or its condition has decreased. Efforts to rehabilitate mangroves in Panimbang regency can be done by planting from the dominant mangroves Avicennia sp and Rhizophora sp. These species play a very important role in Panimbang, its important value index was 90,66% and 56,77%. The timing of planting propagules in Pandeglang area should be carried out in the eastern season so that the propagule can grow optimally and safely inundate from tides that occur in the western season with a height of up to 1 m.

Medicinal Plants Used for the Management of Hepatitis Over the Past 15 Years in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review.

Treatment of human and animal ailments using botanical sources has obtained significant attention in Ethiopia. The compounds available in plants comprise a plentiful source of bioactive ingredients able to treat many complications. The review aimed to present an updated list of plants used for managing hepatitis over the past 15 years in Ethiopia. Systematic, comprehensive search was undertaken from electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus) between September 01 and October 15, 2022, using standard search terms. Original researches carried out in Ethiopia, written and published in English between January 01/2007 and December 31/2021, and reported hepatitis as a disease treated by medicinal plants were included in the review. Plants beyond the list of Ethiopian and Eritrean floral were excluded. Data were extracted from texts and tables of original papers on a Microsoft Excel. Quality was assessed by applying the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. A total of 317 papers were obtained from the database search. After removing duplicates and screening, 15 articles fit the inclusion criteria and selected for final review. Of the 24 plants identified, 35.7% were herbs. Leaf and root (35.7% each) were the predominant plant parts used for remedy preparation. Combined use of leaf and root comprised 10.7%. The families Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae comprise the highest number of plant species. About 89.3% of remedies were administered orally. The majority of plants belong to herbs and the frequently used plant parts are leaf and roots. Evidence generated from the present review indicated that lots of plants have been used to manage hepatitis. Moreover, the findings could serve as preliminary information to formulate new drugs acting against hepatitis. Therefore, it is desirable for scholars to recognize, document, and keep plants and the associated knowledge appropriately.

Chromosome-level Genome Assembly of Euphorbia peplus, a Model System for Plant Latex, Reveals that Relative Lack of Ty3 Transposons Contributed to Its Small Genome Size.

Euphorbia peplus (petty spurge) is a small, fast-growing plant that is native to Eurasia and has become a naturalized weed in North America and Australia. Euphorbia peplus is not only medicinally valuable, serving as a source for the skin cancer drug ingenol mebutate, but also has great potential as a model for latex production owing to its small size, ease of manipulation in the laboratory, and rapid reproductive cycle. To help establish E. peplus as a new model, we generated a 267.2-Mb Hi-C-anchored PacBio HiFi nuclear genome assembly with a BUSCO score of 98.5%, a genome annotation based on RNA-seq data from six organs, and publicly accessible tools including a genome browser and an interactive organ-specific expression atlas. Chromosome number is highly variable across Euphorbia species. Using a comparative analysis of our newly sequenced E. peplus genome with other Euphorbiaceae genomes, we show that variation in Euphorbia chromosome number between E. peplus and Euphorbia lathyris is likely due to fragmentation and rearrangement rather than chromosomal duplication followed by diploidization of the duplicated sequence. Moreover, we found that the E. peplus genome is relatively compact compared with related members of the genus in part due to restricted expansion of the Ty3 transposon family. Finally, we identify a large gene cluster that contains many previously identified enzymes in the putative ingenol mebutate biosynthesis pathway, along with additional gene candidates for this biosynthetic pathway. The genomic resources we have created for E. peplus will help advance research on latex production and ingenol mebutate biosynthesis in the commercially important Euphorbiaceae family.

From forest to plantation: a brief history of the rubber tree

This article describes how the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) (Willd. ex A. Juss.) (Müll. Arg., family–Euphorbiaceae) which grows wildly in the Amazon forests, came under global focus due to industrial revolution. From 1860 to 1913, since the tree was found only in the Amazon forest, the entire world depended on a few business magnates of that region for rubber. These rubber barons enslaved many local people to extract rubber from the wildly growing trees in the forest since the efforts to grow rubber as plantations failed mainly due to a devastating fungal disease. The rubber slaves recruited to collect rubber latex from the wildly growing trees in the forest went through untold misery. The economy of towns in the Amazonas such as Manaus and Belém, which were located strategically for exporting the extracted rubber by ships, boomed. This monopoly of Amazon’s rubber trade crashed due to the British which itself is an intriguing story. The ‘travel’ of the rubber tree from the Amazon forest to the then Southeast British colonies to be grown as plantations encompasses many fields including biology, sociology, industry, economics and environment.

Biochemical Activities, In Silico Antifungal and Anticancer Activities of J. Excisa

Jatropha excisa (family Euphorbiaceae) is an ornamental shrub that grows in subtropics and tropics regions. In the present work J. excisa flower oil has been extracted and conducted for phytochemical, antifungal and anticancer activities. The present experiment shows that J. excisa seed oil contains proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, terpenoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and saponins. The flower oil contains proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, phenols, cardiac glycosides, saponins and coumarins. The leaf ethanolic extract contains proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and coumarins. The stem ethanolic extract contains carbohydrates, terpenoids, tannins, coumarins and flavonoids. The root ethanolic extract contains carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, coumarins and flavonoids. The in silico analysis shows gossipidien acid, gossipifan and gossypiline from Jatropha has good antifungal and anticancer activities. Keyword : Anticancer activities, biochemical activity, flower oil, in silico antifungal, Jatropha.

Antioxidant activity, total phenol contents, and antimacrobial activity of two Yemeni medicinal plants belongs to Euphorbiaceae family(Jatropha curcas and Euphorbia Cactus Ehrenb

Jatropha curcas and Euphorbia Cactus Ehrenb plants which belonging to Euphorbiaceae family is employed to cure different infections in traditional folklore medicine. Antioxidant activity and total phenol contents (TPCs) for latex of this two plants were analyzed and examined its antimicrobial effect. Both plants showed high antioxidant activity and highly phenolic contents. Positive correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenol has been noted. Jatropha curcas latex demonstrated significant inhibition against the test microorganisms.

Phytochemistry and biological study on Glochidion velutinum Wight

The little monoecious tree known as Glochidion velutinum Wight also goes by the names Chinna usiri and velvety melon. It is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae. It is capable of reaching heights of 9 metres and has branches and leaves that are elongated. The nations of India, Burma, and Pakistan make up the majority of this plant's distribution range in the world. A broad variety of human health issues, including as diabetes, inflammation, cancer, wound healing, anti-diarrheal effect, and many more, have traditionally been treated with the plant in its whole as well as with many of its individual parts. Many different kinds of compounds, including triterpenoid, glycosides, alkaloids, proteins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, and saponins, may be found in plants. The extracts of the plant have been shown to possess a variety of useful qualities, including those that are anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-urolithiatic, and antibacterial. It is possible to put various approaches to the test in order to determine whether or not they can substantiate the various claims made about the usage of ethnomedicine.

In Silico Mining and Characterization of High-Quality SNP/Indels in Some Agro-Economically Important Species Belonging to the Family Euphorbiaceae.

(1) Background: To assess the genetic makeup among the agro-economically important members of Euphorbiaceae, the present study was conducted to identify and characterize high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and their comparative distribution in exonic and intronic regions from the publicly available expressed sequence tags (ESTs). (2) Methods: Quality sequences obtained after pre-processing by an EG assembler were assembled into contigs using the CAP3 program at 95% identity; the mining of SNP was performed by QualitySNP; GENSCAN (standalone) was used for detecting the distribution of SNPs in the exonic and intronic regions. (3) Results: A total of 25,432 potential SNPs (pSNP) and 14,351 high-quality SNPs (qSNP), including 2276 indels, were detected from 260,479 EST sequences. The ratio of quality SNP to potential SNP ranged from 0.22 to 0.75. A higher frequency of transitions and transversions was observed more in the exonic than the intronic region, while indels were present more in the intronic region. C↔T (transition) was the most dominant nucleotide substitution, while in transversion, A↔T was the dominant nucleotide substitution, and in indel, A/- was dominant. (4) Conclusions: Detected SNP markers may be useful for linkage mapping; marker-assisted breeding; studying genetic diversity; mapping important phenotypic traits, such as adaptation or oil production; or disease resistance by targeting and screening mutations in important genes.

Systematics of Ditaxinae and Related Lineages within the Subfamily Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae) Based on Molecular Phylogenetics.

The subtribe Ditaxinae in the plant family Euphorbiaceae is composed of five genera (Argythamnia, Caperonia, Chiropetalum, Ditaxis and Philyra) and approximately 120 species of perennial herbs (rarely annual) to treelets. The subtribe is distributed throughout the Americas, with the exception of Caperonia, which also occurs in tropical Africa and Madagascar. Under the current classification, Ditaxinae includes genera with a questionable morphology-based taxonomy, especially Argythamnia, Chiropetalum and Ditaxis. Moreover, phylogenetic relationships among genera are largely unexplored, with previous works sampling <10% of taxa, showing Ditaxinae as paraphyletic. In this study, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships within Ditaxinae and related taxa using a dataset of nuclear (ETS, ITS) and plastid (petD, trnLF, trnTL) DNA sequences and a wide taxon sampling (60%). We confirmed the paraphyly of Ditaxinae and Ditaxis, both with high support. Following our phylogenetic results, we combined Ditaxis in Argythamnia and upgraded Ditaxinae to the tribe level (Ditaxeae). We also established and described the tribe Caperonieae based on Caperonia, and transferred Philyra to the tribe Adelieae, along with Adelia, Garciadelia, Lasiocroton and Leucocroton. Finally, we discuss the main morphological synapomorphies for the genera and tribes and provide a taxonomic treatment, including all species recognized under each genus.

In vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Jatropha heynei Leaf Extract and GC-MS Profiling

Aim: Jatropha heynei N. P. Balakr. of family Euphorbiaceae is an endemic herb with ethno medicinal values has not been studied for phytochemical analysis. The present study investigates the antibacterial, antioxidant activity and GC-MS profiling of J. heynei leaf extract. Materials and Methods: The cyclic voltammetry technique was employed to study the antioxidant activity of leaf extract. In vitro antibacterial activity was done by agar well diffusion assay. Further, Chemical profiling of methanolic leaf extract of J. heynei was done by the GC-MS analysis. Results: Cyclic voltammograms of extract revealed two anodic peaks at 0.12 and 0.22V when anodic current was applied at scan rate of 50 mV s-1. This low oxidation peak potential in the extract suggested its good antioxidant property. In vitro antibacterial activity extract showed good inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus with zone of inhibition 14±0.57 mm and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with zone of inhibition 10±0.25mm. GC-MS analysis of leaf extract revealed presence of 14 prominent chemical compounds. Among them, major abundant compounds includes pentadecanoic acid, phytol, cis, cis, cis-7, 10, 13-hexadecatrienal Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy- 1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, γ-Sitosterol and Lupeol. Five compounds such as D-chiro-Inositol 3-O-(2-amino-4-((carboxyiminomethyl) amino)-2, 3, 4, 6-tetradeoxy-.alp, phytol, cis, cis, cis-7, 10, 13-hexadecatrienal, vitamin E acetate and β-sitosterol were associated with antioxidant property and compounds like 1, 2, 3-propanetriol monoacetate, octadecanoic acid, phytol, 2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene, and 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-, (all-E) were known to posesss antimicrobial activity. Several other compounds with a number of therapeutic properties were also reported in the present study.

Ethnobotanical study of plants used for treating intestinal worms in Ibadan, Nigeria

Poverty and poor sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa are the main reasons for parasitic infection prevalence. Medicinal herbs have been sources of natural and cheaper remedies for the treatment of many parasitic infections, including intestinal parasites. The study aimed to document medicinal herbs used in treating intestinal worm infections in the Ibadan metropolis through an ethnobotanical survey. The three main traditional herb markets, Oje, Oja Oba and Iwo Road, in Ibadan city, were purposively selected for the survey. The respondents, who were mainly herb sellers, were interviewed using structured questionnaires. The information obtained included demographic information, names of plants used in the treatment of worms, plant parts, dosage and method of preparation. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics and the Relative Frequency Citation (RFC), Use Value (UV) and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) of the mentioned plants were calculated. The survey revealed 45 plants that are used in the treatment of intestinal worms in Ibadan. These plants belong to 31 families. The most frequently mentioned plants with their RFCs were Cryptolepis sanguinoleta (Lindl.) Schltr (0.39) and Aristolochia albida Duch (0.39) while most of the plants belong to the Families Apocynaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The roots (25%) and the leaves (18.75%) were the most commonly used plant parts. Most of the plants were indicated to be used singly while some were used in combinations of two or more. The study has revealed the medicinal plants that are used against intestinal parasites. Thus, bioassay studies to confirm the claims should be carried out to establish the activities of these plants.

Euphorbia neriifolia (Indian Spurge Tree): A Plant of Multiple Biological and Pharmacological Activities

Although India has a well-established and growing economy surrounding synthetic drug chemistry with an antibiotic base, a large part of the population, especially in forested villages and tribal belts, is relying solely on plant-derived drugs. This is due to a lower number of side effects, low chances of resistance development against pathogenic microorganisms, as well as the diversity and affordability of such drugs. In the Indian subcontinents, Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. (EN) is one of the valuable plants from the big family of Euphorbiaceae, which is usually found in rocky and hilly areas. E. neriifolia was found to be useful in curing tumors, abdominal swelling, bronchial infection, hydrophobia, earache, cough and cold, asthma, leprosy, gonorrhea, spleen enlargement, leucoderma, snake bites, scorpion stings, and causing appetite improvement, etc. Different in vitro and in vivo experimental studies were performed to determine the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, wound healing, anti-atherosclerosis, radioprotective, anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant, anti-psychotic, anti-thrombotic, dermal irritation, hemolytic, analgesic, anti-fertility, diuretic, anti-microbial, anti-diarrheal, and anti-carcinogenic activities of the various parts of EN. Several bioactive compounds, such as euphol, nerifoliol, taraxerol, euphonerins A–G, lectin, etc., were isolated from E. neriifolia and need to be investigated further for various biological activities (cardiovascular and neuronal diseases). In the pharmaceutical sector, E. neriifolia was selected for the development of new drugs due to its broad pharmacological activities. Therefore, in the present review, distribution, classification, morphological and microscopical description, phytochemical investigation, pharmacological activities, medicinal uses, harmful effects, and their treatment were evaluated, especially against different lifestyle-related diseases.

Attenuation of Hyperlipidemia by Medicinal Formulations of Emblica officinalis Synergized with Nanotechnological Approaches.

The ayurvedic herb Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis) is a gift to mankind to acquire a healthy lifestyle. It has great therapeutic and nutritional importance. Emblica officinalis, also known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family. Amla is beneficial for treating illnesses in all its forms. The most crucial component is a fruit, which is also the most common. It is used frequently in Indian medicine as a restorative, diuretic, liver tonic, refrigerant, stomachic, laxative, antipyretic, hair tonic, ulcer preventive, and for the common cold and fever. Hyperlipidemia is also known as high cholesterol or an increase in one or more lipid-containing blood proteins. Various phytocompounds, including polyphenols, vitamins, amino acids, fixed oils, and flavonoids, are present in the various parts of E. officinalis. E. officinalis has been linked to a variety of pharmacological effects in earlier studies, including hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective, and hyperlipidemic effects. The amla-derived active ingredients and food products nevertheless encounter challenges such as instability and interactions with other food matrices. Considering the issue from this perspective, food component nanoencapsulation is a young and cutting-edge field for controlled and targeted delivery with a range of preventative activities. The nanoformulation of E. officinalis facilitates the release of active components or food ingredients, increased bioaccessibility, enhanced therapeutic activities, and digestion in the human body. Accordingly, the current review provides a summary of the phytoconstituents of E. officinalis, pharmacological actions detailing the plant E. officinalis's traditional uses, and especially hyperlipidemic activity. Correspondingly, the article describes the uses of nanotechnology in amla therapeutics and functional ingredients.