Breadwinner Family Research Articles

Gender role shift: implications for balancing work and family responsibilities among female primary school teachers in Nigeria

ABSTRACT This cross-sectional survey of 1498 married female primary school teachers in Enugu state, Nigeria was used to investigate the association between work-family conflict and shifted gender roles. Gender role shift was measured as female breadwinning and shared house chores roles with husband/partner. Pre-validated work and family conflict scale, and a structured questionnaire were used for data collection. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients of the instruments were 0.913 and 0.871 respectively. Data were analysed using IBM-SPSS version 23, using percentage and listwise binary logistic regression. The results showed that 37.2% of the women were family breadwinners and 18.2% reported that they shared house chores with their husbands/partners. Work-family conflict was found to be 21.6% prevalent. Being a breadwinner increased the odds (OR > 1.00) of work-family conflict, while shared responsibility for household chores decreased the odds (OR < 1.00) of work-family conflict. Breadwinners had higher odds (OR = 4.77; CI = 2.61 - 8.73) of work-family conflict than non-breadwinners. Women whose partners shared in-house chores were less likely (OR = 0.31; CI = 0.20- 0.51) to experience conflict. Gender role shift, therefore, has implications for work-family imbalances among women in the primary school teaching profession in Nigeria.

His unemployment, her response, and the moderating role of welfare policies in European countries. Results from a preregistered study.

Recent changes in labour markets have increased employment instability. Under these conditions, in male breadwinner families women might increase their labour supply when their male partners become unemployed. Previous studies have extensively investigated the role played by household and individual characteristics in explaining such increases in the labour supply of women. However, studies which examine the moderating role of specific welfare policies are missing. Our study contributes to the literature by investigating the moderating effect of childcare and tax-benefit policies for the labour supply response of women following the unemployment of their partner. We focus on a sample of 24 EU member states and the UK, during the period 2009-2019, combining longitudinal microdata from EU-SILC with country-period specific policy indicators generated with the use of the tax-benefit simulation model EUROMOD, UKMOD and country-period specific indicators of childcare use. We find that women indeed respond to men's unemployment by increasing their labour supply though the response is fairly weak. We also find the response is not restricted by having children at home or availability of public childcare and does not depend on the generosity of unemployment benefits. It is, however, negatively affected by marginal tax rates.

Urbanization, Social Change and the Increasing Role of Women as Family Breadwinner

Urbanization, Social Change and the Increasing Role of Women as Family Breadwinner

Evaluating Women's Economic Empowerment During COVID-19 Pandemic in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The factual condition resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic has changed and impacted various aspects of Indonesian society. It also made women one of the vulnerable and affected groups, requiring them to face various challenges, including loss of livelihoods as family breadwinners, and gender-based violence. Outside of Java, the region with the highest number of COVID-19 cases is South Sulawesi Province, with a total of 62,672 cases. This had an economic impact on communities and families, particularly affecting women, especially domestic workers, and female heads of households. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of government policies and programs in South Sulawesi Province regarding domestic workers and female heads of households. It directly conducted interviews with stakeholders from the government, women's organizations, and domestic workers and female heads of households. It found that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted women who are heads of households and female domestic workers. The situation for women leading households worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic as they had to navigate the crisis on their own. The situation and conditions of female domestic workers during the COVID-19 pandemic were also dire. Some of them were unilaterally terminated, while others were forced to work daily at their employers' homes, risking virus transmission during their commute due to inadequate personal protective equipment. Those who were laid off by their employers faced a crisis, as they had no income, especially when their spouses, who also worked in the informal sector, stopped working simultaneously. It revealed that both the government of South Sulawesi empowered female heads of households by distributing productive business capital assistance and providing support for female SMEs to access people's business credit. However, in contrast to the reality faced by female domestic workers, this group of women did not receive any social and economic assistance from the government during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A latent class analysis of family resilience and its relationship with fear of recurrence in lung cancer patients: a cross-sectional study.

Family resilience helps cancer-affected families overcome challenges and may influence an individual's fear of cancer recurrence (FCR). Identifying distinct classes of family resilience among lung cancer patients is crucial for tailored interventions. This study aimed to identify latent classes of family resilience in lung cancer patients and explore their relationships with FCR. Three hundred ten lung cancer patients from three hospitals in Fujian were recruited from June to September 2021. Clinical data were extracted from medical records, while sociodemographic details, family resilience, and FCR were self-reported. A latent class analysis was performed to identify family resilience classes. A 4-class solution showed the best fit. Compared to Class 1, the patients who had no comorbidities (ORs = 3.480-16.005) had an increased likelihood of belonging to Class 2 and 3, while those who were not family breadwinners (ORs = 0.118-0.176) had a decreased likelihood. Further, the patients who (1) did not lack interest/pleasure in doing things during the past 2-week period (OR = 7.057), (2) were never smokers (OR = 6.230), and (3) were urban residents (OR = 8.985) had an increased likelihood of belonging to Class 4, while those who were (1) male (OR = 0.167), (2) not the family breadwinner (OR = 0.152), and (3) had none or only one child (OR = 0.203) had a decreased likelihood of belonging to Class 4. The FCR level differed significantly among these four classes. Our study identified four distinct classes of family resilience among Chinese lung cancer patients. FCR severity decreased with increasing levels of family resilience.

Особливості стратегічного управління конкурентоспроможністю компаній зі страхування життя

The article defines the features of strategic management of competitiveness of life insurance companies (LICs). It is specified that the development of insurance and the need to protect people from the increasing impact of various risks associated with their livelihood, such as loss of income as a result of loss of human ability to work or the death of a family breadwinner, have led to the emergence of life insurance companies. It is noted that any decisions aimed at ensuring competitive advantages are risky, since they are based on the inability to accurately predict how the competitive environment will affect the company’s actions. The competitiveness management strategy of a LIC should take into account how likely its relationship with the competitive environment is, as this significantly increases the level of uncertainty in the management process and creates a risk that the company will lose in competition. A model of strategic management of the competitiveness of a LIC has been developed, which is closely related to the managerial qualities of its activities, that is, it provides for a certain complex that has: components of management, strategic goals, tactical tasks of management. An algorithm for assessing the level of management of the competitiveness of LICs has been proposed, which is based not only on the assessment of the competitive position through the efficiency of management, but also reflects the effectiveness of the insurance company’s activities in the formation of competitive advantages in the process of struggle for effective demand, taking into account the conditions of the insurance market and the needs of consumers. It is concluded that one of the important conditions for effective strategic management of competitiveness of life insurance companies is the study of the insurance market and determination of the competitive status of the company in it. Assessment of the level of competitiveness of a LIC is mandatory for all market participants who seek to maintain their place or increase their competitiveness. It is proved that managing the competitiveness of a life insurance company is a priority direction of the organization’s management, since it determines the company’s ability to exist in the market.

Minang Women’s Music in Matrilineal Kinship: Revealing the Boundaries of Ethics and Performance Aesthetics

This research aims to reveal Minang women’s music to find a common thread perspective on Minangkabau matrilineal women. The method used in this research is a women’s perspective research method (feminist perspective). This method produces a very distinctive report, which is obtained from data through feminist ethnography, which is a report on the results of field research. The findings are that women’s music based on Adat Salingka Nagari is a women’s music that blends with Adat (tradition) and provides an opportunity to actualize themselves in the societies; as a result of being a Anak Dendang they get more than enough benefits and as family breadwinners.

Socio-Cultural Influence on the Knowledge of Infant Nutrition among Mothers in a Local Council South-East, Nigeria: Implications for Social Work

Infant nutrition is crucial for public health since it aids in the prevention of chronic diseases later in life. The study focused on socio-cultural factors influencing the knowledge of infant nutritional needs among mothers in a local council in Southeast Nigeria. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey design with 200 participants who were women of reproductive age (18 and older) selected from communities in a local council. The study’s findings show that mothers’ low educational level contributed to low level of knowledge of nutritional needs of infants. The results indicate that most respondents (80.9%) believed that both parents should be well aware of an infant’s nutritional needs in order to achieve excellent feeding practices. The study revealed various behaviors that do not improve adequate feeding practices for infants based on the respondents’ local knowledge, attitude, and beliefs. The study suggests social workers can help pregnant and parenting women eliminate barriers to breastfeeding by engaging them in prenatal care through therapeutic talks, early intervention programs, both in hospitals, and collaboration with families. The study concludes that there is a link between poor nutrition and family breadwinner roles, literacy level, occupation, and income. There is need for future studies that will involve key community figures including mothers, fathers and other community members. This will help in deeper understanding of social and cultural barriers to proper feeding practices in infants and improve better policy interventions and social work practices.

DECISION DILEMMAS: HIGHER EDUCATION PURSUITS OR WORKFORCE ENTRY AMONG SPM GRADUATES

Education holds a paramount and prioritized status within any nation, notably in Malaysia, where it is viewed as the key to progress and national prosperity. However, in contemporary times, education has become a secondary choice for the younger generation, especially those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Therefore, the decision to continue education or enter the workforce has become a heatedly debated issue in the current era of globalization, presenting challenges and dilemmas, particularly for those who have recently completed their studies at the Sijil Peperiksaan Malaysia (SPM) level. This paper delves into four issues contributing to the dilemma and challenges, namely (i) the diminishing relevance of the concept of continuing education; (ii) uncertainties in the economic sector often acting as barriers for the youth to pursue further studies; (iii) an individual's interest in academic pursuits—an issue not to be underestimated; and (iv) graduate unemployment within the country causing distress among graduates due to a lack of job guarantees after studying, leading the youth to fear pursuing higher education. This literature-oriented research applies a comprehensive reading technique, systematically analyzing relevant articles on graduate careers to address the four highlighted issues. The findings indicate (a) a phenomenon referring to the notably low starting salaries for fresh graduates, serving as a measure of a graduate's potential based on the study period; it becomes irrelevant as a student's interest in working independently, such as venturing into small-scale business, surpasses the desire to pursue higher education; (b) Financial issues within families prevent them from covering their children's educational expenses, exacerbated by workforce reductions involving family breadwinners covering school-related expenses; (c) Lack of interest in academics leads individuals to immerse themselves in the workforce. Therefore, education or learning is crucial in our lives; and (d) Work experience is emphasized by employers when seeking employment. These findings prove that the given issues pose dilemmas and challenges, causing the youth to opt for work over further education. The direction concerning the issue of continuing education or entering the workforce for high school graduates is related to education, serving as a benchmark for a rapidly developing nation. However, from the perspective of the younger generation, education should be understood as an important bridge of knowledge to ensure a bright life based on intellectual, emotional, and physical skills.

Fear of recurrence in postoperative lung cancer patients: Trajectories, influencing factors and impacts on quality of life.

To investigate the trajectory, influencing factors and dynamic relationships between fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) and quality of life (QOL) in lung cancer patients. Prospective longitudinal study. Longitudinal data from 310 lung cancer patients across three hospitals in China were assessed at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively (T1 -T4 ). Descriptive statistics characterised patient demographics, clinical characteristics, levels of FCR and QOL. A linear mixed-effects model was employed to analyse FCR trajectories, identify influencing factors on these trajectories, and predict the impact of FCR on QOL. FCR changed significantly over time, with a slight decrease during T1 -T2 , an increase at T3 and gradual decline at T4 . Higher fear levels were associated with female sex, suburban or rural residency, being a family breadwinner, presence of comorbidities and negative coping behaviours, and low family resilience. QOL negatively correlated with FCR, and FCR predicted lower QOL. At 3 and 6 months postoperatively, lung cancer patients, especially women, suburban or rural residents, family breadwinners, those with comorbidities, negative coping behaviours and low family resilience, reported high levels of FCR. Healthcare providers should pay special attention to lung cancer patients especially during the period of 3-6 months post-surgery and offer tailored interventions to improve their QOL. Understanding the FCR trajectories, its influencing factors and its negative impacts on QOL can guide the development of targeted interventions to reduce fear and enhance well-being in patients with cancer. Identifying the trajectories and influencing factors of fear of lung cancer recurrence in patients at different time points informs future research on targeted interventions to improve QOL. The study adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Statement on Reporting Observational Longitudinal Research.

Foucault's Docile Bodies Perspective: The Figure of Seniwati's Feminism in the Wido Documentary Film

Discussion of docile bodies has been absent in film analysis. Most research is attracted to study gender representation in which women are frequently underrepresented. Thus, this study aims to examine the documentary film of Wido, a female artist, through Michel Foucault's theory of docility. This research is attracted to Widowati's narration as a Javanese woman artist who must be able to manage between her profession as an artist and a housewife respectfully. The data are the narration and scenes of Wido as both a female artist and a housewife in the documentary movie “Wido”. All data obtained are analysed textually, applying Foucault's notion of docile bodies. The research argues that the representation of Wido challenges the notion of docile bodies. Despite Widowati still glorifying her domestic roles, the feminine prescription of which women should be responsible for domestic chores, she subsequently exchanges the domestic responsibility with her husband to work in public as an artist. She also acknowledges that she is the family's breadwinner without diminishing her husband's primary responsibility as the head of the family. The fluidity of gender roles she performs contradicts the notion of docile bodies in which women are always taught and supervised to glorify their femininity.

Paid Parental Leave in Correlation with Changing Gender Role Attitudes

In recent decades, several countries have implemented paid parental leave for parents. This paper discusses the correlation between paid parental leave—which in Austria corresponds with receiving childcare benefits—and changing gender role attitudes in different-gender parent couples. It draws on evidence from 42 semi-structured couple interviews (n = 42, 2021–2022) in which couples were asked how they arranged childcare, employment, and household chores and how they reached agreements with employers. The empirical data were first analyzed based on content and then by applying constructivist-informed grounded theory to investigate whether and how gender affected couples’ efforts to reconcile childcare, employment, and household chores and how employers responded to parental arrangements that challenged traditional gender role attitudes. Compared to other countries, Austria offers rather generous childcare benefits, including long leave periods. In addition, Austria has introduced a partnership bonus for parents who share childcare benefits 50:50 or 60:40. However, the number of couples who take advantage of these benefits is still low. In the presented research, parents who succeeded in sharing these childcare benefits were interviewed. All interviewees had taken at least five months of paid parental leave. The data were analyzed using a content-oriented approach and by applying informed grounded theory. The results show that a substantial number of fathers continued working in minor employment while receiving childcare benefits, in line with the prevailing assumption among employers that the man is the main family breadwinner. By contrast, mothers had to strongly insist that they could continue working during the early transition to parenthood. However, on an individual level and in specific domains, Austrian parents were able to successfully overcome traditional gender inequalities in reconciling work and family with the support of the newly implemented childcare benefits. The observation that in Austria, the share of fathers who take the income-related form of parental leave is higher than that of fathers who claim other forms of childcare benefits points to the importance of all parents having access to well-compensated parental leave, regardless of their income level before the birth of a child.

Scholar's Perspective on Wives as Family Breadwinners During The Covid-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all sectors of life, especially for those who are already married, as well as income problems. The COVID-19 case in Indonesia has caused a detrimental impact on the affected communities, one of which is that it is difficult to find income for daily needs. The purpose of this study is to understand how the role of a wife who takes care of the household as well as the main role in making a living for her family. This research uses a qualitative approach method with a type of field research research. The results showed that a wife should not work for a living, and the obligation to earn a living should be the husband's obligation to his wife when married, and facts on the ground show that almost 90% of housewives work alone without having to be helped by their husbands. In general, economic problems in Sungai Tabukan District during the COVID-19 pandemic are due to certain factors, especially during the pandemic, most cases in the community are economic problems.

The ambivalent trajectory of the German gender regime: Are female breadwinner families an indicator of a shift towards a public gender regime?

There seems to be some evidence that Germany is turning from being a ‘domestic’ to a ‘public’ gender regime. The extension of public childcare, increasing female labour market participation rates and the introduction of gender quotas, among other changes, point to this development. However, a detailed analysis reveals an ambivalent and even contradictory trajectory. This development can only be understood by applying an intersectional perspective and looking at families with different socioeconomic backgrounds, class, and gender. By focusing on family households in which women are the main earners, this paper illustrates changes and stability in different domains and contributes to the understanding of the German gender regime's trajectory. On the basis of a qualitative study conducted in West and East Germany, the article shows that many women who are the main breadwinners in their families are in this position not because of modernised gender relations and by their own choice, but ‘involuntarily’, because of their partners' weak labour market position and increasing pressure within the German welfare state to earn their own living and contribute to covering the needs of the household through gainful employment. Many female-breadwinner families do not live reversed, modernised gender roles, but face an above-average risk for poverty and have little room for manoeuvre. Political and economic factors, as well as norms (in the domains of polity, economy and civil society), help to explain these findings. We see mainly neoliberal, activation policies directed at households with low resources, whereas the institutional framework for households with higher incomes has remained relatively stable. The results of the study show that dual-earner households are not necessarily progressive and dual earning is a poor indicator of a gender regime change.

Assessing Influence of HIV Status on Management outcomes of Drug Sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Bo District of Southern Sierra Leone.

Purpose: Tuberculosis in Human immunodeficiency virus is a predictor of unfavourable outcome during the management of TB cases due to the synergy both bear in the patient. This study is to test the hypothesis that patient is more likely to be unfavourable in the co infected than the TB stand-alone patients with standard treatment in patients. The associated factors might not be exhaustive that leads to outcomes factored in the study.&#x0D; Methodology: The retrospective cohort study data of 1,947 patients admitted from 1st January 2020 to 1st January 2022 at TB treatment centres in Bo district of Sierra Leone was analysed using datatab software after data completeness was checked and cleaned. Both bi-variable and multi-variable logistics regression and other statistical methods were employed to assess the relationship between HIV+TB synergic as well as TB alone outcomes. Data was analysed based on 95% CI and p&lt;0.05.&#x0D; Findings: When an ANOVA was used to test for significance from zero, F=3.41, p = 0.002, R2 = 0.01. Regression coefficients for exits = 1.17 - 0.02., gender =-0.02, literacy = -0.1, family bread winner with TB= -0.02 and foods insecurity = +0.07. A point-biserial correlation was also computed to determine the relationship between HIV status and TB interms of outcome which showed a positive correlation between HIV status and exit code information, although no statistically significance (rpb = 0.04, n = 1987, p = .065).&#x0D; Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Successful treatment outcome was high among HIV/TB co-infected as well as TB mono-infected should both be treated with standard treatments. Strengthening patient management in a collaborative approach and use of novel drugs as well as research will increase the survival rate of patients treated. With standard treatment and patient centered care the outcome of TB patient management will not be hinged on their HIV status. The adoption of this theory into policy in TB programmes will improve the success rate in TB management.

The effects of displacement, food crisis and a crippled economic production on women: The case of Ukraine and the book of Ruth

As of the time of writing of this paper (January 2023), Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has caused a European refugee crisis, death and displacement of countless Ukrainians, worldwide food shortage, fuel crisis and inflation. By comparing the Ukrainian example and the book of Ruth, this paper demonstrates that the effects of forced migration, food shortage and arrested economic productivity are tilted against women. This results in sudden stati of family headship and breadwinner, inability to provide meals for or stabilise the family, and difficulty in attempting to re-establish a livelihood due to the double burden of care. The methodology of the paper is qualitative and gendered. In its interpretation of the biblical text, it is also allegorical and literary while for gathering the Ukrainian data, it is textual. One of the key findings of the study is that during displacement and crisis, women, unlike their male counterparts, tend to carry the family with them wherever they go, which means that women bear the greater burdens of these variables by far. The discussions in the sections of the paper merge the gendered situations, mindsets and events of the book of Ruth with those of the Ukrainian context.Contribution: Using the examples of the Russo Ukrainian war and the character of the biblical book of Ruth, this article examines the effects of displacement, food crisis and arrested economic production on women. This topic is aligned with the journal’s focus on religion, gender equality and environmental preservation, all of which fall within the journal’s scope.

Master Narratives, Self-Simulation, and the Healing of the Self

AbstractInfiltrated consciousness occurs when a subject's sense of self comes to be strongly and negatively shaped by victimizing master narratives. Consider the stay-at-home dad who has internalized a harmful narrative of traditional masculinity and so feels ashamed because he is not the family's bread winner. One way master narratives infiltrate consciousness is through conditioning self-simulation by assigning a hierarchy of values to different social roles. Further, master narratives confine self-simulation by prescribing certain social roles to an individual and prohibiting others. One common suggestion for counteracting infiltrated consciousness is to transform it through membership in new communities with new master narratives. But how does such healing happen? This essay offers a response. Recent psychological research on constructivist theories of memory outlines a naturalistically plausible mechanism for self-simulation. I argue that this mechanism is implicated in transforming infiltrated consciousness. This clarifies features of our psychological architecture that make the alteration of self-concepts possible.

Abstract 4183: Employment status moderates the relationship between patient-provider communication and prostate cancer screening among Black men

Abstract Purpose: Black men have 76% higher prostate cancer incidence rate than White men, and 120% higher mortality rate. They are also less likely to be screened via prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Potential harms of PSA testing include overdiagnosis and overtreatment, but recent research suggests that the harm-benefit trade-off may be uniquely favorable for Black men. Increasing Black men’s PSA testing rates may therefore reduce prostate cancer disparities. Studies suggest that employment status and accompanying roles (e.g., family breadwinner or workplace leader) are often central to masculine identity and that employed men may thus anticipate prostate cancer diagnosis and work-disruptive treatment threatening their identity, engendering screening avoidance. Patient-provider communication (PPC), if ideal, may help to reframe PSA testing and overcome barriers unique to employed men. The current work explored this possibility. Methods: A convenience sample of 246 Black men aged ≥45 (Mage = 56.94±7.88) was recruited from Houston, TX. Self-reported data included satisfaction with PPC (Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems; ideal vs not ideal), current employment status (employed for wages or self-employed vs none), and receipt of PSA test in the past 2 years (yes vs no). A logistic regression model examining the association between PPC and PSA testing assessed moderation using an interaction term, controlling for sociodemographic variables (e.g., age, income, insurance status), family/personal cancer history, cancer risk perceptions, spirituality, and social support. Results: Overall, 67% of respondents were employed, 39% endorsed ideal PPC, and 73% had a PSA test in the past 2 years. Employed men comprised 68% of those screened. Moderation was significant; employed men reporting nonideal PPC were less likely to have had a PSA test than employed men reporting ideal PPC (OR: 0.262, CI95% = 0.097-0.708). For unemployed men, there was no significant association between PPC and having had a PSA test in the past 2 years. Conclusion: Ideal PPC may be important to effectively mitigate unique employment-related patient concerns and spur PSA testing for employed Black men. Ideal PPC may be developed by providers building trust with patients, asking them about concerns, verifying their understanding, and engaging them in shared decision-making that respects their values. Employee wellness programs, health insurance companies, cancer centers, cancer survivors, church leaders, and health ministries can work to improve PPC by encouraging patients to have open discussions about prostate cancer with their providers by sharing concerns and asking questions. PSA testing may be cost-prohibitive for unemployed men regardless of PPC; more work is needed to reach this group. Citation Format: Brian J. Carter, Tzuan A. Chen, Dalnim Cho, Lorna H. McNeill, Lorraine R. Reitzel. Employment status moderates the relationship between patient-provider communication and prostate cancer screening among Black men. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4183.

Missing Persons (Al-Mafqud) and its Relationship With Nafaqah According to Sharia Perspective

Nafaqah is a support that is obligatory on men to provide for people under their care such as wives, children and parents. It includes protection, care and financing from aspects of food, clothing, shelter and so on. However, there is a situation that is suspected to cause the people under responsibility to lose their place of dependence such as the husband disappearing for a long time and his life or death status being unknown (al-mafqud). Since the sharia stipulates that the missing person's property cannot be used until the status of al-mafqud is confirmed, it raises the question of the obligation of nafaqah during the time of missing. Therefore, this article aims to: • Find out the views of scholars related to nafaqah and its types • Study the law on al-mafqud nafaqah according to the shariah perspective • Examine the parties responsible for al-mafqud maintenance throughout its loss The analysis involves two conditions of al-mafqud, which are al-mafqud as a family breadwinner and al-mafqud as dependants in the family. This author will also analyze using qualitative methods and analysis of primary and secondary sources such as books and scientific articles. The results of the study found that nafaqah must be given even if the person has disappeared, but it is subject to only two groups, namely the wife and children. Maintenance for both parents depends on the implementation of al-mafqud before he disappears. On the other hand, the missing dependent person is not obligated to be given their nafaqah until al-mafqud returns alive, except for the wife if they claim the right of nafaqah during her missing. This article is expected to provide guidance to wives, children and parents regarding their nafaqah rights in the event of al-mafqud situation as well as explain the party responsible for carrying out nafaqah obligations throughout the period of the missing.

Family instability in childhood affects language and memory in adulthood: results from the Pró-Saúde Study, Brazil.

The study aims to investigate associations between adverse childhood psychosocial exposures and declarative memory, language, and executive function in adults with secondary schooling or more and without dementia. In 361 participants from the Pró-Saúde Study, we estimated associations between maternal educational attainment, principal source of the family´s income, food insecurity, and childhood family structure and performance in learning, word recall, and semantic and phonemic verbal fluency tests using multiple linear regression models. Individuals whose mother was the family breadwinner (mean difference: -1.97, 95%CI: -3.27; -0.72) and head-of-household (mean difference: -1.62, 95%CI: -2.89; -0.35) or who lived with a non-parental caregiver or in institutions in childhood (mean difference: -2.19, 95%CI: -4.29; -0.09) showed a reduction in the mean number of words in language and memory in adulthood. The results provide further evidence of the effect of adverse exposures in childhood. Without effective interventions, such exposures are likely to have far-reaching impacts on cognition.