Family Adversity Research Articles

The Importance of Self-Regulation in the Development of Internalizing Symptoms During Middle Childhood.

The Importance of Self-Regulation in the Development of Internalizing Symptoms During Middle Childhood Current research discusses low self-regulation abilities during childhood as risk factors for the development of internalizing symptoms. However, longitudinal studies investigatingmultiple self-regulation facets simultaneously are scarce. We examined whether impairments in various self-regulation facets (emotional reactivity, inhibition, inhibitory control, planning behavior) in middle childhood predict internalizing symptoms two years later and whether they make an incremental contribution when established risk factors (gender, family adversity) are considered. Furthermore, we investigated whether self-regulation facets predict later internalizing symptoms under consideration of internalizing symptoms at baseline.The sample consisted of 1,617 children (t1:Mage = 9.1, t2:Mage = 11.1 years), assessed at two measurement points. Internalizing symptoms were rated by parents on the Emotional Problems Scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Self-regulation facets were measured at the first measurement point using various methods and informants. A stepwise regression analysis revealed that increased emotional reactivity, reduced inhibitory control, and reduced planning behavior significantly predicted later internalizing symptoms, explaining 14.8 % of the variance. Adding risk factors increased the explained variance by 2.5 %. Under consideration of baseline internalizing symptoms, reduced inhibition and inhibitory control significantly predicted later internalizing symptoms, while other self-regulation facets and risk factors did not. Results of this study may inform prevention and intervention measures.

Impact of adverse childhood experiences and family resilience on sleep duration in autistic children.

Autistic children are more likely to have sleep difficulties and to experience adverse childhood experiences. Adverse childhood experiences can include parental divorce, bullying, or witnessing violence. We also know that children in families who are resilient (e.g. families who are connected, work together, and help each other) are less impacted by adverse childhood experiences. Our study examined whether there was a relationship between adverse childhood experiences and sleep duration in autistic children. We also wanted to find out whether family resilience protects from the negative impact of adverse childhood experiences on sleep duration. We used data from 3247 parent surveys about their children that we got from the National Survey of Children's Health. We found that children with adverse childhood experiences are more likely to get less sleep. We also found that children with resilient families were more likely to get more sleep. Our results show that family resilience helps weaken the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and sleep, so it is important to help families build resilience.

Family cumulative risk, life satisfaction, and anxiety and depression in adolescents: A developmental cascades model.

Family cumulative risk (FCR) is predominantly regarded as an antecedent for adolescent mental health, as the prevailing perspective continues to emphasize the influential role of parents, despite recognizing the child's influence. To identify the interplay between family adversity (FCR, process-related FCR, and sociodemographic-related FCR), life satisfaction (LS), and anxiety and depression (AD), this study examined the cascade effects among these constructs. Participants (N = 707; 52.9% male; grades 10 and 11) from four high schools in Wuhan, China, were recruited to participate, and they completed the measures in October 2018, April 2019, and November 2019. Family sociodemographic risk (e.g., single parenthood) and family process risk (e.g., low family cohesion) were simulated in the models for FCR, sociodemographic-related FCR, and process-related FCR. The random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs) revealed a lagged effect from LS to FCR; lagged effects from LS and AD to process-related FCR at the within-person level; and significant associations between LS, AD, and family adversity at the between-person level. The lagged effects provide evidence for the influential child perspective and suggest that FCR and family process risk are sensitive to adolescent well-being and psychopathological symptoms. School mental health prevention and intervention programs that take a complete mental health approach to enhance children's well-being and alleviate symptoms would help prevent increases in family risk.

Shorter night-time sleep duration and later sleep timing from infancy to adolescence.

Here, we (a) examined the trajectories of night-time sleep duration, bedtime and midpoint of night-time sleep (MPS) from infancy to adolescence, and (b) explored perinatal risk factors for persistent poor sleep health. This study used data from 12,962 participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Parent or self-reported night-time sleep duration, bedtime and wake-up time were collected from questionnaires at 6, 18 and 30 months, and at 3.5, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 9, 11 and 15-16 years. Child's sex, birth weight, gestational age, health and temperament, together with mother's family adversity index (FAI), age at birth, prenatal socioeconomic status and postnatal anxiety and depression, were included as risk factors for persistent poor sleep health. Latent class growth analyses were applied first to detect trajectories of night-time sleep duration, bedtime and MPS, and we then applied logistic regressions for the longitudinal associations between risk factors and persistent poor sleep health domains. We obtained four trajectories for each of the three sleep domains. In particular, we identified a trajectory characterized by persistent shorter sleep, a trajectory of persistent later bedtime and a trajectory of persistent later MPS. Two risk factors were associated with the three poor sleep health domains: higher FAI with increased risk of persistent shorter sleep (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.11-1.30, p < .001), persistent later bedtime (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.19-1.39, p < .001) and persistent later MPS (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.22-1.38, p < .001); and higher maternal socioeconomic status with reduced risk of persistent shorter sleep (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98-1.00, p = .048), persistent later bedtime (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97-0.99, p < .001) and persistent later MPS (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98-0.99, p < .001). We detected trajectories of persistent poor sleep health (i.e. shorter sleep duration, later bedtime and later MPS) from infancy to adolescence, and specific perinatal risk factors linked to persistent poor sleep health domains.

Уязвимое детство в контексте детского благополучия

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This study aims to clarify the concept of &amp;ldquo;vulnerable childhood&amp;rdquo; within the context of child well-being. In modern society, children are exposed to various risks that can negatively impact their physical, emotional, and social development. The article explores diverse aspects of children&amp;rsquo;s vulnerability, such as socio-economic inequalities, violations of children&amp;rsquo;s rights, adverse family conditions, and the impact of traumatic events. The authors employ an interdisciplinary approach that encompasses the analysis of sociological, psychological, economic, and legal aspects. The article provides an overview of existing research that emphasizes the importance of understanding the factors contributing towards children&amp;rsquo;s vulnerability, as well as the consequences it may have on their future well-being. Focusing on governmental and other programs aimed at enhancing child well-being, the authors offer recommendations to ensure the protection of vulnerable children. These include the implementation of inclusive educational programs, strengthening the family social support system, refining legislation concerning children&amp;rsquo;s rights, and creating effective mechanisms for responding to crisis situations. The article offers an analysis of the influence of the concept of a &amp;ldquo;vulnerable childhood&amp;rdquo; on children&amp;rsquo;s well-being, and presents specific steps for ensuring the protection and support of children at risk.&lt;/p&gt;

Childhood correlates and young adult outcomes of trajectories of emotional problems from childhood to adolescence.

Emotional problems, especially anxiety, have become increasingly common in recent generations. Few population-based studies have examined trajectories of emotional problems from early childhood to late adolescence or investigated differences in psychiatric and functional outcomes. Using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, n = 8286, 50.4% male), we modeled latent class growth trajectories of emotional problems, using the parent-reported Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire emotional scale (SDQ-E) on seven occasions (4-17 years). Psychiatric outcomes in young adulthood (21-25 years) were major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and self-harm. Functional outcomes were exam attainment, educational/occupational status, and social relationship quality. We identified four classes of emotional problems: low (67.0%), decreasing (18.4%), increasing (8.9%), and persistent (5.7%) problems. Compared to those in the low class, individuals with decreasing emotional problems were not at elevated risk of any poor adult outcome. Individuals in the increasing and persistent classes had a greater risk of adult MDD (RR: 1.59 95% CI 1.13-2.26 and RR: 2.25 95% CI 1.49-3.41) and self-harm (RR: 2.37 95% CI 1.91-2.94 and RR: 1.87 95% CI 1.41-2.48), and of impairment in functional domains. Childhood sleep difficulties, irritability, conduct and neurodevelopmental problems, and family adversity were associated with a persistent course of emotional problems. Childhood emotional problems were common, but those whose symptoms improved over time were not at increased risk for adverse adult outcomes. In contrast, individuals with persistent or adolescent-increasing emotional problems had a higher risk of mental ill-health and social impairment in young adulthood which was especially pronounced for those with persistent emotional problems.

“Being in the system is really difficult and…I wouldn’t wish it on anybody.” Trauma and the public sector system of care for youth

Youth involved in public sector services for substance use and other forms of mental health, juvenile justice, foster care, or homelessness report higher rates of trauma compared to the general youth population. We interviewed 26 youth, ages 14–21, with lived experience in public systems of care for the purpose of a state-contracted needs assessment evaluation. Qualitative analysis of these data indicated trauma occurs sequentially vis-à-vis the system of care. Participants experienced family adversity and a lack of social support, which has been defined as pre-system trauma. Because of this pre-system trauma, youth were referred to the public sector system of care. Rather than resolving trauma, system involvement exacerbated existing trauma and introduced new forms of trauma, defined as system-based trauma. Existing policies and practice address pre-system trauma, though there is room for improvement for both pre-system and system-based trauma. The field has yet to reckon fully with system-based trauma and this may be the next transformation for public sector youth services.

Importance of Military Identity in Understanding the Relationship Between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Adverse Family Functioning for Post-9/11 Veterans

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms among service members appear to have a stronger impact on functioning in military families compared to civilian families. To better understand this relationship, this study applied the concepts explained by Social Identity Theory to explore how a Veteran’s social identity interacts with PTSD symptoms to affect family functioning. The sample included Veteran parents (N = 291) from San Francisco, CA and Chicago, IL who completed a cross-sectional survey about their well-being and transition out of service, including measures of PTSD, military identity, and family functioning. Linear regression showed a Veteran’s social identification with the military had significant main effects on adverse family functioning (β = 1.5, p = .001) and significantly moderated the relationship between PTSD and adverse family functioning (β = −0.02, p = .03). The interaction shows that higher perceptions of the military as family appeared to attenuate the relationship between PTSD symptoms and adverse family functioning up to a certain point. Our findings suggest that a Veteran’s greater desire to go back to the military or stronger feelings that the military was their family protected the functioning of their family from their PTSD symptoms. However, when a Veteran had the highest possible desire to go back to the military or the strongest feeling like the military was their family, there was no effect on the relationship between PTSD symptoms and family functioning. Findings suggest the need to better understand how dimensions and strength of military identity can affect the relationship between PTSD symptoms and family functioning.

Familial adversity: association with discontinuation of adjuvant hormone therapy and breast cancer prognosis.

Many studies have examined patient-related factors affecting adjuvant hormone therapy adherence in breast cancer patients. Our study aimed to examine associations of family-related factors with adjuvant hormone therapy discontinuation and breast cancer-specific mortality. By cross-linking seven Swedish health registers, we performed a cohort study including all breast cancer patients who initiated adjuvant hormone therapy during 2006-2019 in Sweden (N = 10,701). A group-based multi-trajectory model was used to identify familial adversity groups based on three dimensions: material deprivation, negative family dynamics, and loss or threat of loss. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate associations of familial adversity with hormone therapy discontinuation and breast cancer-specific mortality. We identified five distinctive familial adversity groups among the cohort participants. Compared to women with low familial adversity, higher risks to discontinue adjuvant hormone therapy were observed among women with material deprivation (hazard ratio (HR), 1.31; 95% CI, 1.20-1.43), negative family dynamics (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06-1.28), loss or threat to loss (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00-1.32), or high familial adversity (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.40-1.68). Furthermore, women with material deprivation (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.05-1.79), negative family dynamics (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.01-1.97), or high adversity (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.26-2.23) were at higher risks of dying from breast cancer. Familial adversity is associated with a higher risk of adjuvant hormone therapy discontinuation and breast cancer-specific mortality. Family-related factors identified in our study may help identify high-risk patients for interventions to prevent treatment discontinuation and subsequently improve breast cancer outcomes.

Impact of poverty and adversity on perceived family support in adolescence: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

Emotional support from family members may have an important effect on adolescent health outcomes, and has been identified as a target for policy to protect against the impacts of poverty and other early life adversities. However, few studies have assessed the extent to which poverty and adversity themselves influence the nature of emotional support that parents can provide to adolescents. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the impact of trajectories of income poverty and family adversities, including parental mental ill health, alcohol misuse and domestic violence across childhood developmental stages on young people’s relationships with their families and perceived emotional support received. We analysed longitudinal data on 10,976 children from the nationally representative UK Millennium Cohort study. Exposure trajectories of poverty and family adversities were characterised using group-based multi-trajectory models (age 9 months–14 years). The outcomes were perceived emotional support and quality of family relationships, measured by the three-item Short Social Provisions Scale (SPS-3) and levels of parent–adolescent closeness and conflict, measured at age 14. ORs and 95% CIs were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounding factors. At age 14, the overall prevalence of low perceived emotional support was 13% (95% CI: 12, 14). Children of mothers with lower socioeconomic status (SES) were more likely to report low emotional support, with a clear social gradient (education—degree plus: 10.3% vs. no qualifications: 15.4%). Compared with children exposed to low levels of poverty and adversity, children in the persistent adversity trajectory groups experienced higher odds of low emotional support and low-quality parent–adolescent relationship; those exposed to both persistent poverty and poor parental mental health were particularly at increased risk of experiencing poor family relationships and low perceived emotional support (adjusted odds ratio 2·2; 95% CI 1·7–2·9). Low perceived emotional support and poor family relationships in adolescence are more prevalent among socially disadvantaged children and adolescents and those experiencing social adversity. Policies to improve levels of family support for UK adolescents should focus on improving modifiable determinants such as child poverty and family mental health.

How do family adversity and youth stressful experiences lead to adult economic adversity? An integration of multiple life course mechanisms

ABSTRACT The primary objective of the present study was to apply multiple life course mechanisms, drawn from the life course epidemiological perspective, to explain the long-term influence of family socioeconomic adversity and adolescent stressful life events on adult economic adversity. The study used prospective data over 13 years from 11,075 adolescents from the Adolescent to Adult Health Study (Add Health). First, we developed a comprehensive life course model by integrating causal and temporal relationships among different life course processes and pathways discussed in previous research. Specifically, the findings provided evidence for the long-term influence of family socioeconomic adversity on adult economic adversity through life-stage specific stressful life events and depressive symptoms. This connection occurred through various risk pathways such as the clustering of risk, risk cascading, and cumulative exposure. Such integrated models are well suited to investigate life course stressors and can be used as broad analytical frameworks for life course developmental studies. Thus, the present study has served substantive, illustrative, and methodological purposes. The study findings suggest that to improve adult wellbeing, programmes and policies focusing on early life adversities and stressors are important.

Longitudinal Patterns of Community-Based Treatment Utilization Among Ethnically and Racially Diverse Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment utilization among adolescents is highly variable. This article describes pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment utilization in a community sample of primarily Latinx and/or Black adolescents with ADHD (N = 218), followed longitudinally for 4 years, from early adolescence until approximately age 17 (M = 16.80, standard deviation = 1.65). Methods: Electronic surveys administered between 2012 and 2019 queried parent and youth reports of medication initiation, persistence, diversion, and misuse, as well as reasons for desistence. Nonpharmacological treatment utilization (including complementary and alternative treatments) was also measured. Results: Results indicated that: (1) the majority of the sample sought treatment for ADHD in their community, (2) rates of psychosocial treatment utilization were higher than medication utilization, (3) approximately half of the medicated sample discontinued community-administered ADHD medication during the follow-up period, most frequently citing tolerability issues and concerns that they were "tired of taking" medication, and (4) medication misuse consisted of youth diversion and parent utilization of teen medication, but both were reported at low rates. Race/ethnicity did not predict treatment utilization patterns, but lower family adversity and psychiatric comorbidity predicted persistence of medication use over time. Conclusions: ADHD treatment engagement efforts for Latinx and/or Black adolescents might link treatment to goals valued by the youth, address concerns related to medication tolerability, and promote secure monitoring of medication. Nonpharmacological treatments for ADHD may be more palatable to Latinx and Black youth with ADHD, and efforts to engage youth with ADHD in treatment should consider offering medication and psychosocial treatment options.

Evidence for the Association Between Adverse Childhood Family Environment, Child Abuse, and Caregiver Warmth and Cardiovascular Health Across the Lifespan: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

This study aimed to quantify the association between childhood family environment and longitudinal cardiovascular health (CVH) in adult CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) Study participants. We further investigated whether the association differs by adult income. We applied the CVH framework from the American Heart Association including metrics for smoking, cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose, body mass index, physical activity, and diet. CVH scores (range, 0-14) were calculated at years 0, 7, and 20 of the study. Risky Family environment (range, 7-28) was assessed at year 15 retrospectively, for childhood experiences of abuse, caregiver warmth, and family or household challenges. Complete case ordinal logistic regression and mixed models associated risky family (exposure) with CVH (outcome), adjusting for age, sex, race, and alcohol use. The sample (n=2074) had a mean age of 25.3 (±3.5) years and 56% females at baseline. The median risky family was 10 with ideal CVH (≥12) met by 288 individuals at baseline (28.4%) and 165 (16.3%) at year 20. Longitudinally, for every 1-unit greater risky family, the odds of attaining high CVH (≥10) decreased by 3.6% (OR, 0.9645 [95% CI, 0.94-0.98]). Each unit greater child abuse and caregiver warmth score corresponded to 12.8% lower and 11.7% higher odds of ideal CVH (≥10), respectively (OR, 0.872 [95% CI, 0.77-0.99]; OR, 1.1165 [95% CI, 1.01-1.24]), across all 20 years of follow-up. Stratified analyses by income in adulthood demonstrated associations between risky family environment and CVH remained significant for those of the highest adult income (>$74k), but not the lowest (<$35k). Although risky family environmental factors in childhood increase the odds of poor longitudinal adult CVH, caregiver warmth may increase the odds of CVH, and socioeconomic attainment in adulthood may contextualize the level of risk. Toward a paradigm of primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease, childhood exposures and economic opportunity may play a crucial role in CVH across the life course.

Understanding the role of childhood nurture, abuse, and stability on gestational diabetes in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (CARDIA)

BackgroundTo estimate associations between facets of the maternal childhood family environment with gestational diabetes (GDM) and to test mediation by pre-pregnancy waist circumference. MethodsWe used data from CARDIA, a cohort of individuals aged 18–30 years at baseline (1985–86), followed over 30 years (2016). We included participants with one or more pregnancies ≥ 20 weeks after baseline, without pre-pregnancy diabetes. The primary exposure was the Childhood Family Environment Scale (assessed year 15), including the total score and abuse, nurture, and stability subscales as continuous, separate exposures. The outcome was GDM (self-reported at each visit for each pregnancy). We fit log binomial models with generalized estimating equations to calculate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for age at delivery, parity, race (Black or White), and parental education. We used regression models with bootstrapped CIs to test mediation and effect modification by excess abdominal adiposity at the last preconception CARDIA visit (waist circumference ≥ 88 cm). ResultsWe included 1033 individuals (46% Black) with 1836 pregnancies. 130 pregnancies (7.1%) were complicated by GDM. For each 1 point increase on the abuse subscale (e.g., from “rarely or never” to “some or little of the time”) there was a 30% increased risk of GDM (RR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.7). There was evidence of effect modification but not mediation by preconception abdominal adiposity. ConclusionsA more adverse childhood family environment was associated with increased risk of GDM, with a stronger association among individuals with preconception waist circumference ≥ 88 cm.

Community health nurses' concerns about infant regulatory problems are predictive of mental disorders diagnosed at hospital: a prospective cohort study

IntroductionRegulatory problems of eating, sleeping, and crying in infancy may index mental health vulnerability in older ages, and knowledge is needed to inform strategies to break the developmental trajectories of dysregulation in early childhood. In this study, we examined the prospective associations between infant regulatory problems at the age of 8–10 months identified by community health nurses (CHN) and mental disorders diagnosed in hospital settings in children aged 1–8 years.MethodsFrom a cohort of all newborn children in 15 municipalities in the Capital Region of Copenhagen (N = 43,922) we included all children who were examined by CHNs at the scheduled home visit at the age of 8–10 months (N = 36,338). Outcome measures were ICD-10 mental disorders diagnosed at public hospitals and reported to the National Patient Register. Logistic regression included data on child and family covariables obtained from population registers.ResultsThe CHNs reported concerns regarding sleep in 7.7% of the study population, feeding and eating in 19.1%, combined sleeping and eating problems in 3.6%, and incessant crying in 0.7%. A total of 1,439 children (4% of the study population) were diagnosed in hospital settings with an ICD-10 mental disorder between the ages of 11 months and 8 years. Analyses adjusted for a range of perinatal and family adversities showed an increased risk of any neurodevelopmental disorder among children with CHN concerns of feeding and eating (odds ratio (OR) 1.36 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–1.63)) and co-occurrent problems of feeding and eating and sleep (OR 1.60 (95% CI 1.14–2.26)). For autism-spectrum disorders, an increased risk was seen among children with co-occurrent problems of both feeding and eating and sleep (OR 1.73 (95% CI 1.07–2.79)). Concern about feeding and eating was also associated with an increased risk of behavioral and emotional disorders (OR 1.27 (95% CI 1.03–1.56)). Concern about incessant crying at the age of 8–10 months was not associated with a diagnosed mental disorder, but findings may reflect low statistical power due to low frequency of concern.DiscussionCHN concerns mirror a group of developmentally vulnerable children. Further research is needed to explore the possibilities of preventive intervention within the general child health surveillance to address the developmental psychopathology of dysregulation in early ages.

Effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences, Parenting Styles, and Family Accommodation on Patients Diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental illness that has multiple biological, psychological, and sociological factors. The aim of this study was to investigate childhood traumatic experiences, parenting style, and family adaptive behaviors in patients with OCD, to explore the psychosocial factors that affect its occurrence, and to analyze the correlation between these psychosocial factors and OCD symptoms to better understand its etiology. We recruited 109 patients diagnosed with OCD (patient group) and 144 healthy controls (control group) into this study. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran (EMBU), and Family Accommodation Scale-Patient Version (FAS-PV) questionnaires were administered to all participants. Patient OCI-R scores for checking, hoarding, obsessing, ordering, washing, neutralizing, and total OCI-R scores were significantly higher when compared with the control group (all P < .05). Patient CTQ scores for emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, and total CTQ scores were significantly higher when compared with the control group (all P < .05). Patients' EMBU scores for F1, F2, F3, F5, F6, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, and total EMBU scores were significantly higher when compared with the control group (all P < .05). There was no significant difference in the F4 scores between the 2 groups (P = .622). Patient FAS-PV scores for the direct participation and facilitation of OCD symptoms, avoidance of OCD triggers, taking on patient responsibilities, modification of personal responsibilities, and total FAS-PV scores were significantly higher when compared with the control group (all P < .05). The total OCI-R score showed a significant positive correlation with emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and total CTQ score (r = 0.564; r = 0.518; r = 0.542; r = 0.586; r = 0.603, all P < .05). The total OCI-R score showed a significant positive correlation with the scores for F1, F2, F3, F5, F6, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, and the total EMBU score (r = 0.504; r = 0.531; r = 0.611; r = 0.466; r = 0.519; r = 0.665; r = 0.351; r = 0.597; r = 0.667; r = 0.484; r = 0.586; r = 0.662, all P < .05). The total OCI-R score showed a significant positive correlation with scores for direct participation and facilitation, avoidance of OCD triggers, taking on patient responsibilities, modification of personal responsibilities, and total FAS-PV score (r = 0.571; r = 0.624; r = 0.670; r = 0.592; r = 0.684, all P < .05). Our findings highlight the importance of adverse childhood experiences, parenting styles, and family accommodation on OCD patients. Importantly, these adverse experiences are closely related to the severity of symptoms in these patients. We suggest that psychological, and not only physiological, changes play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of OCD. This study confirmed that family and childhood experiences play an important role in the occurrence of OCD, and family education in childhood greatly affects the occurrence of OCD. Therefore, it can be inferred that good family psychological education in childhood has a positive effect on reducing the risk of OCD. If family psychological education can be included in community medical services, this will help to mitigate the development of mental health situations.

Analysis on the Causes of Psychological Diseases Such as Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents

To analyze the factors that cause anxiety and depression in adolescents and provide ideas for finding and solving mental health problems in adolescents. To provide basis for the prevention of psychological diseases for the society and adolescents themselves. Use literature review The causes of mental health problems of adolescents were analyzed from 5 aspects, including the influence of early adverse experiences, family environment, school environment, individual factors and social environment. And the individual factor and the objective factor exist certain interaction. The factors that cause anxiety and depression in adolescents are complex and diverse, and need to be analyzed from many aspects in the treatment of psychological diseases of adolescents. In the prevention of mental illness among adolescents, society needs to pay enough attention to it, and adolescents themselves are best to try to change their negative mentality in time.

The association of adverse family experiences, physical activity,and depression in a national sample of US adolescents.

Sufficient engagement in physical activity could foster resilience in adolescents and help alleviate the impact of adverse family experiences (AFEs), such as depression. However, the association between cumulative AFEs exposure, physical activity, and depression remains unclear. The aims of this study are to determine the relationship between AFEs and adolescent depression and whether physical activity moderates this relationship. Secondary analyses were conducted on 29,617 adolescents aged 12-17 years from the 2016-2017 National Survey of Children's Health. Binomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationship among AFEs, child depression, and physical activity. Covariates include individual-level, social-level, and societal-level factors. This study reveals that 7.3% of US adolescents had a depression diagnosis. The odds of having a depression diagnosis among US children were 1.6 times (adjusted OR: 1.6, 95%CI: 1.37-1.86) greater for adolescents with one type of AFEs, and 3.4 times greater (adjusted OR: 3.39, 95%CI: 2.78-4.13) for adolescents with three or more AFEs, compared with children living without AFEs. Physical activity for 1-3 days per week remained a significant, substantial protector of childhood depression among children with at least one type of AFEs (adjusted OR: 0.73, 95%CI: 0.62-0.87). These results suggest a clinical concern for adolescents with more AFEs. Trauma-informed care to address multiple types of trauma and physical activity interventions to reduce depression symptoms may be particularly important.

Early Adverse Family Experiences and Elevated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Predict Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Females with Non-Psychotic Mental Disorders and Suicidal Ideation.

Nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI), prevalent in patients with non-psychotic mental disorders (NPMD), is associated with numerous adverse outcomes. Despite active research into the clinical and psychological aspects of NSSI, the underlying biological mechanisms remain obscure. Early adverse experiences are believed to induce long-lasting changes in neuroendocrine mechanisms of stress control playing a key role in NSSI development. The aim of the study was to evaluate parameters potentially predicting development of NSSI in female patients with NPMD and suicidal ideation. Eighty female patients over 18 years with NPMD and suicidal ideation (40 with and 40 without NSSI) and 48 age matching women without evidence of mental illness (healthy controls) were enrolled. Diagnostic interviews and self-report measures were used to assess childhood maltreatment, presence, frequency, and characteristics of suicidal and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, the Beck Depression Inventory scale to assess severity of depression. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis markers, hormones, and neurotrophic factors were measured in blood serum. The likelihood of developing NSSI in patients with NPMD and suicidal ideation was associated with early adverse family history and elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as a result of early chronic stress experiences may represent critical biological mechanism promoting the development of NSSI behaviors in patients with NPMD.

Self-reported childhood family adversity is linked to an attenuated gain of trust during adolescence

A longstanding proposal in developmental research is that childhood family experiences provide a template that shapes a capacity for trust-based social relationships. We leveraged longitudinal data from a cohort of healthy adolescents (n = 570, aged 14–25), which included decision-making and psychometric data, to characterise normative developmental trajectories of trust behaviour and inter-individual differences therein. Extending on previous cross-sectional findings from the same cohort, we show that a task-based measure of trust increases longitudinally from adolescence into young adulthood. Computational modelling suggests this is due to a decrease in social risk aversion. Self-reported family adversity attenuates this developmental gain in trust behaviour, and within our computational model, this relates to a higher ‘irritability’ parameter in those reporting greater adversity. Unconditional trust at measurement time point T1 predicts the longitudinal trajectory of self-reported peer relation quality, particularly so for those with higher family adversity, consistent with trust acting as a resilience factor.