Family Rutaceae Research Articles

Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oils against Mealybug Pests (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Most mealybugs of the Pseudococcidae family are important pests of agriculture and ornamental gardens. Our aim was to perform a review and meta-analysis on 14 published scientific articles on the insecticidal activity of essential oils (EOs) against mealybug species of the Pseudococcidae family. Data on (1) species, genus, families, and plant parts from which the EO was extracted; (2) the main compounds of each EO; (3) the highest and lowest concentrations tested; and (4) the application method used for the toxicological studies was collected from each study. The metafor package (R software) was used to perform a three-level random effects meta-analysis. The families Lamiaceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Zingiberaceae and Euphorbiaceae and the genera Citrus, Cymbopogon, Syzygium, Cinnamomum and Jatropha were the most used among the studies. According to the results from the meta-analyses, 13 out of 24 genera analyzed were effective against mealybugs. All methods were effective, but fumigation and indirect contact were the most frequently used methodologies. The results obtained from the present review and meta-analysis could be used for the potential development of natural biopesticide formulations against mealybugs belonging to the Pseudococcidae family.

Pharmacology and phytochemical constituent of aegel marmelous

Aegle marmelos, sometimes known as "Bael," is an Indian medicinal herb. The medium-sized Bael (Aegle marmelos), commonly known as Bengal quince or golden apple, is a member of the Rutaceae family of deciduous trees. The stem, bark, root, leaves, and fruit of this tree, at all stages of maturity, contain medicinal characteristics and have been used in traditional medicine for a very long time. Alkaloids, terpenoids, vitamins, coumarin, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, fatty acids, essential oils, and other diverse substances are among the isolated components found in Aegle marmelos. The plant also has a number of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-arthritis, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-ulcer, immunomodulatory, and wound healing effects. It is also anti-oxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrheal, anti-diabetic, ant proliferativeand hepatoprotective activity. Therefore, those who are interested in conducting more study on A. marmelos might use this review as a helpful resource.

Recovery of Naringin-Rich Flavonoid Extracts from Agroresidues with Anxiolytic- and Antidepressant-like Effects in Mice

Citrus paradisi species belong to the Rutaceae family, and it is commonly known as grapefruit. Grapefruit consumption involves a large amount of waste that goes to landfills and produces significant pollution affecting the human health. To examine this phenomenon, we designed an efficient chemical method that recovers naringin-rich flavonoid extracts from the fresh waste of grapefruits, by using the solvent impregnation resin method (SIR) with XAD-4 amberlite and either methanol or water as elution systems. Additionally, we focused on evaluating these extracts' anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in behavioral predictive paradigms in mice. According to direct Principal Component Analysis (PCA) by NMR, and Direct Injection Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (DIESI-MS), methanol extracts obtained after resin treatment were free of coumarin compounds and evinced had a high content of naringin. Poncirin, phenylalanine, chrysin 5,7-dimethyl ether, 5,7-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavanone, 2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, tetrahydrocurcumin, corchoionoside C, 6'-coumaroyl-1'-O-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside were also detected. Naringin-rich methanol extract caused a clear anxiolytic-like effect in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and the Hole-Board (HBT) Tests, increasing oral doses of this extract did not produce a sedative effect. A single oral dose caused an antidepressant-like effect in the Tail Suspension Test (TST), while repeated administrations of the methanol extract elicited a robust antidepressant effect in the Forced Swimming Test (FST) in mice. Our evidence highlights the importance of bioprospecting studies of organic waste with therapeutic potentials, such as anxiety and depression disorders.

Five Rutaceae family ethanol extracts alleviate H2O2 and LPS-induced inflammation via NF-κB and JAK-STAT3 pathway in HaCaT cells

This study was designed to investigate the effects of five Rutaceae family ethanol extracts (FRFEE): Citrus medica Linn (CML), Citrus aurantium L. Cv. Daidai (CAD), Citrus medica Linn. var. sarcodactylis (Noot.) Swingle (CMS),Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck (CSO) and Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (ZBM) on retarding the progression of H2O2 and LPS-induced HaCaT cells. Cell inflammatory injury model was established by H2O2 and LPS. The alleviative effects of FRFEE were evaluated by detecting the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The inflammatory signaling pathways of NF-κB and JAK-STAT3 were detected by Western blotting, the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors and skin barrier factors were detected by RT-PCR. 50% ethanol extracts of five medicinal and food homologous herbs of Rutaceae family showed different levels of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The FRFEE effectively improved SOD and GSH content and decreased ROS levels. Meanwhile, FRFEE strongly suppressed two inflammatory signaling pathways NF-κB and JAK-STAT3. The RT-PCR examination of inflammatory factors and skin barrier factor revealed significant anti-inflammatory effects of FRFEE. It was worth noting that among the five extracts, Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim extract had the best anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effects. In addition, it could strongly inhibit the expression of psoriasis factor CCL20. In summary, these results suggested that Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim extract could be used as an anti-psoriatic agent in the treatment of psoriasis among FRFEE.

Geranyl flavanone from Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle

Summary Introduction: Feronia limonia (synonyms: Feronia elephantum, Hesperethusa crenulata, Limonia acidissima Linn, Schinus limonia) is a member of Rutaceae family. F. limonia is an aesthetically pleasing plant with various medicinal and nutraceutical properties. Objective: The primary objective of this research was to determine the flavonoid from F. limonia. Methods: Different solvents have been soxhleted to the roots of F. limonia powder. Column chromatography was performed using silica gel, a yellow amorphous solid was obtained from ethyl acetate extract after elution with hexane: ethyl acetate (4:8). Results: We have successfully isolated a unique geranyl flavanone from the roots of F. limonia. The structure was verified as 8-(2′′,3′′-epoxy-3′′-methyl butyl)-4′-prenyloxy flavanone-7-O-6′′′′-acetyl β-D-glucopyranoside. Conclusion: According to the findings based upon spectroscopic analysis, a hitherto unknown flavanone was isolated in the F. limonia.

Standardization of suitable packaging material to increase shelf life and quality parameters of curry leaf (Murraya koenigii Sprenge)

Curry leaf, also known as Murraya koenigii Sprenge, is a member of the Rutaceae family and is an aromatic spice. In South India, leaves are primarily used for culinary purpose. An investigation was conducted to find the best packing material for the leaves of curry leaf in order to extend their shelf life and maintain their high-quality standards. In the present experiment, ply cardboard boxes with ventilation, sleeves of various gauges, jute cloth bags and polypropylene bags were used as treatments. Compressed packing in polypropylene bags performed well than other packaging materials in terms of least physiological weight loss, more shelf life, high chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and essential oil content and less percentage of senescence.

Chemical Constituents of the Bark of Zanthoxylum gilletii (Rutaceae) and Their In Vitro Antiplasmodial and Molecular Docking Studies

The phytochemical investigations of the methanol extract of Zanthoxylum gilletii bark led to the isolation of thirteen compounds identified as two alkaloids including one acridone 5-hydroxynoracronycine (1) and one benzo [c] phenanthridine decarine (2), three lignans trans- and cis-fagaramide (3 and 4) and sesamin (5), two coumarins scoparone (6) and scopoletin (7), three pentacyclic triterpenoids fridelin (8), lupeol (9) and erythrodiol-3-O-palmitate (10), one phenolic compound vanillic acid (11) as well as two common steroids stigmasterol (12), and its derivative stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (13). The structures of all the isolated compounds were elucidated by means of their spectroscopic and spectrometric data (1D, 2D-NMR, MS) as well as the comparison of these data with those reported in the literature. Except for compounds 9 and 11–13, all the other isolated compounds are reported for the first time from Z. gilletii but have been already obtained from other Zanthoxylum species and in the Rutaceae family. Compounds 1, 3–5, and 9 were tested in vitro for their antiplasmodial potencies against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, and the results revealed that all the tested compounds displayed an inhibition between 51.89% and 54.69% while only the mixture of 3 + 4 gave an IC50 lower than 10 000 nM (IC50 = 1333 nM). Furthermore, all the compounds have been evaluated in silico for their ability to inhibit the Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 5TBO. Sesamin (5) showed the greatest affinity to the antiplasmodium receptor than artemether® and chloroquine®. Further recorded data from their ADMET study, as well as their chemotaxonomy, are also discussed herein. The present study provides further information to enrich the chemistry of Z. gilletii and its qualification as an important source for good candidates in new antiplasmodial drug development.

The pharmacokinetics profiles, pharmacological properties, and toxicological risks of dehydroevodiamine: A review.

Dehydroevodiamine (DHE) is a quinazoline alkaloid isolated from Evodiae Fructus (EF, Wuzhuyu in Chinese, Rutaceae family), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which is clinically applied to treat headache, abdominal pain, menstrual pain, abdominal distension, vomiting, acid regurgitation, etc. Modern research demonstrates that DHE is one of the main components of EF. In recent years, DHE has received extensive attention due to its various pharmacological activities. This review is the first to comprehensively summarize the current studies on pharmacokinetics profiles, pharmacological properties, and toxicological risks of DHE in diverse diseases. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that DHE has a relatively good oral absorption effect in the mean concentration curves in rat plasma and high absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, distribution re-absorption and enterohepatic circulation may lead to multiple blood concentration peaks of DHE in rat plasma. DHE possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and digestive system. Moreover, DHE has anti-inflammatory effects via downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Given the favorable pharmacological activity, DHE is expected to be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, chronic stress, amnesia, chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcers, and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, toxicity studies have suggested that DHE has proarrhythmic effects and can impair bile acid homeostasis without causing hepatotoxicity. However, further rigorous and well-designed studies are needed to elucidate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, potential biological mechanisms, and toxicity of DHE.

Plant Pyranocoumarins: Description, Biosynthesis, Application.

This overview article contains information about pyranocoumarins over the last 55 years. The article is based on the authors' phytochemical and physiological studies in vivo and in vitro as well as search and analysis of data in literature available on Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect before January 2022. Pyranocoumarins are synthesized in plants of the Apiaceae, Rutaceae families, and one species in each of the Cornaceae, Calophyllaceae, and Fabaceae families can synthesize this class of compounds. The physiological role of these compounds in plants is not clear. It has been proven that these substances have a wide range of biological activities: anti-cancer, anti-spasmatic, and anticoagulant, and they also inhibit erythrocyte lysis and accumulation of triacylglycerides. The overview generalizes the modern understanding of the classification, structure, and biological activity of natural pyranocoumarins, and summarizes dispersed data into a unified scheme of biosynthesis. The review analyzes data on the localization and productivity of these substances in individual organs and the whole plant. It discusses a link between the unique structure of these substances and their biological activity, as well as new opportunities for pyranocoumarins in pharmacology. The article evaluates the potential of different plant species as producers of pyranocoumarins and considers the possibilities of cell cultures to obtain the end product.

3-Methoxy Carbazole Impedes the Growth of Human Breast Cancer Cells by Suppressing NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Breast cancer represents the most frequently occurring cancer globally among women. As per the recent report of the World Health Organization (WHO), it was documented that by the end of the year 2020, approximately 7.8 million females were positively diagnosed with breast cancer and in 2020 alone, 685,000 casualties were documented due to breast cancer. The use of standard chemotherapeutics includes the frontline treatment option for patients; however, the concomitant side effects represent a major obstacle for their usage. Carbazole alkaloids are one such group of naturally-occurring bioactive compounds belonging to the Rutaceae family. Among the various carbazole alkaloids, 3-Methoxy carbazole or C13H11NO (MHC) is obtained from Clausena heptaphylla as well as from Clausena indica. In this study, MHC was investigated for its anti-breast cancer activity based on molecular interactions with specific proteins related to breast cancer, where the MHC had predicted binding affinities for NF-κB with −8.3 kcal/mol. Furthermore, to evaluate the biological activity of MHC, we studied its in vitro cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cells. This alkaloid showed significant inhibitory effects and induced apoptosis, as evidenced by enhanced caspase activities and the cellular generation of ROS. It was observed that a treatment with MHC inhibited the gene expression of NF-kB in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These results suggest that MHC could be a promising medical plant for breast cancer treatment. Further studies are needed to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the anticancer action of MHC.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity among Wild Ruta chalepensis L. from the North of Jordan

Ruta chalepensis, known as Fringed Rue, is a small shrub of the Rutaceae family. To date, there is no record of its natural distribution across Jordan, a country located in the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin, and there are no previous studies on its genetic diversity in the region. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity of R. chalepensis in the northern parts of Jordan using morphological trait and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses. For the morphological traits, the analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences between the identified populations. The Shannon diversity indices showed relatively high values, indicating the existence of a high variability among the identified populations. The principal component analysis explained 82% of the variation between the collected plants, and a clear separation of the collected individuals from the Jarash-A, Jarash-B and Ajloun-B populations from the rest of the populations was observed. The heatmap clustering was in general agreement with the results of the principal component analysis, with the plant height, rachis length and plant width considered as the discriminative traits. The AFLP analysis using eight different primer combinations generated 59 polymorphic bands, with an average polymorphism information content value of 0.32. The phylogenetic analysis identified three main clusters, with the first cluster including 65% of the individuals collected from the Jarash and Ajloun provinces, with a clear separation of the Jarash-B population. The AMOVA revealed that the genetic variation between the populations contributed 30% of the total genetic variation, while the variation within the populations explained 70%. In conclusion, morphological traits and molecular markers were used successfully to assess the genetic diversity among wild R. chalepensis from the north of Jordan, and such data can be used for future conservation plans and utilization purposes.

Limonin Derivatives via Hydrogenation: Structural Identification and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Evaluation

Limonin is a natural compound which is rich in the fruit of various plants of the Rutaceae family and demonstrated to have a wide range of biological activities. In this work, seven limonin derivatives were successfully synthesized by hydrogenation of limonin, using different reducing agents (sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and sodium borohydride). The chemical structure of the seven derivatives was characterized and identified by a series of techniques, including HR-ESI-MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR, and IR. Among the seven limonin derivatives, six limonin derivatives were found to be new compounds which have not been previously reported. Then, the anti-inflammatory activities of the seven synthesized limonin derivatives, as well as the anti-inflammatory activities of eight known natural limonins, were evaluated and compared. Natural limonins, 30-O-Acetylhainangranatumin E and Xylogranatin A, presented significantly better anti-inflammatory activity. Xylogranatin A could inhibit LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell inflammatory factors, with a 90.0% inhibition ratio of TNF-α and 63.77% inhibition ratio of NO release in LPS-induced BV2 cells at 10 μM. Other natural limonins showed poor anti-inflammatory activity. In comparison, all the synthetic limonin derivatives showed decent anti-inflammatory activities, with the highest inhibition ratio of TNF-α of 37.8% and inhibition ratio of NO release of 12.5% in LPS-induced BV2 cells at 10 μM.

First Report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' (16SrI group) Associated with Murraya exotica Witches'-Broom Disease in Taiwan.

Murraya exotica L., commonly known as orange jasmine, is an evergreen shrub belonging to the Rutaceae family. It has long been used as traditional Chinese medicine for treating abdominal pain, toothache, scabies, and other disorders (Liu et al. 2018). M. exotica is widely grown as a garden bush in Taiwan. A prokaryotic pathogen, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Damsteegt et al. 2010), reportedly could infect M. exotica, but there is no reported phytoplasma disease in M. exotica. In June 2020, M. exotica plants exhibiting witches'-broom (WB), leaf yellowing, and small leaves (Fig. s1) were observed in a horticultural landscaping field in Taichung City, Taiwan. It was estimated that more than 70% of M. exotica plants within a single area were affected. DNA was extracted separately from petioles of five symptomatic and one asymptomatic plants using a modified CTAB method (Echevarría-Machado et al. 2005) and used for nested PCR with two universal primers, P1 (Deng and Hiruki 1991)/P7 (Schneider et al. 1995) followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (Gundersen and Lee 1996) to amplify a 1.2-kb 16S rRNA fragment. PCR was also conducted by primers, rp(I)F1A/rp(I)R1A to amplify a partial ribosomal protein S3 and L22 (rplV-rpsC) fragment (Lee et al. 2004). Expected 1.2-kb bands were amplified from DNA extracted from all symptomatic plants, whereas no bands were amplified from that of the asymptomatic plant. The amplicons were cloned, sequenced with an ABI 3730 automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Hammonton, NJ, USA) in Biotechnology Centre DNA-sequencing facility at National Chung Hsing University (NCHU) and deposited in GenBank. BLAST analysis revealed that 16S rDNA sequences (MZ373297 and MZ373298) shared 100% identity to each other and both shared 99.4% identity with those of several phytoplasma strains, e.g., rapeseed phyllody phytoplasma (CP055264), Brassica sp. phyllody phytoplasma (MN877914), Plumbago auriculata leaf yellowing phytoplasma (MN239504), and aster yellows phytoplasma (MK992774), which all belonging to the 16SrI group, by using the CLUSTAL W Methods of MegAlign program (DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, WI, USA). Further analysis using iPhyClassifier tool (https://plantpathology.ba.ars.usda.gov) indicated that the virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns derived from the 16S rDNA F2nR2 fragment of the M. exotica WB phytoplasma was most similar to the reference pattern of the 16SrI-B subgroup, with a pattern similarity coefficient of 0.97 and shared 99.3% sequence identity to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' (M30790). The partial rplV-rpsC gene sequence (OM275408) showed 99.7% of sequence identities to those of rapeseed phyllody phytoplasma (CP055264), plum witches'-broom phytoplasma (MH061366) and oilseed rape phytoplasma (KX551965), by using the CLUSTAL W Methods of MegAlign program. Taken together, we concluded that the phytoplasma strain associated with M. exotica WB disease was a strain belonging to a 16SrI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. exotica being infected by a phytoplasma in the aster yellows group, and M. exotica may also serve as an intermediate reservoir host to other plants, e.g., wax apple, periwinkle and roselle, of 16SrI phytoplasma.

In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Three Vegetative Herbs

Published on: October 2022Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2022; 14(4):394-397Original Article | doi:10.5530/jyp.2022.14.79 Authors:Sonia Singla*, Satvinder Kaur, Anuja Chopra, Anu Jindal, Divneet Kaur, Navpreet KaurDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Guru Hargobind Singh Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Parasitic infections have become a serious threat to the lives of human beings and animals and helminthiasis is the major parasitic infection. A wide range of anthelmintic agents have been used to treat these parasitic infections. Synthetic anthelmintic has various limitations like resistance. So, the major practical way of developing efficacious and cheaper anthelmintics is to consider herbal plants. Materials and Methods: The three plants selected in the study are Citrus medica, Coleus aromaticus and Murraya koenigii, belonging to the family Rutaceae, Lamiaceae and Rutaceae respectively. Traditionally, all these plants are used as vermicides. The main goal of the study was to examine the anthelmintic activity of these three plants using earthworms (Pheretima posthuma). 50% Hydroethanolic extracts of the three plants at different concentrations (20, 50, 80 mg/ml) showed dose-dependent anthelmintic response. Results: At concentrations of 20, 50, 80 mg/ml, all three plant extracts caused paralysis at 16.4, 28.33, 28.17, 11.35, 23.17, 22.4, 9.1, 19.33, 19.21 min. and death at 60.1, 84.56, 40.06, 46.08, 67.06, 37.42, 25.54, 56.56, 29.35 min. respectively. Albendazole was used as a reference standard at three different concentrations 20, 50, 80 mg/ml and caused paralysis at 40.37, 36.12, 24.44 min and death at 50.1, 39, 30.49 min. Conclusion: After analysing results, it was concluded that the three plants possess effective anthelmintic activity when compared with standard drug Albendazole and Citrus medica was found to be much more effective than all.Keywords: Citrus medica, Coleus aromaticus, Murraya koenigii, Anthelmintic activity, Albendazole.

Pharmacognostic (Morphological and Microscopical) Evaluation of Aegle marmelos C. Leaves

C. A. Sydler first coined pharmacognosy to investigate medicinal plants or products. Where these investigations are done by physical, chemical, and biochemical properties. Aegle marmelos commonly known as bael (or bel), belonging to the family Rutaceae, is a moderate sized, slender and aromatic tree. The leaves of bael are available in toothed, pointy, oval-ovate or ovate shapes. The leaves are having light yellow to greenish colour with slight aromatic odour due to the presence of oil globules. The present was indicating the presence of vascular bundle and oil globule with calcium oxalate crystals by using various micro-chemical tests.

Euodia daniellii Hemsl. Extract and Its Active Component Hesperidin Accelerate Cutaneous Wound Healing via Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

The activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a key role in the wound-healing process through tissue regeneration. The extract of Euodia daniellii Hemsl. (E. daniellii), a member of the Rutaceae family, activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. However, the function of E. daniellii in wound healing has not yet been elucidated. We performed a migration assay to determine the wound-healing effect of E. daniellii extract in vitro using human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast. In addition, a mouse acute wound model was used to investigate the cutaneous wound-healing effect of E. daniellii extract in vivo and confirm the potential mechanism. E. daniellii extract enhanced the migration of human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts via the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Moreover, the E. daniellii extract increased the levels of keratin 14, PCNA, collagen I, and α-SMA, with nuclei accumulation of β-catenin in vitro. E. daniellii extract also efficiently accelerated re-epithelialization and stimulated wound healing in vivo. Furthermore, we confirmed that hesperidin, one of the components of E. daniellii, efficiently accelerated the migration of human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, as well as wound healing in vivo via the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Overall, E. daniellii extract and its active component, hesperidin, have potential to be used as therapeutic agents for wound healing.

Effect of Citrus Limon (L.), Citrus Aurantium And Citrus Medica On Ethylene Glycol Induced Urolithiasis In Rats

Introduction: Renal stone formation and the predominant chemical stone composition are age and gender dependent. The most common stones are struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate), calcium oxalate, urate, cystine and silica. The most common type of kidney stones worldwide contains calcium. The process of forming stones in the kidney, bladder, and/or urethra (urinary tract) is called as Urolithiasis. Urinary calculi may cause obstruction, hydronephrosis, infection and hemorrhage in the urinary tract system. Citrus species were used in traditional practices as remedies for the urolithiasis have been well established in vivo-vitro test, clinical trial and effective use but are lacking well documented record. Citrus limon (L.) is tree with evergreen leaves and yellow edible fruits from the family Rutaceae. Citrus aurantiumL commonly called as bitter orange. Citrus medica Linn.,commonly known as a Citron in English and bijapura in Ayurvedic literature is shrub or small tree. All three are reported to use in treatment of wide panel of diseases like antiurolithic activity, stomach ache, vomiting antifungal and antibacterialetc. Urolithiasis was introduced by administration of ethylene glycol in rats. Standard drug treated group, the urinary outputs increased significantly. Body weight of all animals measured on day 0, 14 and 28 of calculi induction to assess the effect of treatment on body weight. The collection of urine from rats scheduled to be every seven days from calculi induction. C. aurantinum extract showed significantly increase in urinary output. The collected urine stored in 4ºC. The analysis of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, creatinine, uric acid, protein, urea nitrogen and oxalate recorded.300 mg/kg of combined extract of all three plants show significant result compare to individual plant response.

The Chemical Engineering Design of a Commercial Citrus Evaporator for the Production of 6,539.86 kg/hr Orange Juice Concentrate in Lagos, Nigeria, West Africa

Chemical engineers are high in importunity by industries in a wide range of sectors for the following impetus: Based on nominally defined problem statements, such as a client need or a set of experimental ramifications, chemical engineers can devise and gain a profound understanding of fundamental physical science relevant to the enigma, and harness this apprehension to excogitate a comprehensive action plan and a set of detailed specifications that, if implemented, will lead to forecasted financial dividends. In this treatise, as chemical engineers, apply our scientific and mathematical knowledge, specifically chemistry, applied mathematics, and engineering concepts, to translate experimental or conceptual ideas into value-added products in a lucrative, safe (environmentally friendly), and industry-leading manner. Citrus sinensis is the scientific name for orange, a savory and aromatic fruit from the Rutaceae family. The annual global citrus production increased dramatically over the last few decades, from around 30 million metric tonnes in the late 1960s to an estimated total of more than 105 million metric tonnes from 2000 to 2004, with oranges accounting for more than half of total global citrus production. Evaporation is a principle habituated in the processing industry to concentrate aqueous liquid streams by vaporizing the quantity of water content in a solution. The curtailment of energy consumption for evaporation reckoned on multitudinous components, such as evaporation capacity, number of effects, operation efficiency, and annual operation hours. We emphasized burgeoning efficient strategies to curtail the energy consumption of evaporators and alluded that monitoring the rate of energy dissipation guarantee the sustainability of an industrial enterprise. We betokened the heat transfer area was the indispensable criterion in the design of an evaporator and delineated correlations for estimating the size of the tube bundle. Ideally, a well-designed evaporator should be able to transfer heat adeptly at a high flow rate, have the minimum valuation of installation, operation, and maintenance, be able to bifurcate vapors from liquid concentrates, meet the conditions required by the product under treatment, produce a product of a quality required, and, if possible, be energy efficient. The peculiar grade of evaporator adopted was the 5-effect, 8-stage Thermally Accelerated Short Time Evaporator. We embraced the genre of evaporators after investigating their benefits relative to other evaporators used in food processing. In addition, it is fundamental to institute governance to identify benchmarks for optimal distribution based on results obtained by all segments of the production chains and orange juice exporters. This input will benefit the collective national interest and is pivotal for the orange juice industry.

A REVIEW ON POTENTIAL OF MEDICINAL PLANT: LIMONIA ACIDISSIMA L.

Plant is an important source of medicine and plays a key role in achieving objectives of WHO for wellbeing of all mankind. People are getting aware about natural products, to fulfil the requirement of medicinal values, Limonia acidissima
 L. of family Rutaceae, emerged out to be one of the most valuable plant owing multiple medicinal properties. The main objective of the present study is to recognize and identify different chemical constituents of the plant, which are important in the field of medicine. Hence in this article, the attempt has been made to study literature of different medicinal values, Pharmacological activities and the Ethnobotanical uses of Limonia acidissima L. The complied information of the plant can be used in various medicinal field.

Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation of Atalantia monophylla DC. root and stem

Background: Atalantia monophylla DC. (Syn. Limonia monophylla L.), family Rutaceae, root and stem have been reported for their use in rheumatism, arthritis, antidote to snake-bite, cough, allergies, skin diseases and as an antidote to snake-bite through ethnomedicinal claims. Present study reports a details pharmacognostic and preliminary physiochemical and phytochemical aspects of A. monophylla root and stem. Material and methods: The root and stem samples were collected after proper authentication from Athagarh forest Odisha India. Macroscopic observations were made with naked eyes, microscopy, powder microscopy, physicochemical and qualitative analysis and HPTLC studies of root and stem were carried out following Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommended and others standard protocols. Results and Discussion: Root were 5-7cm in length; flattened, L-shaped, easily peel-able and thick, outer yellowish brown and inner yellow in colour with rootlets and scars. Stem cylindrical, striated, greenish brown in colour. Diagrammatic transverse section of root and stem shows circular in shape, outer cork, cortex followed by central stellar region and circular in nature, outer epidermis followed by hypodermis, cortex, vascular bundle and centrally located large pith respectively. Microscopic powder character of root and stem shows prismatic crystal, parenchyma cell with oil globule, simple starch grains, brown content and rhomboidal crystal, pitted parenchyma cells, brown content, oil globule, simple and compound starch grains respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of root and stem shows the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids. HPTLC study of root and stem shows 22 and 25 spots at short (254nm) and 24 and 27 spots at long (366nm) ultraviolet respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained from pharmacognostical, phytochemical, physicochemical characteristic along with HPTLC studies are the diagnostic tool of A. monophylla plant and will help in standardization of its root and stem in terms of its quality, strength, purity.