Effects Of Familiarity Research Articles

The dual lens of authenticity and likability: The effect of cultural familiarity on consumer responses to ethnic foods

Authenticity is crucial in ethnic food perception. However, a conundrum arises when consumers’ cultural familiarity varies: Does authenticity remains a key driver for developing a positive likability perception? This research incorporates two studies to investigates the effect of cultural familiarity levels on the perceived authenticity and likability of ethnic foods, specifically traditional vs. localized ethnic food (Study 1), and the message framings (concrete vs. abstract) for localized ethnic food (Study 2). The study also explores the effects of perceived authenticity and likability on electronic word-of-mouth intention. The findings indicate that traditional ethnic food is perceived as more authentic only by low cultural familiarity participants, while localized ethnic food is more likable. Further, concrete message framing is more likable for those with high cultural familiarity, whereas no significant differences are observed for low cultural familiarity participants. Both studies consistently reveal that perceived authenticity and likability positively affect electronic word-of-mouth intention.

Play It Again: Differential pupillometry responses to familiar and unfamiliar music: Findings from typical and atypical Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundMusic has gained more attention than other art forms as a potent tool in supporting cognitive, emotional and social functioning in dementia populations. Methods for measuring moment‐to‐moment responses ‐ rather than comparing pre‐ and post‐stimulus effects ‐ may enable tailoring of musical experiences for the individual. The current study investigated whether differential pupillometry responses could be established for familiar/unfamiliar music in people living with early‐mid stages of typical, memory‐led Alzheimer’s disease (tAD), atypical ‘visual variant’ of Alzheimer’s disease (posterior cortical atrophy; PCA), and healthy age‐matched controls.MethodPatient groups [tAD = 18; PCA = 21] were recruited via the Specialist Cognitive Disorders clinic at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. Healthy older adults [N = 90] were recruited opportunistically via departmental research databases/Join Dementia Research. Pupillometry responses were recorded while participants listened to 30 musical excerpts [classical (N = 5); 1960s (N = 10), 1970s (N = 10), reversed ‘de novo’ tracks (N = 5)], each rated for familiarity: (a) a priori (known/unknown); (b) self‐rated by participants (not familiar‐extremely familiar); and (c) whether the excerpt evoked a memory (yes/no). Background, basic clinical and music experience information was collected, alongside additional neuropsychological assessment in the patient groups. Separate linear regression models obtaining cluster robust standard errors were run to predict pupil response from a priori predicted‐ and subjective‐ratings of music familiarity in each participant group, controlling for demographic factors including disease severity.ResultResults indicate significant within‐group effects of familiarity on pupil response in controls and the tAD group. No effects were observed within the PCA group. Preliminary between‐group analyses including diagnosis as a predictor revealed that, for each music‐pupillometry model, tAD overall pupil dilation responses did not differ significantly compared to controls, however a significant difference was observed between PCA and control pupil dilation responses.ConclusionThe results are discussed in relation to the preliminary finding of preserved differential pupillometry responses to familiar/unfamiliar music in the tAD group. Although the PCA results question the utility of pupillometry in individuals with significant oculomotor dysfunction, pupillometry may serve as a useful non‐invasive ‘biosignal’ for establishing in‐the‐moment response to music, including in post‐verbal individuals in the later stages of dementia.

Play It Again: Differential pupillometry responses to familiar and unfamiliar music: Findings from typical and atypical Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundMusic has gained more attention than other art forms as a potent tool in supporting cognitive, emotional and social functioning in dementia populations. Methods for measuring moment‐to‐moment responses ‐ rather than comparing pre‐ and post‐stimulus effects ‐ may enable tailoring of musical experiences for the individual. The current study investigated whether differential pupillometry responses could be established for familiar/unfamiliar music in people living with early‐mid stages of typical, memory‐led Alzheimer’s disease (tAD), atypical ‘visual variant’ of Alzheimer’s disease (posterior cortical atrophy; PCA), and healthy age‐matched controls.MethodPatient groups [tAD = 18; PCA = 21] were recruited via the Specialist Cognitive Disorders clinic at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. Healthy older adults [N = 90] were recruited opportunistically via departmental research databases/Join Dementia Research.Pupillometry responses were recorded while participants listened to 30 musical excerpts [classical (N = 5); 1960s (N = 10), 1970s (N = 10), reversed ‘de novo’ tracks (N = 5)], each rated for familiarity: (a) a priori (known/unknown); (b) self‐rated by participants (not familiar‐extremely familiar); and (c) whether the excerpt evoked a memory (yes/no). Background, basic clinical and music experience information was collected, alongside additional neuropsychological assessment in the patient groups.Separate linear regression models obtaining cluster robust standard errors were run to predict pupil response from a priori predicted‐ and subjective‐ratings of music familiarity in each participant group, controlling for demographic factors including disease severity.ResultResults indicate significant within‐group effects of familiarity on pupil response in controls and the tAD group. No effects were observed within the PCA group. Preliminary between‐group analyses including diagnosis as a predictor revealed that, for each music‐pupillometry model, tAD overall pupil dilation responses did not differ significantly compared to controls, however a significant difference was observed between PCA and control pupil dilation responses.ConclusionThe results are discussed in relation to the preliminary finding of preserved differential pupillometry responses to familiar/unfamiliar music in the tAD group. Although the PCA results question the utility of pupillometry in individuals with significant oculomotor dysfunction, pupillometry may serve as a useful non‐invasive ‘biosignal’ for establishing in‐the‐moment response to music, including in post‐verbal individuals in the later stages of dementia.

Perceptions of (in)sincerity in satirical discourse: A study of word reading times using minimally different texts.

The present study investigated the relationship between satirical discourse processing and a theoretical model of satire comprehension known as satirical uptake. Word reading times and participant perceptions of sincerity for a set of minimally different satirical and nonsatirical texts were modelled considering individual differences such as need for cognition (NFC) and genre familiarity. Across two experiments, participants read either a mixture of satirical and nonsatirical texts (Experiment 1) or only satirical/nonsatirical texts (Experiment 2), indicating the degree to which they felt the meaning of the text was sincere. Results from both experiments demonstrated satirical texts were read slower than nonsatirical texts. Moreover, longer word reading times were associated with lower sincerity ratings for satirical texts, but only after participants encountered one or more satirical texts. NFC interacted with reading times in Experiment 1 but not Experiment 2, and there were no strong effects for genre familiarity in either experiment. The main conclusion drawn from these results is that successful satirical uptake may require greater processing effort, a result which aligns with theoretical models of satirical discourse as well as the related construct of verbal irony. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Clinical Manifestations.

Semantic cognition requires both semantic representation (conceptual knowledge), and semantic control (the ability to shape and manipulate information for a particular context/task) (Lambon Ralph, Jefferies, Patterson, & Rogers, 2017). Prior investigations have contrasted the semantic representation loss in semantic dementia with semantic control deficits in post-stroke semantic aphasia (SA) (Jefferies & Lambon Ralph, 2006; Thompson et al., 2022). The logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA) has neuroanatomical commonalities with SA, including damage centred on the left temporoparietal and inferior frontal regions, and neuropsychological commonalities including executive and language impairments. Accordingly, we investigated whether lvPPA impairs semantic control. We compared 12 individuals with lvPPA, 9 with typical amnestic Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 12 age-matched healthy controls on a battery of verbal and non-verbal semantic, language, memory and executive functioning tests. The lvPPA patients spanned multiple levels of performance across the different tests and showed the characteristic features of a semantic control deficit: (i) They showed impairments in tests that require greater semantic demand (e.g., semantic association knowledge test more than straightforward word-picture matching); (ii) only lvPPA patients showed strong correlations between semantic and executive tests; (iii) an effect of item familiarity was not found in lvPPA patients; and (iv) both lvPPA and AD patients benefited from phonemic cueing on the Boston Naming Test. LvPPA patients' performance on semantic tests is similar to that of previously reported SA, suggesting an impairment of semantic control. Imaging analysis is underway and will be available at the AAIC conference.

Effects of Task Repetition and Topic Familiarity on Syntactic Complexity in Second Language Writing

Effects of Task Repetition and Topic Familiarity on Syntactic Complexity in Second Language Writing

The Role of Format Familiarity and Word Frequency in Chinese Reading.

For Chinese readers, reading from left to right is the norm, while reading from right to left is unfamiliar. This study comprises two experiments investigating how format familiarity and word frequency affect reading by Chinese people. Experiment 1 examines the roles of format familiarity (reading from left to right is the familiar Chinese format, and reading from right to left is the unfamiliar Chinese format) and word frequency in vocabulary recognition. Forty students read the same Chinese sentences from left to right and from right to left. Target words were divided into high and low frequency words. In Experiment 2, participants engaged in right-to-left reading training for 10 days to test whether their right-to-left reading performance could be improved. The study yields several main findings. First, format familiarity affects vocabulary recognition. Participants reading from left to right had shorter fixation times, higher skipping rates, and viewing positions closer to word center.. Second, word frequency affects vocabulary recognition in Chinese reading. Third, right-to-left reading training could improve reading performance. In the early indexes, the interaction effect of format familiarity and word frequency was significant. There was also a significant word-frequency effect from left to right but not from right to left. Therefore, word segmentation and vocabulary recognition may be sequential in Chinese reading.

Role of Hotel Servicescape in Satisfaction and Revisit Intention of Consumers: Familiarity as a Moderator

Globally the hospitality industry is seen immensely growing because of opening up of tourism in countries worldwide. One such growth of hospitality industry is specifically being witnessed in a middle eastern country namely Saudi Arabia. The expansion of leisure and religious tourism for diversifying the oil-based economy under the kingdom’s vision 2030 is rapidly fueling growth of hotels in Saudi Arabia. However, very little is known about what aspects of these hotels lead to consumer satisfaction and revisit intentions. Moreover, modern internet hotel booking technologies by providing 360-degree images, videos of hotels and hotel rooms are helping consumers to get well familiar with the hotels aforehand their visits. Very little is also known about the effects of this aforehand familiarity of consumers on the relationship of satisfaction with revisit intention. In marketing terminology, the place where the interaction between consumers and hotel service provider takes place is called hotel servicescape. The hotel servicescape has two important aspects namely physical and social. This study examines how these two aspects of hotel servicescape leads to consumer satisfaction and revisit intentions. The study also examines the moderating role of familiarity on the relationship of satisfaction with revisit intention. The study sample comprised of 390 frequent stayers in hotels of Saudi Arabia. The study sample was collected using snowball sampling method. All of the hypothesized relationships of the study were examined rigorously and simultaneously using structural equation modeling technique. The results of the study revealed that both physical and social aspects of hotel’s servicescape shared significant positive relationships with satisfaction. Significant positive relationship was also reported between satisfaction and revisit intention. Familiarity significantly moderated the relationship between satisfaction and revisit intention in this study. The study provided new findings on the role played by familiarity in strengthening the relationship between satisfaction and revisit intention. Some marketing implications, limitations and future research directions are also discussed in the study.

How neural representations of newly learnt faces change over time: Event-related brain potential evidence for overnight consolidation

Previous experiments have shown that a brief encounter with a previously unfamiliar person leads to the establishment of new facial representations, which can be activated by completely novel pictures of the newly learnt face. The present study examined how stable such novel neural representations are over time, and, specifically, how they become consolidated within the first 24 h after learning. Using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in a between-participants design, we demonstrate that clear face familiarity effects in the occipito-temporal N250 are evident immediately after learning. These effects then undergo change, with a nearly complete absence of familiarity-related ERP differences 4 h after the initial encounter. Critically, 24 h after learning, the original familiarity effect re-emerges. These findings suggest that the neural correlates of novel face representations are not stable over time but change during the first day after learning. The resulting pattern of change is consistent with a process of consolidation.

The Association between Brand Trust, Familiarity and Personal Information Disclosure: A Case of Japanese Consumers

This study examined the effects of personal information types and brand familiarity on Japanese consumers’ perceived brand trust, privacy concerns, and anxiety about personal information disclosure to marketers. It also investigated how the cultural dimensions of Japanese consumers affect the relationships between privacy concerns, perceived brand trust, and personal information disclosure outcomes. The results of an online experiment (n = 771) showed that neither personal information requested nor brand familiarity affected Japanese consumers’ anxiety about personal information disclosure. However, cultural factors, namely uncertainty avoidance and independent self-construal, moderated the relationship between brand trust and anxiety regarding personal information disclosure to marketers.

Inconsistent Effect of Psychometric-Scale Familiarization on the Relationship Between Ratings of Perceived Exertion and External Load Measures in Elite Youth Soccer Players.

To examine the moderating effect of familiarization on the relationship between external load and ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs)in elite youth soccer players. Thirty-five elite male youth soccer players were monitored over a 31-week period. Players had no previous experience using the centiMax scale (arbitrary units[AU]). The final sample included familiarized (blackness test; n = 20) and nonfamiliarized players (n = 15) with the Borg centiMax scale. Players recorded a global RPE and differential RPEs (dRPE) for breathlessness (RPE-B) and leg-muscle exertion (RPE-L) 15 to 30minutes following training sessions and competitive matches. Separate multivariable-adjusted random-effects generalized additive models with restricted maximum likelihood quantified familiarization versus no-familiarization differences in actual perceived exertion score (in AU) by number of accelerations, decelerations, and high-speed running distance (in meters) as predictor variables, respectively. Players improved their blackness test score from 39% to 78%. For explorations by number of accelerations, familiarization effects were not practically relevant for the RPE and RPE-B variables. The width and sign of the effects for the RPE-L variable at 30 efforts of 10AU (95% CI, 4-16AU) suggested thatscores were lower for players who underwent familiarization versus players who did not. Familiarization effects were not practically relevant for any RPE variable irrespective of the number of deceleration efforts and high-speed running distance covered. Improved performance on the blackness test did not have a moderating effect on the relationship between proxy measures of external load and RPEs.

The pupil collaboration: A multi-lab, multi-method analysis of goal attribution in infants

The rise of pupillometry in infant research over the last decade is associated with a variety of methods for data preprocessing and analysis. Although pupil diameter is increasingly recognized as an alternative measure of the popular cumulative looking time approach used in many studies (Jackson & Sirois, 2022), an open question is whether the many approaches used to analyse this variable converge. To this end, we proposed a crowdsourced approach to pupillometry analysis. A dataset from 30 9-month-old infants (15 girls; Mage = 282.9 days, SD = 8.10) was provided to 7 distinct teams for analysis. The data were obtained from infants watching video sequences showing a hand, initially resting between two toys, grabbing one of them (after Woodward, 1998). After habituation, infants were shown (in random order) a sequence of four test events that varied target position and target toy. Results show that looking times reflect primarily the familiar path of the hand, regardless of target toy. Gaze data similarly show this familiarity effect of path. The pupil dilation analyses show that features of pupil baseline measures (duration and temporal location) as well as data retention variation (trial and/or participant) due to different inclusion criteria from the various analysis methods are linked to divergences in findings. Two of the seven teams found no significant findings, whereas the remaining five teams differ in the pattern of findings for main and interaction effects. The discussion proposes guidelines for best practice in the analysis of pupillometry data.

S-O-R 프레임워크를 활용한 친환경 식품 소비가치가 소비자 만족도와 재구매 의도에 미치는 영향

This study was examine the effect of S-O-R framework to confirm how eco-friendly food consumption value affects consumer satisfaction and how consumer satisfaction affects repurchase intention. In addition, The moderating effect of product familiarity between consumer satisfaction and repurchase intention was verified. The results of this study are as follows. First, as a result of verifying the degree of influence of eco-friendly food consumption value factors on consumer satisfaction, it was found that functional value and emotional value had a significant effect on consumer attitude. Second, as a result of verifying the degree of influence of consumers' satisfaction purchasing eco-friendly food on repurchase intention, it was found that consumer satisfaction has a significant effect on repurchase intention. Third, as a result of verifying the moderating effect of product familiarity and consumer satisfaction purchasing eco-friendly food on repurchase intention, both objective familiarity and subjective familiarity had a moderating effect between consumer satisfaction and repurchase intention when purchasing eco-friendly food

Your place or mine? The neural dynamics of personally familiar scene recognition suggests category independent familiarity encoding.

Recognizing a stimulus as familiar is an important capacity in our everyday life. Recent investigation of visual processes has led to important insights into the nature of the neural representations of familiarity for human faces. Still, little is known about how familiarity affects the neural dynamics of non-face stimulus processing. Here we report the results of an EEG study, examining the representational dynamics of personally familiar scenes. Participants viewed highly variable images of their own apartments and unfamiliar ones, as well as personally familiar and unfamiliar faces. Multivariate pattern analyses were used to examine the time course of differential processing of familiar and unfamiliar stimuli. Time-resolved classification revealed that familiarity is decodable from the EEG data similarly for scenes and faces. The temporal dynamics showed delayed onsets and peaks for scenes as compared to faces. Familiarity information, starting at 200ms, generalized across stimulus categories and led to a robust familiarity effect. In addition, familiarity enhanced category representations in early (250-300ms) and later (>400ms) processing stages. Our results extend previous face familiarity results to another stimulus category and suggest that familiarity as a construct can be understood as a general, stimulus-independent processing step during recognition.

The Effects of Topic Familiarity on Kurdish EFL Students’ Lexical Inference Skill

The Effects of Topic Familiarity on Kurdish EFL Students’ Lexical Inference Skill

Effects of Genre, Emotional Response, and Perception of Music on Simple Cognitive Tasks

Investigating the impact of music on cognitive performance is incredibly complex, in part because of the potential for wide variation in the qualities of the music and the type and complexity of the cognitive task being performed. This study examined how variations in genre, familiarity, and enjoyment of background music affected the performance of 41 individuals on somatosensory simple and choice reaction tests. Although no significant trends were found in parameters of reaction time, reaction time variability, choice reaction time, and percent of correct choices on choice reaction time, trends in the data suggest that further investigation into the effects of familiarity, enjoyment, and other such emotional components of music processing on cognitive performance may be a valuable direction for more extensive testing.

How Many Trials Is Enough To Access Balance On The Biodex Balance System?

While the Biodex Balance System (BBS) proved to be a reliable apparatus for testing balance, there is lacking evidence on the number of familiarization trials the subject must undergo before being tested, especially when lower stability levels are used on the BBS. The goal of this study was to determine after how many attempts the result of the balance test on the BBS stabilize. The sample consisted of 66 boys (13.42±0.50 years old) and 57 girls (13.39±0.49 years old) not active in sports. The subjects underwent the Postural Stability Test three times and the Overall Stability Index variable of the BBS was examined. In the analysis the results were separately examined for boys and girls using the t-test. Significant differences were found in all three measurements for boys while for girls there was no significant difference between the second and third measurement. The results of this study indicate that, for boys of this age, the results did not stabilize through the three trials conducted which could mean a need for more than three attempts so the negative effects of familiarization could be avoided. For girls it seems that the result stabilized at the second trial which could indicate that only one trial is needed for them to familiarize themselves with the test. These findings can be important for future studies with a similar female sample to save time and conduct just one test trial before the actual testing, since testing balance on the BBS requires a significant amount of time.

High familiar faces have both eye recognition and holistic processing advantages.

People recognize familiar faces better than unfamiliar faces. However, it remains unknown whether familiarity affects part-based and/or holistic processing. Wang et al., Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 559 (2015), Vision Research, 157, 89-96 (2019) found both enhanced part-based and holistic processing in eye relative to mouth regions (i.e., in a region-selective manner) for own-race and own-species faces, i.e., faces with more experience. Here, we examined the role of face familiarity in eyes (part-based, region-selective) and holistic processing. Face familiarity was tested at three levels: high-familiar (faces of students from the same department and the same class who attended almost all courses together), low-familiar (faces of students from the same department but different classes who attended some courses together), and unfamiliar (faces of schoolmates from different departments who seldom attended the same courses). Using the old/new task in Experiment 1, we found that participants recognized eyes of high-familiar faces better than low-familiar and unfamiliar ones, while similar performance was observed for mouths, indicating a region-selective, eyes familiarity effect. Using the "Perceptual field" paradigm in Experiment 2, we observed a stronger inversion effect for high-familiar faces, a weaker inversion effect for low-familiar faces, but a non-significant inversion effect for unfamiliar faces, indicating that face familiarity plays a role in holistic processing. Taken together, our results suggest that familiarity, like other experience-based variables (e.g., race and species), can improve both eye processing and holistic processing.

A neural marker of the human face identity familiarity effect

Human adults associate different views of an identity much better for familiar than for unfamiliar faces. However, a robust and consistent neural index of this behavioral face identity familiarity effect (FIFE)—not found in non-human primate species—is lacking. Here we provide such a neural FIFE index, measured implicitly and with one fixation per face. Fourteen participants viewed 70 s stimulation sequences of a large set (n = 40) of widely variable natural images of a face identity at a rate of 6 images/second (6 Hz). Different face identities appeared every 5th image (1.2 Hz). In a sequence, face images were either familiar (i.e., famous) or unfamiliar, participants performing a non-periodic task unrelated to face recognition. The face identity recognition response identified at 1.2 Hz over occipital-temporal regions in the frequency-domain electroencephalogram was 3.4 times larger for familiar than unfamiliar faces. The neural response to familiar faces—which emerged at about 180 ms following face onset—was significant in each individual but a case of prosopdysgnosia. Besides potential clinical and forensic applications to implicitly measure one’s knowledge of a face identity, these findings open new perspectives to clarify the neurofunctional source of the FIFE and understand the nature of human face identity recognition.

Subjective salience and the effects of familiarity with birdsongs and insect songs in noise environments

In Japan, birdsong is used to communicate the position of stairwells to visually impaired people at train stations. However, more than 40% of visually impaired people reported that such sounds were difficult to identify. Train companies seek to present sounds that are loud enough to be detected, but not loud enough to cause annoyance in noise environments. In this study, we examined the salience of different types of bird and insect songs in noise environments. We evaluated the subjective saliences of bird and insect songs with equal sound pressure levels using paired comparison methods. A total of 25 participants evaluated six types of bird and insect songs under three noise conditions. The relationships among subjective salience, physical parameters, and familiarity were examined. The results indicated that the sounds of Horornis diphone and Meimuna opalifera were the most salient types of birdsongs and insect songs, respectively, in noise environments. The degree of temporal and spectral change, binaural similarity, pitch, pitch strength, and familiarity were significant predictors of the subjective salience of birdsongs and insect songs in noise environments.This study contributes to enhance the safety of visually challenged people and to create a more attractive sound environment.