Familiar Types Research Articles

The other face of restriction: modification-dependent enzymes

The 1952 observation of host-induced non-hereditary variation in bacteriophages by Salvador Luria and Mary Human led to the discovery in the 1960s of modifying enzymes that glucosylate hydroxymethylcytosine in T-even phages and of genes encoding corresponding host activities that restrict non-glucosylated phage DNA: rglA and rglB (restricts glucoseless phage). In the 1980’s, appreciation of the biological scope of these activities was dramatically expanded with the demonstration that plant and animal DNA was also sensitive to restriction in cloning experiments. The rgl genes were renamed mcrA and mcrBC (modified cytosine restriction). The new class of modification-dependent restriction enzymes was named Type IV, as distinct from the familiar modification-blocked Types I–III. A third Escherichia coli enzyme, mrr (modified DNA rejection and restriction) recognizes both methylcytosine and methyladenine. In recent years, the universe of modification-dependent enzymes has expanded greatly. Technical advances allow use of Type IV enzymes to study epigenetic mechanisms in mammals and plants. Type IV enzymes recognize modified DNA with low sequence selectivity and have emerged many times independently during evolution. Here, we review biochemical and structural data on these proteins, the resurgent interest in Type IV enzymes as tools for epigenetic research and the evolutionary pressures on these systems.

Case Methods in Civil Engineering Teaching

There have been significant changes in undergraduate civil engineering curricula in the last two decades. Key is- sues for university curriculum committees are selection and transference of appropriate skills and attributes for students to succeed in the industry. Despite significant changes occurring in teaching theories, civil engineering education still relies heavily on deductive instruction. Case-based teaching is one of the most widespread forms of inductive learning and this pa- per describes the differences between two of the most familiar types: 'case-histories' and 'case-studies'. These methods are presented using the Kansas City Hyatt Regency walkway collapse as an exemplar. The benefits of using this approach are improved retention of knowledge, better reasoning and analytical skills, development of higher-order skills, greater ability to identify relevant issues and recognize multiple perspectives, higher motivation and awareness of non-technical issues. Many of these outcomes are part of the expected attributes of civil engineers outlined by professional bodies.

“The Bewhiskered Rustic, Turned Orator”

This article takes as its starting point an illustration of an angry, bearded, rustic old man made by Robert Robinson for the cover of the November 26, 1910, issue of the Saturday Evening Post. It locates this image within the idiom of comic-narrative commercial illustration that Robinson contributed to and that Norman Rockwell would eventually master, and in the wider context of a burgeoning mass visual culture that facilitated subtle allusions to and subversions of familiar motifs and types. While rustic old men might be dismissed as anachronisms in the pages of a publication like the Post, Robinson’s illustrations stage complex encounters with the modern world, reference aspects of the contemporary political scene, and suggest various iconographies of dissent. The November 1910 cover was, this article argues, the product of a moment of political uncertainty and of the freedom afforded by the nascent mass media. When Robinson, Rockwell, and other illustrators returned to the rustic old man in the 1920s, the figure carried new and arguably less challenging connotations.

EFFECTS ON POPULATION DIVERGENCE OF WITHIN-GENERATIONAL LEARNING ABOUT PROSPECTIVE MATES

Although learned mate preferences are suspected to have important effects during speciation, theoretical models have largely neglected the effects on speciation and population divergence of within-generational learning, that is, learning based upon prior experience with potential mates. Here, we use population genetic models to address this deficit. Focusing on the situation of secondary contact between populations that still hybridize, we consider models of learning by females and by males under polygyny. We assess the effects of learning to prefer conspecifics from previous conspecific encounters, learning to avoid heterospecifics from previous heterospecific encounters, and learning to prefer familiar types. We examine the amount of population divergence that results from learning in these models. We also assess the effect of learning on the spread of an allele that strengthens assortative mating in both models. We find that learning can have counterintuitive, but logical and understandable effects that differ with the version of the model assessed. In general, population divergence is expected to increase most consistently when females learn to strengthen their preferences for conspecifics from previous encounters with conspecifics. Our results also suggest that within-generational learning will generally inhibit the spread of alleles strengthening assortative mating.

Aesthetic Testimony and the Norms of Belief Formation

Unusability pessimism has recently emerged as an appealing new option for pessimists about aesthetic testimony—those who deny the legitimacy of forming aesthetic beliefs on the basis of testimony. Unusability pessimists argue that we should reject the traditional pessimistic stance that knowledge of aesthetic matters is unavailable via testimony in favour of the view that while such knowledge is available to us, it is unusable. This unusability stems from the fact that accepting such testimony would violate an important non-epistemic norm of belief formation. In this article I present an objection to unusability pessimism and argue that Robert Hopkins, the view's most prominent defender, fails to motivate adequately the claim that there are such non-epistemic belief norms. The cases which putatively legitimize usability norms can be explained by appeal to more familiar norm types: epistemic norms of belief formation, and non-epistemic norms which govern action other than belief formation. The intent of this article is not primarily negative, however, and I will also argue that understanding why the unusability position fails helps us to identify a promising new direction for the pessimist's opponents who wish to defend the legitimacy of forming aesthetic beliefs on the basis of testimony.

Role of epitaxy-mediated transformation in Ostwald's step rule: a theoretical study

Crystallization following Ostwald's step rule is given theoretical consideration on the basis of the classical nucleation and growth theory. Conditions for homogeneous 3D nucleation of the thermodynamically metastable crystal, for that of the stable crystal, and for co-precipitation of them are derived from comparison of induction periods for nucleation and steady state nucleation rates of both crystal phases. It is shown that if the surface free energy of a critical 3D nucleus of the metastable phase is small enough and its shape is less anisotropic, homogeneous 3D nucleation of the metastable phase rather than the stable phase dominates. After nucleation, the metastable phase should undergo transformation to the stable phase. In addition to two familiar types of transformation, solvent-mediated transformation and direct transformation, we propose a new type of transformation, epitaxy-mediated transformation, which is induced by heterogeneous nucleation and growth of the stable phase on the preexistent crystal of the metastable phase. The general conditions for three competitive processes, growth of the metastable phase, solvent-mediated transformation and epitaxy-mediated transformation, are obtained on the assumption that transformation and growth proceed by 2D nucleation. The result shows that except for the case of co-precipitation, 3D nucleation of the stable phase in solvent-mediated transformation is possible only near or below the equilibrium concentration for the metastable phase. Also, the smaller edge energy of a 2D nucleus of the stable phase and its less anisotropy are more advantageous to epitaxy-mediated transformation. Epitaxy-mediated transformation sometimes results in a polycrystal whose arrangement of components is dominated by the symmetry of the metastable phase. In parallel, heterogeneous nucleation on the metastable phase can act as a trigger of direct transformation, as transformation proceeds from the surface to the center of the crystal.

LDR Image to HDR Image Mapping with Overexposure Preprocessing

Due to the growing popularity of High Dynamic Range (HDR) images and HDR displays, a large amount of existing Low Dynamic Range (LDR) images are required to be converted to HDR format to benefit HDR advantages, which give rise to some LDR to HDR algorithms. Most of these algorithms especially tackle overexposed areas during expanding, which is the potential to make the image quality worse than that before processing and introduces artifacts. To dispel these problems, we . present a new,LDR to HDR approach, unlike the existing techniques, it focuses on avoiding sophisticated treatment to overexposed areas in dynamic range expansion step. Based on a separating principle, firstly, according to the familiar types of overexposure, the overexposed areas are classified into two categories which are removed and corrected respectively by two kinds of techniques. Secondly, for maintaining color consistency, color recovery is carried out to the preprocessed images. Finally, the LDR image is expanded to HDR. Experiments show that the proposed approach performs well and produced images become more favorable and suitable for applications. The image quality metric also illustrates that we can reveal more details without causing artifacts introduced by other algorithms.

New government geophysics from the Onshore Energy Security Program

SUMMARY As part of the recently completed Onshore Energy Security Program, Geoscience Australia has delivered new types of pre-competitive data to as well as the more familiar government pre-competitive data types such as aeromagnetics. These new data provide industry with additional information for assessing the geological prospectivity of a region and making targeting decisions. The visionary AWAGS continental airborne magnetic and radiometric survey enabled the first ever national merging of all radiometric surveys to produce the Radiometric Map of Australia. The rigorously calibrated data supports quantitative normalisation of uranium anomalies against rock-type, and hence identification of zones of uranium enrichment, at either a prospect or regional scale. Geoscience Australia also undertook three large AEM surveys (>50,000km2) to map regional scale geological structures important for uranium deposition. These surveys were effective in imaging depth of regolith, geological unconformities, shale units and fault zones. Often these features are not apparent in regional magnetic or gravity data. MT data are now acquired along all deep crustal seismic transects to image the deep conductivity structure. These data are highly complementary to the structural information interpreted from the seismic sections. MT can also detect conductivity features in the non-reflective crust below the Moho.

Expertise in Moral Reasoning? Order Effects on Moral Judgment in Professional Philosophers and Non‐Philosophers

We examined the effects of order of presentation on the moral judgments of professional philosophers and two comparison groups. All groups showed similar‐sized order effects on their judgments about hypothetical moral scenarios targeting the doctrine of the double effect, the action‐omission distinction, and the principle of moral luck. Philosophers' endorsements of related general moral principles were also substantially influenced by the order in which the hypothetical scenarios had previously been presented. Thus, philosophical expertise does not appear to enhance the stability of moral judgments against this presumably unwanted source of bias, even given familiar types of cases and principles.

The Ephemeral Borders of Revolutionary Spaces

From the Paris Commune to the Red Shirt uprising in Bangkok, revolutionaries lacking the power to overthrow their states or depose unpopular politicians have captured parts of major cities and formed their own temporary enclaves of resistance. These groups create intraurban borders by building barricades, arming themselves, and fighting to protect their space. The borders, while temporary and usually ineffective, are powerful symbols as they separate a sphere of active resistance from territory under state control. While these borders stand, they are challenges to state power – lines marking the limits of what states can control. This essay looks at how these borders arise and how they relate to more familiar types of borders. Revolutionary borders are shaped by many of the same forces as national borders, most notably globalisation, but have a distinct character that is closely linked to the changing geography of urban areas.

Optimum Design of Gravity Retaining Walls Using Charged System Search Algorithm

This study focuses on the optimum design retaining walls, as one of the familiar types of the retaining walls which may be constructed of stone masonry, unreinforced concrete, or reinforced concrete. The material cost is one of the major factors in the construction of gravity retaining walls therefore, minimizing the weight or volume of these systems can reduce the cost. To obtain an optimal seismic design of such structures, this paper proposes a method based on a novel meta‐heuristic algorithm. The algorithm is inspired by the Coulomb′s and Gauss’s laws of electrostatics in physics, and it is called charged system search (CSS). In order to evaluate the efficiency of this algorithm, an example is utilized. Comparing the results of the retaining wall designs obtained by the other methods illustrates a good performance of the CSS. In this paper, we used the Mononobe‐Okabe method which is one of the pseudostatic approaches to determine the dynamic earth pressure.

Analysis of Thematic Maps Published in Two Geographical Journals in the Twentieth Century

This article examines changes in the design of thematic maps in two geographical journals (the Annals of the Association of American Geographers and The Geographical Journal) over the course of the twentieth century. We analyzed the design of thematic maps using both qualitative and quantitative content analyses. The qualitative content analysis involved writing positive and negative comments pertaining to eleven map design elements. For the quantitative content analysis, we created a set of seventeen items based on many of these same map design elements, but for each item there was a fixed set of possible nominal or ordinal-level responses. We also rated the overall effectiveness of map design using a ten-point scale. The overall design rating revealed a significant, albeit gradual, improvement in map design over the twentieth century, with considerable variation for individual years. The quantitative content analysis suggested that the improvement in map design over time was a function of improved readability and visual hierarchy and to some extent an improved logic of symbology (the latter was not significant over time). Perhaps more interesting were the summary statistics for certain map design elements. For instance, a source was not included on the majority of maps even though we felt that the maps could have been interpreted more effectively if a source were included. Another interesting finding was that thematic maps frequently fell in to what we describe as a miscellaneous category. Choropleth, dot, and other familiar thematic map symbolization types were much less common and their frequency varied considerably from year to year. Overall, our results are disconcerting because the quality of map design in these journals did not reflect our discipline's long interest in mapping and the importance of cartography to geography.

Literacy and Schooling in One Family across Time

Most research involving the analyses of discourses targets particular points in time or relatively short durations (i.e., one semester, one year). Failure to recognize the ways discourses operate over long periods of time limits the ability of educators and researchers to recognize the temporal nature of meaning construction. Through this longitudinal research project, I tracked discourses about literacy and schooling to document how events at multiple timescales (Lemke, 2000, 2001) converged in the literacy and schooling experiences of one student. Specifically, I asked how one African American middle-school student and members of her family drew upon and negotiated discourses related to past and ongoing experiences as well as larger social histories as they made sense of literacy and schooling. Based on data from an eight-year study, I applied grounded coding methods to identify and track discourses voiced in interview transcripts and field notes. Findings from the study suggest that discourses were taken up, challenged, modified, negotiated, and abandoned by participants across time. Participants drew on multiple, intertextual language resources within families and other social contexts to make sense of themselves and their experiences recursively as they recalled, neglected, revisited, and forgot particular stories and eventsand identified familiar social types.

The role of multiple representations in the understanding of ideal gas problems

This study examined the representational competence of students as they solved problems dealing with the temperature-pressure relationship for ideal gases. Seven students enrolled in a first-semester general chemistry course and two advanced undergraduate science majors participated in the study. The written work and transcripts from videotaped think-aloud sessions were evaluated with a rubric designed to identify essential features of representational competence, as well as differences in student use of multiple representations. The data showed that both beginning and advanced chemistry students tend to prefer one type of representation. However, advanced students were more likely to use their preferred representations in a heuristic manner to establish meaning for other representations. Students were found to build conceptual understanding most easily when using familiar types of representations. Molecular-level sketches representing dynamic concepts not easily represented as static images, such as an increase in average molecular velocity, were the most difficult type of representation for students to interpret. These results suggest that students may benefit from instructional strategies that emphasize the heuristic use of multiple representations in chemistry problem solving.

Phrasal irony: Its form, function and exploitation

This paper is an examination of the as yet little-studied phenomenon of phrasal irony, defined as the reversal of customary collocational patterns of use of certain lexical items. The first research question is how phrasal irony is structured. A second, very closely related question is how, why and where writers use it, and a third question is how it relates to other more familiar types of irony. During the course of these investigations it was observed that, occasionally, the ironic use of a particular phrase or phrase template is found to be repeated frequently and productively and can therefore be said to have become a recognised usage in its own right. However, it was also noted that by no means all reversal of normal collocational patterning is performed with an ironic intent, and so yet a further research question is how the circumstances when phrasal irony is at play might differ from those of simple counter-instances to the statistically normal collocational patterns of use. Corpus methodology is used to locate ironic uses of phrase templates for examination. As Louw (1993) points out, before the advent of language corpora, detecting sufficient instances of such use, which can be quite rare, was problematic, and this may explain why so little previous attention has been given to these phenomena.

Variation between endocentric and exocentric word structures

This paper reports on the discovery of a new type of exocentric word structure in Japanese which consists of two “dependent” (rather than “head”) elements and whose category is determined by the collaboration of the category features of the two dependents in conjunction with their internal semantic relationship. A representative example is huto-ppara lit. ‘fat stomach/big heart’, which semantically denotes the subject's property of being big-hearted or generous rather than the physical entity ‘stomach, heart’, and which bears the lexical category of Adjectival Noun [AN], corresponding neither to the Adjective category of huto- ‘fat, big’ nor to the Noun category of -ppara [variant of hara] ‘stomach, heart’. This is entirely distinct from the familiar types of metaphor- and metonymy-based exocentric compounds like redhead and pickpocket, which are always nouns. In analyzing the novel type of Japanese compound, a mechanism called “bilateral category projection” is proposed, which fuses together the category features of the two dependent constituents by invoking their semantic structure. The assignment of a category to the new type of exocentric compound thus requires simultaneous reference to both morphological and semantic structure. This analysis lends support to the “parallel-representation” model of grammar in which form and meaning are represented separately but work in tandem with each other to determine the grammaticality of a given expression ( Jackendoff, 2002; Kageyama, 1996; Ackema and Neeleman, 2004).

Interactive e-assessment - Practical approaches to constructing more sophisticated online tasks

This paper will explore some of the practical options that are available to teachers as we move towards Assessment 2.0. Assessment 2.0 describes an environment in which the teacher sets tasks that allow students to use more dynamic, immersive and interactive environments for exploring and creating responses to sophisticated assessment tasks. Assessments will become more like sophisticated games incorporating role-playing and scenarios; they will replicate many of the complexities of the real world, allowing students to explore and describe the consequences associated with their responses. This paper looks at how teachers can begin this journey through the use of simple interactive tools incorporated into familiar question types available in common learning management systems.

Lie symmetries and exact solutions of a class of thin film equations

A symmetry group classification for fourth-order reaction-diffusion equations, allowing for both second-order and fourth-order diffusion terms, is carried out. The fourth-order equations are treated, firstly, as systems of second-order equations that bear some resemblance to systems of coupled reaction-diffusion equations with cross diffusion, secondly, as systems of a second-order equation and two first-order equations. The paper generalizes the results of Lie symmetry analysis derived earlier for particular cases of these equations. Various exact solutions are constructed using Lie symmetry reductions of the reaction-diffusion systems to ordinary differential equations. The solutions include some unusual structures as well as the familiar types that regularly occur in symmetry reductions, namely, self-similar solutions, decelerating and decaying traveling waves, and steady states.

Bridging the gap with the five-factor model.

Comments on the original article Personality traits and the classification of mental Disorders: Toward a more complete integration in DSM-5 and an empirical model of psychopathology by Robert F. Krueger and Nicholas R. Eaton (see record 2010-13810-003). Some researchers had hoped the forthcoming Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) would ask psychiatrists (and the clinical psychologists and researchers who are also tied to the DSM) to leap the gap and embrace a trait-based taxonomy of personality pathology (Widiger & Trull, 2007). Krueger and Eaton (pp. 97-118, this issue) take a more pragmatic stance: They hope to coax psychiatrists across by introducing personality dimensions as an adjunct to familiar PD types; they envision that DSM-5 might serve "as a bridge" (p. 110, this issue) to a fully dimensional Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Sixth Edition (DSM-6). We acknowledge the wisdom of this strategy and suggest ways to strengthen it.

Universal Bounds and Semiclassical Estimates for Eigenvalues of Abstract Schrödinger Operators

We prove trace inequalities for a self-adjoint operator on an abstract Hilbert space, which extend those known previously for Laplacians and Schrodinger operators, freeing them from restrictive assumptions on the nature of the spectrum and allowing operators of much more general form. In particular, we allow for the presence of continuous spectrum, which is a necessary underpinning for new proofs of Lieb-Thirring inequalities. We both sharpen and extend universal bounds on spectral gaps and moments of eigenvalues {lambda(k)} of familiar types, and in addition we produce novel kinds of inequalities that are new even in the model cases. These include a family of differential inequalities for generalized Riesz means and a theorem stating that arithmetic means of {lambda(p)(k)}(k=1)(n) with p 8.