Familiar Compounds Research Articles

Numerical Expedition on the Potential of AgBiS2-Based Thin Film Solar Cells Employing Different Carrier Transport Layers.

In this study, a photovoltaic (PV) device has been developed by using AgBiS2 as the key material. The simulation of the photovoltaic cell has been performed using the SCAPS-1D simulator to analyze the impact of each layer. The design incorporates three window layers, CdS, In2S3, and ZnSe, alongside six familiar compounds, AlSb, CuGaSe2 (CGS), CuS, MoS2, Sb2S3, and WSe2, as the back surface field (BSF) layers. These heterostructures aim to uncover the potential of AgBiS2 in the realm of photovoltaic technology. When AgBiS2 functions within a singular heterojunction, specifically in configurations such as n-CdS/p-AgBiS2, n-In2S3/p-AgBiS2, and n-ZnSe/p-AgBiS2, the resulting values for open-circuit voltage (V OC) and the short circuit current (J SC) are found to be ∼0.90 V and ∼32 mA/cm2, respectively, while the corresponding power conversion efficiencies (PCE) are 23.56%, 22.60%, and 23.62%, respectively. On the contrary, the incorporation of various BSF layers like AlSb, CGS, CuS, MoS2, Sb2S3, and WSe2 results in a substantial increase in V OC, leading to an enhancement in PCE. Among the AgBiS2 based different dual-heterostructures, the outstanding PCE of 30.04% with a V OC of 1.12 V is achieved by n-ZnSe/p-AgBiS2/p+-Sb2S3 device. In comparison, the n-ZnSe/p-AgBiS2/p+-CGS structure exhibits a similar PCE of 30.03% with a V OC of 1.12 V. Additionally, the n-ZnSe/p-AgBiS2/p+-MoS2 arrangement demonstrates a PCE of 29.95% and a V OC of 1.12 V. The effective band alignments observed at the interfaces of ZnSe/AgBiS2 and AgBiS2/MoS2, ZnSe/AgBiS2 and AgBiS2/CGS, as well as ZnSe/AgBiS2 and AgBiS2/Sb2S3 contribute to a substantial built-in potential, leading to an elevated V OC. As an alternative to ZnSe, the CdS window could offer similar performances, whereas In2S3 might provide a lower efficiency. The elaborate simulation findings highlight the substantial potential of AgBiS2 as an absorber, particularly when coupled with different windows and BSF layers. This opens avenues for experimental research focused on AgBiS2 in the era of photovoltaic cells.

Neural network classification of mobility spectra for volatile organic compounds using tandem differential mobility spectrometry with field induced fragmentation

A spectral library of field induced fragmentation (FIF) spectra for 45 oxygen-containing volatile organic compounds from 5 chemical classes was obtained using tandem differential mobility spectrometry (DMS). Protonated monomers were mobility isolated in a first DMS stage, fragmented with electric fields >10,000 V/cm in a middle (or reactive) stage, and mobility characterized in a second DMS stage. Other spectral libraries were obtained for protonated monomers and for complete mobility spectra from a single DMS stage. Neural networks from Python/Tensorflow software, prepared in-house, and from commercial NeuralWorks Professional II/PLUS were trained to assign spectra into a chemical class. The success at classification was determined for familiar and unfamiliar spectra from these three libraries. Classification test scores were best with FIF spectra with >0.99 for familiar compounds and 0.52 for unfamiliar compounds and were consistent with neural network learning of structural information from fragment ions when compared to other spectral libraries. Radar charts are introduced as measures of classification and as a tool to explore mis-classification. This work shows that ion fragmentation with multi-stage tandem DMS portends molecular identification with the portability and robustness of ambient pressure ion mobility analyzers.

Chemical Profiling, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of Saudi Propolis Collected by Arabian Honey Bee (Apis mellifera jemenitica) Colonies.

Propolis (bee glue) is a complex, phyto-based resinous material obtained from beehives. Its chemical and biological properties vary with respect to bee species, type of plants, geographical location, and climate of a particular area. This study was planned with the aim of determining the chemical composition and to investigate various properties (against oxidants and microbes) of different extracts of Saudi propolis collected from Arabian honey bee (Apis mellifera jemenitica) colonies headed by young queens. Chemical analysis of propolis extracts with different solvents, i.e., ethyl acetate (Eac), methanol (Met), butanol (BuT), and hexane (Hex) was done through colorimetry for the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) evaluation. For separation and extensive characterization of the Met extract, chromatography and 1H NMR were deployed. Six different microorganisms were selected to analyze the Saudi-propolis-based extract’s antimicrobial nature by measuring zones of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Molecular docking was done by utilizing AutodDock, and sketching of ligands was performed through Marvin Chem Sketch (MCS), and the resultant data after 2D and 3D clean were stored in .mol format. The highest TFC (96.65 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g of propolis) and TPC (325 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of propolis) were noted for Met. Six familiar compounds were isolated, and recognition was done with NMR. Met extract showed the greatest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). Met showed max microbial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI = 18.67 mm, MIC = 0.625 mg/mL), whereas the minimum was observed in Hex against E. coli (ZOI = 6.33 mm, MIC = 2.50 mg/mL). Furthermore, the molecular docking process established the biological activity of separated compounds against HCK (Hematopoietic cell kinase) and Gyrase B of S. aureus. Moreover, the stability of protein–ligand complexes was further established through molecular dynamic simulation studies, which showed that the receptor–ligand complexes were quite stable. Results of this research will pave the way for further consolidated analysis of propolis obtained from Arabian honey bees (A. m. jemenitica).

Patterns in CAOSS: Distributed representations predict variation in relational interpretations for familiar and novel compound words

While distributional semantic models that represent word meanings as high-dimensional vectors induced from large text corpora have been shown to successfully predict human behavior across a wide range of tasks, they have also received criticism from different directions. These include concerns over their interpretability (how can numbers specifying abstract, latent dimensions represent meaning?) and their ability to capture variation in meaning (how can a single vector representation capture multiple different interpretations for the same expression?). Here, we demonstrate that semantic vectors can indeed rise up to these challenges, by training a mapping system (a simple linear regression) that predicts inter-individual variation in relational interpretations for compounds such as wood brush (for example brush FOR wood, or brush MADE OF wood) from (compositional) semantic vectors representing the meanings of these compounds. These predictions consistently beat different random baselines, both for familiar compounds (moon light, Experiment 1) as well as novel compounds (wood brush, Experiment 2), demonstrating that distributional semantic vectors encode variations in qualitative interpretations that can be decoded using techniques as simple as linear regression.

Simultaneous electrochemical sensing of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide based on nitrogen-doped carbon black

Owing to their widespread and persistent usage, 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene (CNB) and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide (ACT) are two environmental substances that have raised several concerns in the environment recently by posing significant threat to human life and the general environment. Herein, we designed a highly sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for the simultaneous detection of CNB and ACT by doping the already super-conductive carbon black (CB) with nitrogen heteroatoms to attain a nitrogen-doped CB (NCB) nanocomposite. The proposed method exhibited excellent electrochemical activities towards the oxidation of CNB and ACT by producing high peak currents. Also, the oxidation peak potentials of these two compounds were wide enough to make clear distinctions between them. Based on the optimal experimental parameters, the linear determination ranges for both targets by the proposal are 0.05–50.0 µM, and detection limits of 0.007 µM and 0.008 µM were recorded for CNB and ACT respectively. In addition, the sensing platform showed good reproducibility, excellent stability, the ability to withstand possible interference from familiar compounds and the potential to detect CNB and ACT in routine real sample analysis.

Garden plants and butter knives

Compounds are a frequent occurrence in the English language, but the way in which speakers, both native and non-native, process compounds is still a topic of discussion. Two factors have an influence on the recog-nition speed of compounds – lexical priming and relation priming. The former refers to faster recognition if a target and a prime compound share a common lexeme, while the latter refers to the inner relationships be-tween modifiers and heads within a compound. The study conducted by Gagné & Spalding (2004) shows a significant effect of relation priming on recognition of familiar compounds, while De Cat et al. (2015) report that highly proficient non-native participants use similar strategies for processing compounds as native speakers. The aim of this paper is to rep-licate these results by using sense-nonsense tasks with familiar com-pounds and native and highly proficient non-native participants to exam-ine the effects of lexical and relation priming in these two groups. We hypothesize that the native speakers should provide faster reaction times and higher accuracy rates but that both groups would display similar fa-cilitation effects with different types of primes, which the results of the study confirm.

Distinct morphological processing of recently learned compound words: An ERP study

Our vocabulary is, at least in principle, infinite. We can create new words combining existing ones in meaningful ways to form new linguistic expressions. The present study investigated the morphological processing of novel compound words in overt speech production. Native speakers of Dutch learned a series of new compounds (e.g. appelgezicht, ‘apple-face’) that were later used as primes in a morphological priming task. In this protocol, primes were compound words morphologically related to a target’s picture name (e.g. appelgezicht was used for a picture of an apple, Dutch appel). The novel primes were compared with corresponding familiar compounds sharing a free morpheme (e.g. appelmoes, ‘applesauce’) and with unrelated compounds. Participants were required to read aloud words and to name pictures in a long-lag design. Behavioral and event-related potentials (ERPs) data were collected in two sessions, separated by 48h. Clear facilitation of picture naming latencies was obtained when pictures were paired with morphological related words. Notably, our results show that novel compounds have a stronger priming effect than familiar compounds in both sessions, which is expressed in a marked reduction in target naming latencies and a decrease in the N400 amplitude. These results suggest that participants focused more on the separate constituents when reading novel primes than in the case of existing compounds.

POTENTION OF GENISTEIN (4’, 5, 7-TRIHYDROXY ISOFLAVONE) ON SPERMAZOA’S MORPHOLOGY AND VIABILITY OF BALB/C STRAIN MOUSE (Mus musculus)

<p>Genistein (4’, 5, 7-trihydroxy isoflavone) is one of phytoestrogen compounds, from isoflavone groups that’s abudance in leguminaceae plants and its food products. There are lack and different reports about genistein’s effect to the male reproduction system, although Genistein is one of very familiar compounds in widely consumed foods. The aim of this research is exploring Genistein’s effect to the male reproduction system as specially spermatozoa’s morfology and viability. This research use 24 male mice strain Balb/C, 8 to 10 weeks old that’s devided into 4 treatments and 6 repetitions. Each mouse is gavaged using Genistein that is dissolved in corn oil for 36 days based on its dosage group treatments (0; 3,5; 4,2; and 4,9 mg/kg bw/ day). Sperm slide made from sperm suspention, colored by modification of eosin-nigrosin coloring method based on WHO. Persentage of spermatozoa’s normal-abnormal morphology and viability are calculated using One Way Anova and continous by 5% Least Significant Difference (LSD). This research show that Genistein has bad effects in male reproduction system, and seems like a strong disruptor for spermatozoa. It significantly influence to spermazoa’s morphology and viability of Balb/C mouse (Mus musculus). Genistein begins to influence at lowest dosage, 3,5 mg/kg bw for both of viability and morphology. It significantly decrease viability at 4,2 mg/kg bw dosage, and increase abnormal morphology of spermatozoa at 4,9 mg/kg bw dosage. Morphology abnormalities that occurs in this research include head and tale abnormalities, or combination of both.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: Genistein, Spermatozoa Morphology, Spermatozoa Viability, Mouse</p>

Evidence of a novel mevalonate pathway in archaea.

Isoprenoids make up a remarkably diverse class of more than 25000 biomolecules that include familiar compounds such as cholesterol, chlorophyll, vitamin A, ubiquinone, and natural rubber. The two essential building blocks of all isoprenoids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), are ubiquitous in the three domains of life. In most eukaryotes and archaea, IPP and DMAPP are generated through the mevalonate pathway. We have identified two novel enzymes, mevalonate-3-kinase and mevalonate-3-phosphate-5-kinase from Thermoplasma acidophilum, which act sequentially in a putative alternate mevalonate pathway. We propose that a yet unidentified ATP-independent decarboxylase acts upon mevalonate 3,5-bisphosphate, yielding isopentenyl phosphate, which is subsequently phosphorylated by the known isopentenyl phosphate kinase from T. acidophilum to generate the universal isoprenoid precursor, IPP.

Insight into the structure of compound words among speakers of Chinese and English

ABSTRACTKnowledge of compound word structures in Chinese and English was investigated, comparing 435 Chinese and 258 Americans, including second, fourth, and sixth graders, and college undergraduates. As anticipated, the results revealed that Chinese speakers performed better on a word structure analogy task than their English-speaking counterparts. Also, as anticipated, speakers of both languages performed better on noun + noun and verb + particle compounds, which are more productive in their respective languages than noun + verb and verb + noun compounds, which are less productive. Both Chinese and English speakers performed significantly better on novel compounds than on familiar compounds, most likely because familiar compounds are lexicalized and do not invite decomposition into constituents.

Stabilizing Porphyrin Stacks

CHEMISTRY Expanded porphyrins are larger versions of the familiar tetrapyrrole compounds. These extended aromatic frameworks could potentially form discotic, liquid-crystalline phases, but the floppiness of the electron-rich structure disrupts stacking. St![Graphic][1] pien et al. have prepared cyclo[8]pyrrole cations bearing phenylalkyl side chains and a central sulfate counter-ion. They find that electron- acceptor molecules such as trinitrobenzene (TNB) form 1:1 adducts with the expanded porphyrins, which leads to changes in color and can produce columnar stacking and the formation of discotic mesophases. This approach, if successfully applied to related explosives such as TNT (trinitrotoluene), might provide a simple visual method for detection or sensing. — PDS Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 10.1002/anie.200603893 (2006). [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif

Development of a miniature calorimeter for identification and detection of explosives and other energetic compounds

The development of versatile systems capable of providing rapid, portable, and inexpensive detection of explosives and energetic compounds are critically needed to offer enhanced levels of protection against current and future threats to homeland security, as well as satisfying a wide range of applications in the fields of forensic analysis, emergency response, and industrial hazards analysis. Calorimetric techniques have been largely overlooked in efforts to develop advanced chemical analysis technology, largely because of limitations associated with the physical size of the instruments and the relatively long timescales (>30 min) required to obtain a result. This miniaturized calorimeter circumvents these limitations, thereby creating a first-of-its-kind system allowing thermal analysis to be performed in a portable format that can be configured for use in a variety of field operations with a significantly reduced response time (∼2 min). Unlike current explosives detectors, this system is based on calorimetric techniques that are inherently capable of providing direct measurements of energy release potential and therefore do not depend on prior knowledge of familiar compounds.

US set to endorse human pesticide testing

Pesticide manufacturers are pushing hard to ensure that data from toxicity tests on people can be used in licence applications for their products. The US Environmental Protection Agency is about to announce draft regulations for the human testing of pesticides. In future, manufacturers may be allowed to expose children and pregnant women to toxic chemicals, if certain conditions are met. The strategy could keep familiar compounds such as azinphos methyl on the market. But it is an ethical minefield.

Sentential Context and the Interpretation of Familiar Open-Compounds and Novel Modifier-Noun Phrases

Two experiments investigated the influence of sentential context on the relative ease of deriving a particular meaning for novel and familiar compounds. Experiment 1 determined which of two possible meanings was preferred for a set of novel phrases. Experiment 2 used both novel (e.g., brain sponge) and familiar compounds (e.g., bug spray). The compounds appeared in a sentential context that supported either the dominant or subdominant meaning. Next, participants saw either the dominant or subdominant definition and indicated whether it was plausible. When the definition was consistent with the preceding sentence, the participants were more likely to consider the definition plausible regardless of whether the compound was novel or familiar, although this difference was more pronounced for novel phrases than for familiar phrases. In terms of response times, the effect of sentential context also depended on the degree of dominance. The data suggest that the interpretation of compounds is affected by at least two sources of information: sentential context and the relative dominance of the preferred meaning.

Effect of relation availability on the interpretation and access of familiar noun–noun compounds

Two experiments investigate whether relations that link the constituents of compounds during compound formation (e.g., teapot is formed by combining tea and pot using the relation head noun FOR modifier) also influence the processing of familiar compounds. Although there is evidence for the use of such relations in forming compounds, whether such relations affect the processing of familiar compounds is unknown. The data show clear effects of repetition and relational priming for written words on both a sense-nonsense task and a lexical decision task. These results indicate that the relation linking the constituents of familiar compounds is important to their access and use.

Configural learning without configural training.

Rats learned discriminations in which 2 familiar compound visual stimuli AB and CD were nonreinforced, whereas less-familiar compounds (EF, GH, IJ...) were reinforced (constant-negative paradigm). Such discriminations can in principle be acquired through elemental (nonconfigural) learning. Three different types of compound--object/object, object/position, and shape/fill-pattern--were used, and the number of familiar compounds extended to 3 or 4. In all cases, when rats were tested for the first time with previously unseen recombinations of the familiar elements--for example, AC, BD--they preferred these to the familiar compounds, implying that they had encoded configural information during the original training. Moreover, preference remained constant despite extended exposure to configural training in the test phase. The findings extend the evidence that configural representations are formed independently of explicit configural training.

Configural learning without configural training.

Rats learned discriminations in which 2 familiar compound visual stimuli AB and CD were nonreinforced, whereas less-familiar compounds (EF, GH, IJ...) were reinforced (constant-negative paradigm). Such discriminations can in principle be acquired through elemental (nonconfigural) learning. Three different types of compound--object/object, object/position, and shape/fill-pattern--were used, and the number of familiar compounds extended to 3 or 4. In all cases, when rats were tested for the first time with previously unseen recombinations of the familiar elements--for example, AC, BD--they preferred these to the familiar compounds, implying that they had encoded configural information during the original training. Moreover, preference remained constant despite extended exposure to configural training in the test phase. The findings extend the evidence that configural representations are formed independently of explicit configural training.

Thermodynamic Properties of Mixtures Based on van der Waals Equation of State: R-32/125 Binary System

The increasingly urgent need to replace the familiar refrigerant compounds (chlorofluorocarbons) has required the development of a new class of compounds, termed hydrofluorocarbons. Accurate thermodynamic properties of these new compounds are critically important for the manufacturing industries to develop new equipment. Several pure refrigerants have been modeled with high accuracy using many-term virial expansion equations of state such as a modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation (MBWR). However, many proposed refrigerant mixtures have not been as accurately modeled as the pure refrigerants. The present study is an attempt to provide a solution to this deficiency. Using the classical van der Waals equation of state with few empirical modifications, the general mixture equations of state have been developed with accuracy similar to pure compound equations of state such as the MBWR. The model has been applied to R-32 (CF2H2) and R-125 (CF3-CF2H) mixtures, with accuracy within about 1% for pressure, tempera...

ARE ANTITOXINS PROTEIN IN NATURE?

Ehrlich's hypothesis that an antitoxin consists of "cell receptors" that have been produced in excess and secreted by body cells into the blood has doubtless been a helpful conception stimulating pathologists or immunologists—as the specialists are now designated—in the investigation of immune serums. To the chemically trained mind, however, it falls far short of suggesting something definite or tangible and in any way comparable with the more familiar compounds that are known to play some part in biologic processes. The fact that the neutralization or detoxication of toxin with antitoxin can be carried out quantitatively in a beaker as well as in the body is an indication that specific substances are involved in such reactions. According to Arrhenius, the interaction of toxin and antitoxin is accompanied by a liberation of heat much as is the action between strong acids and bases.¹The concurrence of opinion further opposes the idea