False Responses Research Articles

EEG power spectral analysis and saccadic eye movement for true and false information

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between the electroencephalography (EEG) power spectral analysis and saccadic eye movements (SEM)’s the response toward true and false information. The research method was conducted using an experimental design with true and false autobiographical information as stimuli. There were23 female participants aged between 19-24 years old (M=21,45; SD=1,5). The results showed a significant difference in the number of SEM between false information and true information. The EEG power is greater in the frontal, temporal and central areas for false information. Interestingly, we found a correlation between EEG power and SEM in detecting true and false information. Our result findings indicated evidence of multimodality by combining electroencephalography (EEG) and saccadic eye movement (SEM) to dissociate false and true information responses. The distinct dissociative process between true and false information can be used for memory studies and developing lie detectors.

The Perceptual Consistency and Association of the LMA Effort Elements

Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) and its Effort element provide a conceptual framework through which we can observe, describe, and interpret the intention of movement. Effort attributes provide a link between how people move and how their movement communicates to others. It is crucial to investigate the perceptual characteristics of Effort to validate whether it can serve as an effective framework to support a wide range of applications in animation and robotics that require a system for creating or perceiving expressive variation in motion. To this end, we first constructed an Effort motion database of short video clips of five different motions: walk, sit down, pass, put, wave performed in eight ways corresponding to the extremes of the Effort elements. We then performed a perceptual evaluation to examine the perceptual consistency and perceived associations among Effort elements: Space (Indirect/Direct), Time (Sustained/Sudden), Weight (Light/Strong), and Flow (Free/Bound) that appeared in the motion stimuli. The results of the perceptual consistency evaluation indicate that although the observers do not perceive the LMA Effort element 100% as intended, true response rates of seven Effort elements are higher than false response rates except for light Effort. The perceptual consistency results showed varying tendencies by motion. The perceptual association between LMA Effort elements showed that a single LMA Effort element tends to co-occur with the elements of other factors, showing significant correlation with one or two factors (e.g., indirect and free, light and free).

Revealing True and False Brain States Based on Wavelet Analysis of Electroencephalogram

Statement of the Problem: As you know, there exist two different states in the brain’s mental activity: true and false. In recent years, a progressive method of wavelet transformation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) has been developed, which enabled us to establish the fundamental possibility of direct objective registration of the human brain’s mental activity. Earlier, we created an experimental model and software for recognizing true and false mental responses of a person based on the EEG wavelet transformation and described it in the article. The developed experimental model and information software made it possible to compare the two mental states of brain activity by electroencephalographic indicators, one of which is false and the other is true. The goal is to develop a fundamentally new information technology for recognizing true and false states in the brain’s mental activity based on the wavelet transformation of the electroencephalogram. Results: It was revealed that the true and false states of the brain can be distinguished using the method of continuous wavelet transformation and calculation of the EEG wavelet energy. It is shown that the main differences between true and false mental responses are observed in the delta and alpha ranges of the EEG. In the EEG delta rhythm, the wavelet energy is reliably higher in case of a false answer compared to a true one. In the EEG alpha rhythm, the wavelet energy is significantly higher with a true answer than a false one. Practical significance of the research: The data obtained open up the fundamental possibility of identifying true and false mental states of the brain on the basis of continuous wavelet transformation and calculation of the EEG wavelet energy.

Robust Deep 3D Blood Vessel Segmentation Using Structural Priors.

Deep learning has enabled significant improvements in the accuracy of 3D blood vessel segmentation. Open challenges remain in scenarios where labeled 3D segmentation maps for training are severely limited, as is often the case in practice, and in ensuring robustness to noise. Inspired by the observation that 3D vessel structures project onto 2D image slices with informative and unique edge profiles, we propose a novel deep 3D vessel segmentation network guided by edge profiles. Our network architecture comprises a shared encoder and two decoders that learn segmentation maps and edge profiles jointly. 3D context is mined in both the segmentation and edge prediction branches by employing bidirectional convolutional long-short term memory (BCLSTM) modules. 3D features from the two branches are concatenated to facilitate learning of the segmentation map. As a key contribution, we introduce new regularization terms that: a) capture the local homogeneity of 3D blood vessel volumes in the presence of biomarkers; and b) ensure performance robustness to domain-specific noise by suppressing false positive responses. Experiments on benchmark datasets with ground truth labels reveal that the proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art techniques on standard measures such as DICE overlap and mean Intersection-over-Union. The performance gains of our method are even more pronounced when training is limited. Furthermore, the computational cost of our network inference is among the lowest compared with state-of-the-art.

A method to prevail false positive responses due to excess cations and viscous nature of Radiopharmaceuticals in Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Gel Clot test

Objective(s):Bacterial endotoxin test (BET) for detection and quantification of endotoxin in radiopharmaceuticals (RPs), used for therapy or diagnosis, is prerequisite to administration in patients. Out of the two established methods used for this purpose (Kinetic Chromogenic Assay: KCM and Gel Clot Bacterial Endotoxin Test: GC-BET), GC-BET is recommended by pharmacopeias to evaluate the interferences exhibited during the assay due to presence of various ingredients in samples. In the present study, the influence of excess of cations in [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE, used for Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT), were studied and a protocol to negate the enhancement observed was developed. Additionally, a protocol for carrying out GC-BET for extremely viscous [131I]I-Lipiodol was standardized.Methods:GC-BET was performed for [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE and [131I]I-Lipiodol at maximum valid dilution (MVD), using LRW as a diluent. To negate the false positivity observed in case of [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE, various concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl2) were added and evaluated for the reversal of the interference observed initially. To prevail the difficulty in performing GC-BET for [131I]I-Lipiodol various modification in the protocols like orbital vortexing at different rpm and time intervals were performed. KCM assays were also performed for studied RPs at MVD.Results:It was observed that at MVD, [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE exhibited false positivity in GC-BET. However, all the individual reagents used in labeling of [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE did not show any false positivity. Finally, performing the assay with an addition of 2mM CaCl2 (final concentration) nullified the false positivity. Further, intricacy in performing GC-BET for [131I]I-Lipiodol due to its viscosity was resolved by orbital vortexing at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes.Conclusions:Our study proved that false positivity was observed in GC-BET for [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE due to the presence excess M3+ ions. Further, our study is the first of its kind which demonstrated methods for negating these false positive results by using modified protocol and hypothesizing the reason behind the enhancement. Additionally, ours is the first study which proved that a simple step of vortexing the viscous RPs like [131I]I-Lipiodol can resolved the problems encountered during performing GC-BET due to viscosity of RPs.

Populism as the Politics of (Mis)Recognition

Society consists of several different groups possessing unique demands, interests, and lifestyles. The power relations among these groups tend to result in inequalities and injustices, causing certain ways of life to degrade despite democracy’s ultimate aim of providing equal opportunities for all. The politics of recognition and populism arrive in this context as two forms of politics aiming to fix the problems found in the disadvantaged sections of society. By revolting against society’s asymmetrical relations in the constructive social power that brings with it the ability to define the boundaries, relevance, and status of identities, populism presents itself as a significant solution to the claims of recognition. Nevertheless, populism excludes the essential requirements of the politics of recognition such as dialogue, negotiation, and discussion through its antagonistic distinction between the people and the elite. Populism also reflects on its problematic understanding of representation with regard to struggles for recognition and its instrumentalization of feelings of misrecognition. This paper offers a view of populism as a false response to the politics of recognition that uses demands for recognition to shift but not balance the power asymmetry in society.

Impact of full personal protective equipment on alertness of healthcare workers: a prospective study

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in healthcare workers (HCWs) having to wear full personal protective equipment (FPPE) even for routine patient care. When worn for prolonged periods, FPPE has the...

Effect of Al2O3 Passive Layer on Stability and Doping of MoS2 Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Biosensors.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) features a band gap of 1.3 eV (indirect) to 1.9 eV (direct). This tunable band gap renders MoS2 a suitable conducting channel for field-effect transistors (FETs). In addition, the highly sensitive surface potential in MoS2 layers allows the feasibility of FET applications in biosensors, where direct immobilization and detection of biological molecules are conducted in wet conditions. In this work, we report, for the first time, the degradation of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown MoS2 FET-based sensors in the presence of phosphate buffer and water, which caused false positive response in detection. We conclude the degradation was originated by physical delamination of MoS2 thin films from the SiO2 substrate. The problem was alleviated by coating the sensors with a 30 nm thick aluminum oxide (Al2O3) layer using atomic layer deposition technique (ALD). This passive oxide thin film not only acted as a protecting layer against the device degradation but also induced a strong n-doping onto MoS2, which permitted a facile method of detection in MoS2 FET-based sensors using a low-power mode chemiresistive I-V measurement at zero gate voltage (Vgate = 0 V). Additionally, the oxide layer provided available sites for facile functionalization with bioreceptors. As immunoreaction plays a key role in clinical diagnosis and environmental analysis, our work presented a promising application using such enhanced Al2O3-coated MoS2 chemiresistive biosensors for detection of HIgG with high sensitivity and selectivity. The biosensor was successfully applied to detect HIgG in artificial urine, a complex matrix containing organics and salts.

Automation of ac electric-traction NetWare digital protective relay operational control

The widespread use of microprocessor-based digital protective relay from various manufacturers, the expansion of the programmable protective relay terminals’ functional composition, the lack of hardware, software and algorithmic support unification, problems of electromagnetic protection necessitate consideration of the issues of digital protective relay operational control automation [1-3]. The authors believe that the attention paid by operating services to the means and methods of the AC electric-traction netware protective relay Functional check is insufficient. Monitoring the correct protection functioning in real time when it is triggered by a short circuit makes it possible to identify all types of incorrect actions of the instrument units until the failure of the entire protection as a whole. The most common failures, such as “false response” and “unnecessary operation”, are detected with a probability close to unity [4-6]. The article discusses the principles of building a system of protective relay Functional check, applicable for all types of electric-traction netware protection that are currently in operation. Logical equations are given to identify incorrect actions of protective relay.

Network Anomalies Detection Approach Based on Weighted Voting

To avoid information systems malfunction, their integrity disruption, availability violation as well as data confidentiality, it is necessary to detect anomalies in information system operation as quickly as possible. The anomalies are usually caused by malicious activity – information systems attacks. However, the current approaches to detect anomalies in information systems functioning have never been perfect. In particular, statistical and signature-based techniques do not allow detection of anomalies based on modifications of well-known attacks, dynamic approaches based on machine learning techniques result in false responses and frequent anomaly miss-outs. Therefore, various hybrid solutions are being frequently offered on the basis of those two approaches. The paper suggests a hybrid approach to detect anomalies by combining computationally efficient classifiers of machine learning with accuracy increase due to weighted voting. Pilot evaluation of the developed approach proved its feasibility for anomaly detection systems.

Critical spectroscopic considerations towards reliable detection of material using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

Terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopic (TDS) and imaging techniques have been recognized as important tools in recent times for non-contact and non-destructive evaluation of materials, such as, food, pharmaceuticals, and other composite materials of interest. The application of the THz-TDS technique in both material identification and quantification, however, involves the analyses of extremely complex response of the constituents of these composite materials. For a spectroscopist, therefore, it is essential to consider certain critical spectroscopic parameters while acquiring the spectroscopic data using THz-TDS. In this work, using sorbic acid, a widely used preservative in processed food as the typical sample for the spectroscopic measurements, we have systematically investigated the impact of all these critical factors on the spectroscopic identification, quantification, and repeatability of the same. We observed that any sample inhomogeneity or clusters formed inside the composite pellet of the sorbic acid mixed with Teflon during pellet preparation can lead to false spectral responses, depending on the choice of spectroscopic probing point on the sample and number of spectroscopic averages. Furthermore, we analyzed the THz-TDS acquisition in frequency-domain and noted the effect of pellet thickness and sample concentration on the resultant frequency bandwidth and absorption features. Besides THz spectroscopists, a clear understanding of these aspects addressed in this present work, will also assist material engineers in selecting optimum concentration and weight towards formulating advanced composites.

Multi-Templates Based Robust Tracking for Robot Person-Following Tasks

While the robotics techniques have not developed to full automation, robot following is common and crucial in robotic applications to reduce the need for dedicated teleoperation. To achieve this task, the target must first be robustly and consistently perceived. In this paper, a robust visual tracking approach is proposed. The approach adopts a scene analysis module (SAM) to identify the real target and similar distractors, leveraging statistical characteristics of cross-correlation responses. Positive templates are collected based on the tracking confidence constructed by the SAM, and negative templates are gathered by the recognized distractors. Based on the collected templates, response fusion is performed. As a result, the responses of the target are enhanced and the false responses are suppressed, leading to robust tracking results. The proposed approach is validated on an outdoor robot-person following dataset and a collection of public person tracking datasets. The results show that our approach achieved state-of-the-art tracking performance in terms of both the robustness and AUC score.

Response time and response time variability as indicators of response quality during static automated perimetry

PurposePerimetry is a both demanding and strenuous examination method that is often accompanied by signs of fatigue, leading to false responses and thus incorrect results. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the response quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response time (RT) and its variability (RTV) as quality indicators during static automated perimetry.MethodsSize III Goldmann stimuli (25.7′) were shown with the OCTOPUS 900 perimeter in four visual field locations with 13 different stimulus luminance levels (0.04–160 cd/m2). An increased rate of false-positive and false-negative catch trials (25% each) served to monitor the response quality simultaneously together with response time recording. Data evaluation was divided into global and individual analysis. For global analysis, the agreement indices (AI, agreement between time periods with an increased number of false responses to catch trials and time periods with pathological response to time-based values set into relation to time periods in which only one of the two criteria was considered pathological) and for individual analysis, the Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated. Ophthalmologically normal subjects with a visual acuity ≥ 0.8, and a maximum spherical/cylindrical ametropia of ± 8.00/2.50 dpt were included.ResultsForty-eight subjects (18 males, 30 females, age 22–78 years) were examined. The total number of false responses to catch trials was (median/maximum): 6/82. RT and RTV were compared to the occurrence of incorrect responses to catch trials. The resulting individual Spearman correlation coefficients (median/maximum) were for RT: ρRT = 0.05/0.35 and for RTV: ρRTV = 0.27/0.61. The global analysis of the RTV showed agreement indices (median/maximum) of AIRTV = 0.14/0.47.ConclusionsAccording to this study, an increased portion of catch trials is suitable as a verification tool for possible response quality indicators. The RTV is a promising parameter for indicating the response quality.

Smartphone-based technology for nanomolecular detection of aflatoxin B1 by aptamer-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles

The need for a healthy market in the rapid and accurate screening of a variety of pathogenic agents and toxins in the environment and food has led to an increase in the development of new biosensors, which have ideal characteristics, such as high sensitivity and specificity with rapid detection and simple preparation of the sample. Among the food contaminants, mycotoxins have been identified as a major challenge for the food industry, and rapid and accurate detection has attracted the attention of food inspection and monitoring organisations. In this study, a nanomolecular detection method is described using aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-specific aptamers attached to streptavidin-coated magnetic nanoparticles. A prominent feature of the AFB1-specific aptamers is a guanine-rich (G-rich) sequence with a G-quadruplex structure after capturing AFB1 molecules and mimicking peroxidase activity. The enzymatic reaction evaluated in the presence of chromogenic substrate and measurement is done by a smartphone-specific application for colorimetric measurement. The results indicated that the assay could measure AFB1 in rice, flour, seed, maize, and pistachio. In addition, the application of hybrid nanomaterial technology resulting from the binding of biotin-labelled aptamers to the surface of streptavidin-coated magnetic nanoparticles minimises preparation and treatment of samples, improves results, and consequently reduces false negative and positive responses in the detection field. This study may eventually lead to the design and development of a fast, sensitive, specific, and on-site AFB1-based nanomolecular colorimetric detection system via a smartphone-based application that can be readily accessible to all applicants, from professionals to manufacturers of foodstuffs.

Effects of Thresholding on Voxel-Wise Correspondence of Breath-Hold and Resting-State Maps of Cerebrovascular Reactivity.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging for presurgical brain mapping enables neurosurgeons to identify viable tissue near a site of operable pathology which might be at risk of surgery-induced damage. However, focal brain pathology (e.g., tumors) may selectively disrupt neurovascular coupling while leaving the underlying neurons functionally intact. Such neurovascular uncoupling can result in false negatives on brain activation maps thereby compromising their use for surgical planning. One way to detect potential neurovascular uncoupling is to map cerebrovascular reactivity using either an active breath-hold challenge or a passive resting-state scan. The equivalence of these two methods has yet to be fully established, especially at a voxel level of resolution. To quantitatively compare breath-hold and resting-state maps of cerebrovascular reactivity, we first identified threshold settings that optimized coverage of gray matter while minimizing false responses in white matter. When so optimized, the resting-state metric had moderately better gray matter coverage and specificity. We then assessed the spatial correspondence between the two metrics within cortical gray matter, again, across a wide range of thresholds. Optimal spatial correspondence was strongly dependent on threshold settings which if improperly set tended to produce statistically biased maps. When optimized, the two CVR maps did have moderately good correspondence with each other (mean accuracy of 73.6%). Our results show that while the breath-hold and resting-state maps may appear qualitatively similar they are not quantitatively identical at a voxel level of resolution.

Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials in Cervical Myofascial Pain Syndrome.

Cervical myofascial pain syndrome with dizziness (CMPS-D) has always faced the challenges of evaluation, diagnosis, and etiology. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) are applicable to evaluate the functions of the vestibular system, especially the saccule. The Sound evoked triceps myogenic potentials (SETMPs) have different anatomical efferent connections from Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)-VEMPs. The present study aimed to evaluate the SETMPs and SCMVEMPs in CMPS-D group and compare the results with the control group. We tested 15 participants with CMPS-D with 15 participants in the control group using SCMVEMP and SETMP tests. All participants had normal hearing and vestibular functions. The SCMVEMP response was absent in 4 of 15 patients with CMPS-D, and the mean response CMPS-D group was significantly lower than the control group. There were the SETMP and SCMVEMP responses in all participants in the control group. In CMPS-D subjects with false absent SCMVEMP response, SETMP tests are suitable alternatives for the saccule evaluation, and diminished SCMVEMP in the CMPS-D subjects may not necessarily mean the saccular injury. Furthermore, the involvement of spinal cord pathways is not a cause of dizziness in CMPS-D patients.

The Dental stick test - Useful to reveal intra-articular conditions in persons with temporomandibular disorder?

BackgroundThere is a need for clinical tests that can reveal intra-articular conditions in the temporomandibular joint to be able to give proper treatment. The Dental stick test, where participants bite with their molars on a wooden stick, is a pain provocation test for the temporomandibular joint. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore if the Dental stick test can be used to reveal intra-articular conditions in the temporomandibular joint in persons with long-lasting painful disorders. DesignCross-sectional. Materials and methodsForty persons with pain in one or both temporomandibular areas were examined using the Dental stick test. The participants were between 18 and 70 years, and had 65 symptomatic joints. Sensitivity, specificity, false positive and false negative responses, and area under the curve were calculated for the Dental stick test with MRI and/or CT as reference standards. The phi-correlation coefficient (phi) was used to measure the correlation between the Dental stick test and intra-articular findings. ResultsThe sensitivity and specificity for the Dental stick test, revealing intra-articular findings, were 0.62 and1.0 respectively. False positive and false negative responses were 0 and 0.41 respectively, and the area under the curve 81% with p < 0.001. The correlation between a positive Dental stick test and intra-articular findings was not significant (phi = 0.60). ConclusionsWhen the Dental stick test is positive, intra-articular findings will most probably be present on MRI/CT, but the test alone cannot reveal intra-articular conditions in persons with long-lasting painful temporomandibular disorder.

The clinical utility of neostigmine administration in the diagnosis of acquired myasthenia gravis.

To assess the clinical utility of neostigmine methylsulfate administration in the diagnosis of suspected acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) in dogs and cats. Retrospective study (2017-2019). Five university teaching hospitals and 2 private referral hospitals. Twenty-two dogs and 3 cats. Criteria for inclusion were clinical signs consistent with acquired MG, performance of a neostigmine challenge and acetylcholine receptor antibody titers. None. The route of neostigmine administration was recorded. Response to neostigmine challenge was determined via sequential evaluation of muscle strength and ambulation following administration of neostigmine methylsulfate. Response to neostigmine challenge was compared to acetylcholine receptor antibody titers, which were used as the biochemical gold standard in this study. Sixteen out of 22 dogs were diagnosed with acquired MG. Thirteen of 16 had a strong positive response to neostigmine challenge whereas 3 of 16 had no response. Two out of 3 dogs with polymyositis also had a strong positive response to neostigmine challenge. Weak positive results were seen with intracranial neoplasia (n=1) and a dog with dilated cardiomyopathy and coxofemoral joint disease (n=1). One cat was diagnosed with acquired MG and had a positive response to neostigmine challenge. Two cats had no response to neostigmine challenge and were diagnosed with alternate conditions. Two cats were premedicated with glycopyrrolate, one of which had a mild adverse response to neostigmine challenge (sialorrhea and mild transient tremors). Three out of 22 dogs had minimal adverse effects (sialorrhea and 1 dog with muscle tremors). The neostigmine challenge appears to be safe and viable alternative to the previously utilized edrophonium challenge, particularly when weak positive responses are considered negative for acquired MG. Polymyositis cases may have a false positive response to neostigmine challenge.

Neurocognition Function of Patients With Bipolar Depression, Unipolar Depression, and Depression With Bipolarity.

Much evidence shows that some Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5)-defined unipolar depression (UD) with bipolarity manifests bipolar diathesis. Little is known about the cognitive profiles of patients with depression with bipolarity (DWB). The study aimed to investigate the differences in cognitive profiles among patients with bipolar depression (BD), major depressive disorder (namely, UD), and DWB. Drug-naïve patients with BD, UD, and DWB and healthy controls (HC) were recruited (30 cases in each group). Cognitive function was evaluated by THINC-it (THINC-intelligent tool), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and continuous performance test (CPT). For THINC-it, no significant differences of the Z-scores in both objective and subjective factors were found between the DWB group and BD group, but the Z-scores in the BD group were significantly lower than those in the UD group. For WCST, significant differences were found between the BD group and DWB group in the number of responses, categories completed, trails to completed first category, perseverative responses, and perseverative errors. All the indices of WCST in the DWB group were significantly worse than those in the UD group except for trails to completed first category and total number of response correct. For CPT, only scores of leakage responses and false responses in the four-digit number in the BD group and DWB group were significantly higher than those in the UD group; no significant difference was found between the BD group and DWB group. The results indicated that patients with DWB might perform differently from those with UD but similarly to those with BD with cognition impairment.

Utilizing Odor-Adsorbed Filter Papers for Detection Canine Training and Off-Site Fire Ant Indications.

Simple SummaryThe red imported fire ant (RIFA, Solenopsis invicta) is an exotic pest that can harm humans and animals, cause economic loss to agriculture, and damage ecosystems. In the present study, we devised a practical method to train detection dogs without introducing live RIFAs and an alternative way to correctly identify RIFA-invaded zones. Both live RIFA-experienced and inexperienced detection dogs successfully indicated RIFA-scented filter papers and live RIFAs with a high positive indication rate (>93%) and low false response rate (2%), and also performed successfully in field studies. In addition, the RIFA-scented filter papers can be stored at −20 °C and 4 °C at least 13 weeks for dog identification. Using filter paper as a RIFA odor bearer for detection dog training and RIFA identification is an effective and economical method in order to decrease the risk of RIFA introduction into uninvaded or eradicated areas.The red imported fire ant (RIFA, Solenopsis invicta) is an exotic aggressive pest that is notorious for its ability to seriously harm humans and animals, cause economic loss to agriculture, and damage ecosystems. This is the first study to validate the capability of filter paper adsorption as a feasible odor bearer of RIFAs and evaluate its use in detection dog training. Two live RIFA-experienced detection dogs achieved a mean 92% positive indication rate (PIR) on RIFA-scented papers with a relatively low false response rate (0.8%). The similar accuracies in recognizing live RIFAs (96%) and scented papers (92%) suggest that a filter paper is an effective odor reservoir. After training with live RIFA and scented filter papers, both RIFA-experienced and inexperienced detection dogs successfully indicated filter papers that were scented with at least 10 RIFAs for 4 h with a high PIR (>93%) and low false response rate (2%). Detection dogs correctly recognized the filter papers scented by 10 RIFAs for 24 h with a 97.6% PIR. Even for scented samples stored at −20 °C and 4 °C for 13 weeks, the positive indication rates (PIRs) were as high as 90%. These results suggest that filter paper is an effective RIFA odor bearer, and the scent can be maintained at least 13 weeks for dog identification. After RIFA-scented paper training, detection dogs showed high (>95%) PIRs for both RIFA-scented paper and live RIFAs and also successfully performed field studies. Using filter paper as a RIFA odor bearer is an effective and economical method for detection dog training and RIFA identification.