False Myth Research Articles

Examining the Myth of Prescribed Stimulant Misuse among Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review.

The literature emphasizes the importance of addressing the misuse of ADHD medications as a potential significant healthcare issue within the general population. Nevertheless, there are no systematic reviews that specifically examine whether the misuse of psychostimulant medication among clinical populations diagnosed with ADHD who are undergoing prescribed stimulant therapy is a rational concern or a false myth. This systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 Statement. We searched PubMed databases for articles indexed up to 12th July 2023, without language restrictions. Our systematic search generated 996 unique articles. After a full-text revision, 13 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. In the 50% of the study on the adult population, the reported prevalence of stimulant misuse was 0%. In other studies, the range of stimulant misuse rates varied from 2% to 29%, with no available data specifically focusing on the youth population. It has been noted that misuse of prescribed stimulant treatment is linked with particular subject characteristics, such as older age, prior or more frequent use of ADHD medication, use of short-acting medication, and a history of alcohol/substance misuse diagnosis. Despite certain limitations, our study highlights that while a significant proportion of individuals undergoing psychostimulant treatment for ADHD follow their prescribed medication regimens without resorting to misuse behaviors, there is variability in adherence, with occurrences of misuse behaviors. The misuse of prescribed ADHD treatment appears to be associated with distinct subject characteristics, underscoring the importance for tailored interventions addressing the specific requirements of these individuals to attain optimal treatment outcomes while mitigating misuse risks.

Interrogating the Myths of Education: Dorothy Bryant'sElla Price's JournalandMiss Giardino

Interrogating the Myths of Education: Dorothy Bryant's<i>Ella Price's Journal</i>and<i>Miss Giardino</i>

False Myths versus Medical Facts: Ten Common Misconceptions Related to Dry Eye Disease.

Since the first definition of dry eye, rapid progress has been made in this field over the past decades that has guided profound changes in the definition, classification, diagnosis and management of the disease. Although dry eye is one of the most frequently encountered ocular conditions, various “old” misconceptions persist, in particular among comprehensive ophthalmologists not specialized in ocular surface diseases. These misconceptions hamper the correct diagnosis and the proper management of dry eye in the routine clinical practice. In the present review, we described the 10 most common misconceptions related to dry eye and provided an evidence-based guide for reconsidering them using the format “false myth versus medical fact”. These misconceptions concern the dry eye definition and classification (#1, #2, #3), disease physiopathology (#4), diagnosis (#5), symptoms (#6, #7) and treatment (#8, #9, #10). Nowadays, dry eye is still an under-recognized and evolving disease that poses significant clinical challenges to ophthalmologists. The two major reasons behind these challenges include the heterogeneity of the conditions that fall under the umbrella term of dry eye and the common discrepancy between signs and symptoms.

The spread of COVID-19 in six western metropolitan regions: a false myth on the excess of mortality in Lombardy and the defense of the city of Milan.

We analyzed the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic in 6 metropolitan regions with similar demographic characteristics, daytime commuting population and business activities: the New York metropolitan area, the Île-de-France region, the Greater London county, Bruxelles-Capital, the Community of Madrid and the Lombardy region. The highest mortality rates 30-days after the onset of the epidemic were recorded in New York (81.2 x 100,000) and Madrid (77.1 x 100,000). Lombardy mortality rate is below average (41.4 per 100,000), and it is the only situation in which the capital of the region (Milan) has not been heavily impacted by the epidemic wave. Our study analyzed the role played by containment measures and the positive contribution offered by the hospital care system. (www.actabiomedica.it)

The Consumer Society and the (False) Myth of Mass Democratisation

About fifty years from its first publication in 1970, La societe de consommation. Ses mythes ses structures (Paris Denoel) confirms itself as a lucid analysis of the meanings at the basis of the consumption dynamics within contemporary society. In what he calls the ‘mystique of equality’, the concept of needs is linked to that of well-being, triggering the illusion that the increase in total amount of goods an individual can possess automatically translates into a levelling of society and in total well-being for all. According to Baudrillard, this approach does not take due account of the social logic of consumption, at which level the differentiation process for the retention of social distances is reiterated. Thus, according to Baudrillard, a mechanism that powers social differences survives through a consumerist ideology disguised as egalitarianism. Hence, Baudrillard distances himself from Marx and from the concept of value in use, understanding that at the base of mature capitalism does not lie production (and thus the dialectic of capital/labour force), but consumption. Years later, the system of consumption presents itself unchanged, to the extent that in some respects the postmodern aesthetics has actually exasperated its characteristics, blending the needs of production with an individual differentiation process that seems incapable of finding other ways of expression.

The Valaam Myth and the Fate of Leningrad's Disabled Veterans

This article explores an enduring Soviet myth, the myth of Valaam. According to this widely believed story in 1946 or 1947 vagrant disabled veterans were forcibly cleared from the streets of Soviet cities and deported to Valaam, an isolated archipelago of fifty islands, approximately 250 kilometres north of Leningrad. These myths continue to be repeated by both historians and the general public, but little evidence has been provided to support them. This article provides original archival evidence about the myth's two main components: the clearance of disabled veterans from the streets and their subsequent exile to Valaam. For the first time it demonstrates the existence of an invalid's home on Valaam, but which challenges the “facts” of the myth. Attempts were made to clear the disabled vagrants from Leningrad's streets, but these did not occur in 1946 or 1947, and were neither successful nor systematic. Although a residential institution for the elderly and disabled was established on Valaam, which had its own unedifying history, it was not a dumping ground for thousands of disabled veterans cleared from urban areas. The Valaam myth is a classic example of a “false myth”; a story with only a flimsy basis in reality, but which reveals wider truths about the circumstances in which the myth was generated, and the mentalities of the individuals and society which accepted it. Having established the reality behind the myth, this article uses the Valaam myth as a lens for examining the plight of Leningrad's war disabled and the mentalities of those who believed and transmitted the myth. The article argues that these stories thrived because they were plausible, and it offers a number of explanations why Soviet citizens, and Leningraders in particular, believed this myth. Imperial and Soviet Russia had a long history of forced clearance of “socially marginal elements” and precedents of exiling them to isolated islands. Most importantly, Leningraders believed in the existence of a mythical dumping ground for disabled veterans because it accorded with their knowledge of the state's coercive practices and their experiences of the treatment of disabled veterans.

Rise and falls of dietary antioxidants for disease prevention: Magic bullets, false myth or scarce knowledge?

Rise and falls of dietary antioxidants for disease prevention: Magic bullets, false myth or scarce knowledge?

Myth 1: The Gifted and Talented Constitute One Single Homogeneous Group and Giftedness Is a Way of Being That Stays in the Person Over Time and Experiences

Can a field that prides itself on promoting creativity and innovation in young people handle these processes itself? Deep-seated values, attitudes, and beliefs about the meaning of giftedness and how we should identify students for gifted programs have been slow to change because the evidence leading to this change conflicts with long-standing attitudes from outdated research, personal beliefs, and an education system that places more emphasis on administrative expediency than recent evidence about human potential. Tidiness and efficiency are important to the operation of any enterprise but should never take the place of responsibility to do the right thing for the young people we serve. Einstein, the personification of scientific giftedness across ages and cultures, said, “Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted.” After having spent more than seven decades of our collective lives in the field of gifted education as teachers, school psychologist, coordinator, researchers, and university professors interested in the nurturance of gifts and talents, we believe there is no more potentially dangerous and false myth than the one above. Let us, therefore, begin this response with the following resounding statement: There is no single homogeneous group of gifted children and adults, and giftedness is developmental, not fixed at birth. Our work (Reis, 2005; Renzulli, 1978, 2005), as well as the collective work of others, some of whom we briefly mention, has contributed unequivocally to a robust research base that enables us to point convincingly to the heterogeneity of the group labeled “gifted” and the certainty we hold about giftedness as a developmental concept. More than a decade ago, a task force of psychologists and educators spent 2 years reviewing all the extant research on the social and emotional characteristics and needs of gifted and talented children and young adults resulting in an edited volume (Neihart, Reis, Robinson, & Moon, 2002). While completing that summary, we read hundreds of articles about gifted and talented children and adolescents, and in our executive summary, we stated,

Beyond the Career Mystique: “Time In,” “Time Out,” and “Second Acts”

The career mystique is the belief that working hard and putting in long hours continuously throughout adulthood is the path to occupational success, personal fulfillment, and a secure retirement. This is a false myth, increasingly irrelevant for most contemporary Americans, given that (1) few employees today have the back up of full-time homemakers, and (2) a competitive, information economy has fostered a global labor market, destroying the implicit contract linking seniority with security. America’s 21st century workforce requires a reconfiguration of “time in” paid work, including opportunities for “time outs,” as well as for “second acts.”

The Evolutionary challenge for the Enterprise

This essay describes how the evolution of the enterprise faces the new challenges of complexity and risk scenarios. It also develops some theoretical concepts to assess what kind of enterprise is aware of its social and political rights and responsibilities beyond the false myth of economic profit. Integrating the fundamental ideas illustrated by Ervin Laszlo in his book: “Navigare nella turbolenza”, Piero Bassetti inquires into the entrepreneur's, consumer's and manager's mentality to assess how the economic calculus is not enough to explain the social, psychological, ecological and political effects of the enterprise's activities.

Salubrious Scandals/Effective Provocations: Identity Politics Surrounding "Lacombe Lucien"

Louis Malle's 1974 film, Lacombe Lucien, shocked and incensed many of its critics in the 1970s and continues to do so now for some. Such strong reactions are emblematic of the profound identity crisis France has experienced in coming to terms with the relationship between the Vichy government and the population's actions during World War II. As recently as 1992, Stanley Hoffmann accused the film of making its own false myth of the Occupation (with collaborationism too prominently portrayed).' Taking another tack I would like to propose that the supposed faults that render Lacombe Lucien more provocative than thought provoking (to use Henry Rousso's critical evaluation)2 are the mark of artistic strategies that challenge accepted notions of national, personal, and ethnic identities in France, both during the Occupation (an initial historical content) and in its subsequent return as artistic memory (re)activating identity crises. The choice of Django Reinhardt's wonderful music for the film subtly illustrates the point. The score is remembered as a distinctly music of the thirties and forties-France's jazz-but performed and written by a Frenchman whose origins do not fit the mold of the authentic Frenchman. In the Larousse Dictionnaire des noms propres (Dictionary of Proper Names) Reinhardt is referred to as French, although he was born in Belgium of gypsy origins. With no formal education in his early days-he could barely write-Reinhardt performed his guitar music while wandering through France with a gypsy caravan. Having lost the use of two fingers on his left hand as a result of a burn, Reinhardt developed a highly original, virtuoso style of play to compensate for the handicap. This French style, paradoxically the result of his handicap, is the only one to have influenced American jazz artists. Now it is certainly not uncommon for artists to be recognized as representatives of one country when they were born in another, but in the exploration of identity crises during the Occupation, Reinhardt's mixed origins become crucial to rethinking what it

More on Fregean Reference

Two main problems need to be faced, one familiar from the literature, and one that is new. The familiar problem arises from examples of false legend, myth, and media fantasy. Recall, for example, Kripke's supposition that the Biblical Moses never did the various things attributed to him in the Bible. That is to say, the story is definitely grounded in someone real, but the scribes get it nearly all wrong: in fact the man in question was not even named Moses (or its equivalent). Here it seems that our beliefs are not even associatively about that man, since our relevant referential conception is so thoroughly detached from him.

Guest Comment: The False Myth of Unlimited Economic Growth

Guest Comment: The False Myth of Unlimited Economic Growth

The Dethronement of Yata

There are several different versions of the Lakota myth of the winds. (1) This is a myth that expresses meaning on four different levels: the religious, cosmological, psychological and sociological. At the religious level, the myth presents the supematurals from the highest, Skan (That Which Moves) to the intermediates, Wohpe (The Beautiful One). At the cosmological level, the myth sasserts that nature itself is holy, purposive and personal. At the psychological level, the myth rassures the individual that the forces of the world are not chaotic, but subject to rationality, prayer and appeal. At the sociological level, the story reveals Lakota attitudes and behavior concerning family structure. The myth of the winds is true and beautiful and good. I will be reflecting on this story from a psychological-sociological point of view. The purpose of meditating on a true myth is to destroy false myths. This meditation may aid us in destroying the following false myths: It is a false myth that all children in the same family grow up in the same way. Each child is born into a different place and interprets his own position differently. It is a false myth that each child grows up in the same family atmosphere. The arrival of each new child alters the family dynamics. It is a false myth that parents love all children equally. Each child trains his parents differently. They may love each child but each child occupies a different position in their hearts (Grunwald and McAbee, 1985, p. 70) It is a false myth that parents are totally responsible for how children turn out and hence it is false that parents should feel guilty. By reflecting on the myth of the winds, we may be able to refute all of these erroneous assumptions.

Capitalism and Self-Ownership

From the standpoint of libertarian ideology, capitalism is a form of liberation. In contrast to the slave, whose productive powers are wholly owned by his master, and the serf, whose productive powers are partially owned by his lord, the worker under capitalism is presented as possessing the fullest possible self-ownership. That capitalism fosters self-ownership is a false and stultifying myth. Exposing its errors from within capitalism's own conceptual framework requires a careful analysis of the concept of a person's “ownership” bodh of his or her productive powers and of the means of exercising these productive powers. This analysis will show that, in certain plausible circumstances, the capitalist economic system can make full self-ownership impossible. Since capitalism's supposed nurturing of self-ownership provides one of the major justifications for its moral legitimacy, capitalist ideology has a serious internal inconsistency.

True and False Myth in C. S. Lewis' "Till We Have Faces"

True and False Myth in C. S. Lewis' "Till We Have Faces"