False Motion Research Articles

A practical approach to the management of delayed union and non-union of the long bones

HE problem of delayed or non-union of the long bones confronted the Orthopedic Surgery Staff at Parks Air Force Base Hospital, California, on fifty occasions during the years 1954 through 1956. Twelve occurred in fractures initially treated at this hospital, and thirty-seven cases were referred from other hospitals . An analysis of these cases from the standpoint of a practical approach to the management of delayed union and non-union is the purpose of this article . Although etiology will not be discussed thoroughly, it should be stated that these conditions generally result from a combination of two factors, namely, the severity of the initial injury and its mode of treatment. Whereas the first factor is circumstantial and therefore medically uncontrollable, the second lies within the realm of the surgeon's judgment. Too frequently, abuse of the latter is directly responsible for the complication . Definition of Terms . Delayed union: A status that exists when in the surgeon's judgment healing has not progressed at a rate expected for the location and fracture type, and further delay in definitive treatment probably would result in non-union . Arbitrarily, the normal healing processes should be well advanced at three to four months in the upper extremity and six to nine months in the lower extremity . Non-union : The healing process has stopped short of bony union and false motion is present . A bony defect, sclerosis or porosis, rounding and mushrooming of the bone ends and blockage of the intramedullary canal may be seen on roentgenogram .

SOME FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY

There are certain fundamental physical and physiologic principles concerned in the production of the human electrocardiogram, which, if thoroughly appreciated, are sufficient for an analysis of the various normal and pathologic forms of this curve. This paper will concern itself with a brief statement of these principles, their proof and their application in electrocardiography. 1. Lead II = Lead I plus Lead III. This is a law whose proof is found in the law of the conservation of energy. If this principle were not as stated, the law of the conservation of energy would be false and perpetual motion possible. Leads I, II and III are the expressions of potential differences existing in the heart at any given moment. As these three leads lie in the frontal plane, they represent the frontal plane value of the heart's potential differences; that is, the value of cardiac potential differences situated in any