False Interpretation Research Articles

The Sign Test, Paired Data, and Asymmetric Dependence: A Cautionary Tale

ABSTRACT In the paired data setting, the sign test is often described in statistical textbooks as a test for comparing differences between the medians of two marginal distributions. There is an implicit assumption that the median of the differences is equivalent to the difference of the medians when employing the sign test in this fashion. We demonstrate however that given asymmetry in the bivariate distribution of the paired data, there are often scenarios where the median of the differences is not equal to the difference of the medians. Further, we show that these scenarios will lead to a false interpretation of the sign test for its intended use in the paired data setting. We illustrate the false-interpretation concept via theory, a simulation study, and through a real-world example based on breast cancer RNA sequencing data obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).

Suppression of Coffee-Ring Effect on Nitrocellulose Membrane: Effect of Polyethylene Glycol

In the development of the diagnostic kit, it was favorable to have a low antigen concentration due to the difficulty of antigen preparedness and purification. However, it can cause the coffee-ring effect, producing different pattern formations on the selected membrane. It can lead to a false interpretation of the result. Thus, the immobilization of protein solution (lysozyme) as a model protein for antigen, with the addition of hydrosoluble polymer additive onto a membrane, was evaluated to suppress the coffee-ring effect. This research aims to evaluate the effect of polyethylene glycol on the protein solution for coffee-ring effect suppression and to analyze the image of the coffee-ring effect. From the experimental studies, 5 different concentrations (v/v%) of PEG which are 3.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.1 and 0.01 v/v% is added at 4.0 mg/mL of lysozyme solution before being spotted onto nitrocellulose membrane. The color intensity of the dried spot, together with the formation of the coffee-ring effect, is analyzed by Image-J software. It is the approach to measure the suppression of the ring effect, in which 0.01 v/v% concentration portrays the most faded ring effect on nitrocellulose membrane. This effect occurs due to a surface tension gradient that causes the solute particles to accumulate at the edge of the droplet. As Marangoni flow has been altered, the coffee-ring effect is successfully suppressed; thus, uniform pattern deposition is achieved.

ABNORMAL VAGINAL DISCHARGE IN REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP WOMEN WITH SPECIAL IMPLICATION TO ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CANDIDA SPECIES

Introduction And Background: Vaginal discharge is a common complaint in reproductive age group women2. Vaginal discharge is one of the common reasons in women of reproductive age group seeking gynecological consultation. It is the second most common clinical problem after menstrual disorders. Globally, it is estimated that one in ten women will present with vaginal discharge in the course of one year and approximately, ten million office visits each year are attributed to vaginal discharge complaints. The prevalence of vaginal discharge in India is estimated to be 30%3. Ÿ Abnormal vaginal discharge predisposes to significant morbidity to the women in the form of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, endometriosis, cuff cellulitis, urethral syndrome, pregnancy loss, and preterm labour.5 Ÿ Certain conditions such as prolonged use of combined oral contraceptive, pregnancy, malnutrition, diabetes, neutropenia, prolonged antibiotic therapy, candida become pathogenic and causes candidiasis.8 Ÿ Isolation, identification, characterization, and susceptibility of candida species became critical management of fungal infections.9 Need For The Study: The study was done to emphasize the role of laboratory investigations in patients with vaginitis, as presumptive clinical diagnosis alone can lead to false interpretation and treatment mismanagement. TheMethods: present study is a cross sectional observational study conducted from January 2019 to February 2020 for about a period of one year among 300 women aged 15-49 years with vaginal discharge attending gynecology OPD, Government Maternity Hospital, Tirupati. This study included 300 subjects with a mean age of 30.4 ± 7.26 years. Nearly halfResults: of (49.33%) our study population was aged between 25 to 34years, a majority (47%) of women had bacterial vaginosis, followed by Candida in 39.33%, trichomonas vaginalis in 14.33%, mixed infections in 6.67% and 6% with no organisms. Among Candida species, 48.31% of participants had candida albicans, 23.73% had candida tropicalis, 19.49% had candida krusei, and 8.47% had candida glabrata, and of them 38.33% participants had voriconazole sensitivity, 32.33% participants had ketoconazole sensitivity, 26% participants had clotrimazole sensitivity, and 21.33% participants had fluconazole sensitivity. Among 118 candida infected 106 (89.83%) participants came for follow-up, of which symptoms subsided in 90 (84.91%) participants. In conclusion, our study with 300 women patients complaining ofConclusion: vaginal discharge found a majority of them belonging to the sexually active age group. Vaginal discharge was more prevalent in lower economic status and rural areas. Bacterial vaginosis was the most common and frequent etiology, followed by Candida. TV was the least common etiology for vaginal discharge.

Generisches Maskulinum vs. „geschlechtergerechte“ Sprache

This article deals with the current public discussion in Germany about so-called gendering. It is a kind of “culture war” between a small but very vocal social group fighting tooth and nail for “gender equality” in everyday language practice and the advocates of language purity and the opponents of language distortion on the other side. The author begins with a brief account of earlier attempts to manipulate language for ideological and political purposes before moving on to the various forms of distortion of contemporary German in terms of a completely false interpretation of women’s emancipation. Language is an invaluable cultural asset that must be protected just like cultural and natural monuments (monument and nature conservation).

LB891 MANTIS: An integrated digital process for 3-D deconstruction of human skin immune landscape

The human skin is a tightly-organized ecosystem composed of a dense network of thick structural appendices surrounding naturally-resident and recruited immune cells. Routine clinical assays, such as conventional immunohistochemistry, fail to resolve the regional heterogeneity and immune topology of inflammatory skin conditions, which can lead to false interpretation. Here we introduce MANTIS (Multiplexed Annotated Tissue Imaging System), a flexible analytical system specifically designed for spatially-resolved immune-phenotyping of the skin in thick experimental samples or large clinical cohorts. Combining multiplexed 3-D imaging, machine learning and unsupervised bioinformatics, MANTIS automatically projects a representative digital immune landscape, while enabling interactive gating of anatomical regions and concomitant single-cell data quantification of biomarkers. We leverage these properties to analyze skin biopsies from healthy and pathological conditions.

Mechanistic Research for the Student or Educator (Part II of II).

This two-part series describes how to test hypotheses on molecular mechanisms that underlie biological phenomena, using preclinical drug testing as a simplified example. While pursuing drug testing in preclinical research, students will need to understand the limitations of descriptive as well as mechanistic studies. The former does not identify any causal links between two or more variables; it identifies the presence or absence of correlations. Parts I and II of this educational series encourage the student to 1) ensure the sensitivity and specificity of their measurements, 2) establish or optimize an appropriate disease model, 3) find pharmaceutical drug doses/concentrations that interfere with experimental disease processes, 4) leverage the literature and exploratory datasets to craft a mechanism-oriented hypothesis on drug binding and downstream effects, 5) and design a full-factorial experiment to test the hypothesis after sketching potential outcomes and imagining their interpretations. These creative goals facilitate the choice of the appropriate positive and negative controls to avoid false data interpretations. Here, Part II describes in detail how to test for a causal link between drug-induced activation of biological targets and therapeutic outcomes. Upon completion of this two-part series, the new student will have some of the tools in hand to design mechanistic studies, interpret the outcomes of their research, and avoid technical and theoretical pitfalls, which can otherwise decelerate scientific progress and squander human and financial resources.

Frequent flaws encountered in the manuscripts of kinetic papers.

In the manuscripts dealing with thermoanalytical kinetics, many flaws, mistakes, and misconceptions are encountered repeatedly. In this paper, frequent flaws encountered in manuscript of kinetic papers are reviewed, mainly those originating in the false interpretation of the general rate equation, improper employment of integral isoconversional methods, conclusions drawn from the values of a single kinetic parameter, absence of error estimation and application of single-heating rate methods. Assessment of the quality of kinetic treatment is also noticed. Some experimental imperfections that could lead to incorrect values of kinetic parameters are mentioned.

Cognitive Distortions and Its Relation to some Variables of University Students

The aim of the current research is to build a scale of cognitive distortions among university students, to identify the level of cognitive distortions among university students, and to know the significance of statistical differences in cognitive distortions according to gender, specialization and stage of study. The current research is limited to students of Salah al-Din University in Erbil governorate in its various faculties and who are continuing in morning studies according to the variables (gender, specialization, academic stage) for the academic year (2020-2021). The current research relied on the following procedures to obtain the scale:
 1-A scale of cognitive distortions was developed and built according to the Beak model, consisting of (7) dimensions: (dual thinking, overgeneralization, personalism, compulsions and imperatives, false interpretation, and unfair comparison).
 2-Presenting the items (cognitive distortions) to a group of experts in education and psychology to extract the apparent validity of the cognitive distortions scale as well as extracting the construction echo for them.
 3-The research sample included (500) male and female students who were chosen randomly.
 4- Analysis of the scale items using the upper and lower group method.
 5- Extracting the stability of the scale by the re-test method, as it reached on the scale (0.83) and in the half-segmentation method for the cognitive distortions scale it reached (0.93) and by the Cronbach’s Alpha method for the scale reached (0.94)
 After applying the cognitive distortions scale to the sample members and analyzing their data statistically by using (SPSS), the following results were reached:
 1- The sample members had a level of defined distortions.
 2- There are no statistically significant differences in cognitive distortions among the university students according to the two variables (gender and specialization), and there are statistically significant differences according to the academic stage variable.
 In light of the research results, a number of conclusions were reached and a number of recommendations and suggestions were presented.

Analysis of User Behaviour While Interpreting Spatial Patterns in Point Data Sets

Volunteered geographic information is often generated as voluminous point data, leading to geometric and thematic clutter when presented on maps. To solve these clutter problems, cartography provides various point generalization operations such as aggregation, simplification or selection. While these operations reduce the total number of points and therefore improve the readability, information preservation could be harmed when specific spatial patterns disappear through the generalization process, possibly leading to false interpretations. However, sets of map generalization constraints that maintain spatial pattern characteristics of point data are still missing. To define constraints that support synoptic interpretation tasks, user behaviour while solving these tasks has to be analysed first. We conduct a study where participants have to perform such interpretation tasks, using a new method that combines think-aloud interviews and techniques from visual analytics. We reveal that the point density of a dataset has the biggest impact on the user behaviour and the respective task-solving strategy, independently from the actual task type executed. Furthermore, our results show that the graphical map complexity only has a minor impact on the user behaviour, and there is no evidence that point data cardinality influences task execution and the solution-finding strategies.

Identification and Suppression of Magnetotelluric Noise via a Deep Residual Network

The magnetotelluric (MT) method is widely applied in petroleum, mining, and deep Earth structure exploration but suffers from cultural noise. This noise will distort apparent resistivity and phase, leading to false geological interpretation. Therefore, denoising is indispensable for MT signal processing. The sparse representation method acts as a critical role in MT denoising. However, this method depends on the sparse assumption leading to inadequate denoising results in some cases. We propose an alternative MT denoising approach, which can achieve accurate denoising without assumptions on datasets. We first design a residual network (ResNet), which has an excellent fitting ability owing to its deep architecture. In addition, the ResNet network contains skip-connection blocks to guarantee the robustness of network degradation. As for the number of training, validation, and test datasets, we use 10,000,000; 10,000; and 100 field data, respectively, and apply the gradual shrinkage learning rate to ensure the ResNet’s generalization. In the noise identification stage, we use a small-time window to scan the MT time series, after which the gramian angular field (GAF) is applied to help identify noise and divide the MT time series into noise-free and noise data. We keep the noise-free data section in the denoising stage, and the noise data section is fed into our network. In our experiments, we test the performances of different time window sizes for noise identification and suppression and record corresponding time consumption. Then, we compare our approach with sparse representation methods. Testing results show that our approach can obtain the desired denoising results. The accuracy and loss curves show that our approach can well suppress the MT noise, and our network has a good generalization. To further validate our approach’s effectiveness, we show the apparent resistivity, phase, and polarization direction of test datasets. Our approach can adjust the distortion of apparent resistivity and phase and randomize the polarization direction distribution. Although our approach requires the high quality of the training dataset, it achieves accurate MT denoising after training and can be meaningful in cases of a severe MT noisy environment.

Intracellular flow cytometry staining of antibody-secreting cells using phycoerythrin-conjugated antibodies: pitfalls and solutions.

BackgroundAntibody-secreting cells are terminally differentiated B cells that play a critical role in humoral immunity through immunoglobulin secretion along with possessing the potential to be long-lived. It is now appreciated that ASCs regulate multiple aspects of biology through the secretion of various cytokines. In this regard, ICFC is a key tool used to assess the presence of intracellular proteins such as cytokines and transcription factors.MethodsParaformaldehyde plus saponin or the eBioscience Foxp3/Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set were used to evaluate the non-specific intracellular retention of phycoerythrin-containing antibody conjugates by ASCs.ResultsWe showed that the use of phycoerythrin-containing antibody conjugates led to a false interpretation of ASC intracellular protein expression compared with other cell types. This was mainly due to the inappropriate retention of these antibodies specifically within ASCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated how to reduce this retention which allowed for a more accurate comparison of intracellular protein expression between ASCs and other cell types such as B lymphocytes. Using this methodology, our data revealed that spleen ASCs expressed toll-like receptor 7 as well as the pro-form of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β.ConclusionIncreasing the number of centrifugation steps performed on ASCs post-fixation leads to inappropriate retention of phycoerythrin-containing antibody conjugates during ICFC.

GPR denoising via shearlet transformation and a data‐driven tight frame

ABSTRACTGround‐penetrating radar (GPR) is commonly used to detect buried and near‐surface geophysical structures. GPR denoising is necessary because some level of interference, such as from clutter, random noise and/or the column artefact, are inevitable and can cause false geological interpretations. Existing sparse representation methods, including wavelet transformation, curvelet transformation and dictionary learning, are critical in GPR denoising. However, they perform poorly in some cases because GPR data cannot be represented efficiently under severe interference. Thus, this study proposes an approach that combines shearlet transformation (ST) and a data‐driven tight frame (DDTF) to improve data sparsity. The ST can provide the prior information of GPR data to the DDTF, while the DDTF can self‐adaptively represent GPR data. First, we separate significant reflections and interferences using ST. Second, we apply the DDTF to further suppress the interferences by setting different thresholds in different ST scales and directions. Finally, we adopt inverse transformations to recover the GPR data. In the experiments, ST is used to show the differences between the significant reflections and interferences of the synthetic GPR data. We also sequentially remove each interference of the synthetic GPR data to clearly highlight the performance of the method. To ensure the effectiveness of the ST‐DDTF approach, we test the method using synthetic GPR data from different models, along with some example field GPR data. The ST‐DDTF method, which is aimed at improving data sparsity, shows state‐of‐the‐art results relative to more standard GPR denoising methods. Although our approach is time consuming, it is useful in processing small GPR data and obtaining accurate denoising results.

ANATOMICAL STUDY OF CORONARY ARTERIES AND ITS BRACHING PATTERN IN COSTAL ANDHRA PRADESH POPULATION

Aim: The aim of this anatomical study of coronary arteries and its branching pattern in costal andhra pradesh population is to assess risk factors for occurrence of CADs. Methods: Conventional Dissection method. Results: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death and disability in developed countries, and incidence of CAD is increasing annually in the underdeveloped world. Today, percutaneous coronary intervention plays a major role both in diagnosis and treatment of CAD. This present study was done to assess the normal patterns of coronary arteries with reference to its origin, branching pattern, caliber, predominance, variations and anomalies. 100 adult male and female cadaveric and fresh hearts preserved with 10% formalin were obtained from the Department of Anatomy & Department of forensic, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh. The origins, various branching patterns and diameter of right and left coronary arteries were observed. Both RCA & LCA was originating from the anterior aortic sinus in 100% and LCA from left posterior aortic sinus in 100. In the present study, termination of RCA occurs between acute margin and crux of heart in 8% of specimens, at PIVA posterior Interventricular artery or crux of heart in 12% of specimens, in between crux and obtuse margin of the heart in 76% of specimens, at the obtuse margin of the heart in 4% of specimens. The main trunk of LCA divides into two branches (bifurcation) in 76% of specimens, into three branches (trifurcation) in 20% of specimens, into four branches (quadrifurcation) in 2% of specimen, into five (pentafurcation) branches in 2% of specimen. The minimum diameter of RCA was 2.5 mm. The maximum diameter ofRCAwas 3.9mm. The minimum diameter of LCA was 2.6 mm the maximum LCA diameter was 6.2 mm. In 100 specimens the posterior interventricular artery arose from the right coronary artery indicating right dominance in 90 specimens and in 10 specimens from the left circumflex coronary artery indicating left dominance. Right dominance was present in 90%, left dominance in 10% and co-dominance was nil. Variations in branching pattern of coronary arteries as reported in present study necessitate its importance for proper diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease. Conclusion: Arterial pattern and its variations are important to prevent false interpretation of the arterial angiograms in management of coronary artery diseases.

Prosperity Gospel: Effects on Nigerian Christian Church and Society

The paper examines effects of prosperity gospel on contemporary Nigerian Christian church and society. It discussed its historical origin and noted that it was birthed in USA and since the seventies now spreading among Nigerian Christian churches and society like corona virus. The study used historical and descriptive methods in its analysis. It discovered that most prosperity teachings are misused, thus, giving a false impression and interpretation about what the Bible really teaches. Finding revealed that, prosperity teachings in a way gives one a sense of hope, direction and reassurance that the life one lives can get better if one can only have faith in God. Equally, it was observed that the prosperity preachers or churches are quite correct in pointing believers to God and the wonderful promises made in his word in order to get their needs met. However, many of these preachers or churches have misused the gospel for monetization, lust for materialism, crimes and selfish advantages and thereby impoverishing their congregation the more rather than improving their lots. This in-turn has reduced the spiritual and moral capacity of the people in the church and society. The work recommended among other thing that the purpose of gospel preachers today should rather focus on doctrinal issues related to desire for the kingdom of God, soul-winning, salvation of man, hard work and good conduct in the church and society than lust for materialism and commercialization of religious activities.

The Effect of Mask Style and Fabric Selection on the Comfort Properties of Fabric Masks.

The purpose of fabric masks in the prevention of the spread of COVID-19 often requires that the masks be worn for extended periods without removal. The management of the conditions in the micro-climate inside the masks is important to keep the wearer comfortable and enhance user compliance. In this study, the effect of mask design and fabric type on the micro-climate was investigated using thermocron iButtons to record the temperature and humidity inside the masks. It was found that the mask style, and its effect on the amount of air incorporated in the micro-climate, had a significant influence on the factors that determine the temperature and humidity levels. In the shaped masks, the impact of the mask design on the results was stronger than the effect of fabric type. In the folded masks that fit snugly around the face, the effect of fabric type was significant, and both fibre composition and fabric structure contributed to the differences in the performance of the three fabrics tested. In the case of the masks with an inserted filter, a significant amount of trapped still air in the fabric layers and the increased mask stiffness had the strongest effect on the temperature and humidity inside the masks. Significant differences were also found in the temperatures recorded in the different time segments, highlighting the importance of conducting comfort evaluations over a long enough time to prevent false interpretations. The results of this study emphasize the importance of considering all the components of mask design, namely style, fibre type, and fabric structure, in the development of masks to enhance user compliance.

Library Preparation and Sequencing Platform Introduce Bias in Metagenomic-Based Characterizations of Microbiomes.

ABSTRACTMetagenomics is increasingly used to describe microbial communities in biological specimens. Ideally, the steps involved in the processing of the biological specimens should not change the microbiome composition in a way that it could lead to false interpretations of inferred microbial community composition. Common steps in sample preparation include sample collection, storage, DNA isolation, library preparation, and DNA sequencing. Here, we assess the effect of three library preparation kits and two DNA sequencing platforms. Of the library preparation kits, one involved a PCR step (Nextera), and two were PCR free (NEXTflex and KAPA). We sequenced the libraries on Illumina HiSeq and NextSeq platforms. As example microbiomes, two pig fecal samples and two sewage samples of which aliquots were stored at different storage conditions (immediate processing and storage at −80°C) were assessed. All DNA isolations were performed in duplicate, totaling 80 samples, excluding controls. We found that both library preparation and sequencing platform had systematic effects on the inferred microbial community composition. The different sequencing platforms introduced more variation than library preparation and freezing the samples. The results highlight that all sample processing steps need to be considered when comparing studies. Standardization of sample processing is key to generating comparable data within a study, and comparisons of differently generated data, such as in a meta-analysis, should be performed cautiously.IMPORTANCE Previous research has reported effects of sample storage conditions and DNA isolation procedures on metagenomics-based microbiome composition; however, the effect of library preparation and DNA sequencing in metagenomics has not been thoroughly assessed. Here, we provide evidence that library preparation and sequencing platform introduce systematic biases in the metagenomic-based characterization of microbial communities. These findings suggest that library preparation and sequencing are important parameters to keep consistent when aiming to detect small changes in microbiome community structure. Overall, we recommend that all samples in a microbiome study are processed in the same way to limit unwanted variations that could lead to false conclusions. Furthermore, if we are to obtain a more holistic insight from microbiome data generated around the world, we will need to provide more detailed sample metadata, including information about the different sample processing procedures, together with the DNA sequencing data at the public repositories.

Multidisciplinary Approach in Vaccination of a Child with Food Allergy: Clinical Case

Children with chicken egg protein allergy are denied performing vaccination against measles, mumps, influenza in Russian Federation thus far, thus it is unreasonable. This article presents a clinical case of 2 years 6 months old boy with cow’s milk protein allergy symptoms and high levels of specific IgE antibodies (sIgE) to chicken egg protein. He was unreasonably denied performing vaccination against measles, rubella, and mumps at the place of residence according to false interpretation of the clinical situation as the absolute contraindication for vaccination. Lately, the child was successfully vaccinated against these infections at Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in “Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences”. The examination dynamics is presented, as well as the data on the extended allergy diagnostics of separate components via the ISAC allergochip. Finally, the prognosis on food allergy resolution and recommendations on nutrition and further vaccination were given for this patient.

Diagnostic Cytopathology of Peritoneal Washings.

Peritoneal washings used for cytologic evaluation are collected at the outset of surgical exploration of women with gynecologic cancers to assist in determining extent of disease and follow-up therapy.While there are similarities to ascites, these samples have differences that must be recognized in order to avoid false positive interpretations. Non-neoplastic mesothelial alterations including heterogeneous reactive changes, endosalpingiosis , endometriosis and tumor rupture are typically not seen in ascites samples but can be seen in peritoneal washings from women with malignancies that have not extended to the peritoneal cavity.Awareness of these potential pitfalls and knowledge of the associated tumor type will facilitate accurate interpretation. When these caveats are recognized, peritoneal washing cytology results are a useful adjunct in helping to determine patient follow-up in women with gynecologic malignancies.

Ghost Lineages Highly Influence the Interpretation of Introgression Tests.

Most species are extinct, those that are not are often unknown. Sequenced and sampled species are often a minority of known ones. Past evolutionary events involving horizontal gene flow, such as horizontal gene transfer, hybridization, introgression, and admixture, are therefore likely to involve “ghosts,” that is extinct, unknown, or unsampled lineages. The existence of these ghost lineages is widely acknowledged, but their possible impact on the detection of gene flow and on the identification of the species involved is largely overlooked. It is generally considered as a possible source of error that, with reasonable approximation, can be ignored. We explore the possible influence of absent species on an evolutionary study by quantifying the effect of ghost lineages on introgression as detected by the popular D-statistic method. We show from simulated data that under certain frequently encountered conditions, the donors and recipients of horizontal gene flow can be wrongly identified if ghost lineages are not taken into account. In particular, having a distant outgroup, which is usually recommended, leads to an increase in the error probability and to false interpretations in most cases. We conclude that introgression from ghost lineages should be systematically considered as an alternative possible, even probable, scenario. [ABBA–BABA; D-statistic; gene flow; ghost lineage; introgression; simulation.]

Corrigenda Porolissensia (II). Authentic, or Forgery? Critical Analysis of Some Early Christian Evidence at Porolissum

The author briefly presents some famous forgeries in Roman archeology and epigraphy starting from the Renaissance till to the 21st century. After this introduction he is reanalyzing a Roman shard from Porolissum having incised after burning signs and letters interpreted several times as Early Christian symbols and texts. The author carefully examines the find starting from the unknown conditions of discovery, till to the interpretation of the texts. His conclusion is that the signs and inscriptions are not authentic, but it is a forgery not identified by the archaeologists of the period. In a second part of the study the author is debating other two false interpretations of two Roman buildings at Porolissum. First one was the temple of Palmyrene god Bel which was considered as transformed into a Christian Basilica in the 4th century after the Roman administration left Dacia. The allegation was not supported by any positive evidence and on this ground is rejected by the author of the present article. The second case is the shrine of goddess Nemesis identified based on an inscription under the stone stands of the amphitheater. The idea of a Christian martyrial church proposed cannot be accepted. The author demonstrates why it is impossible to imagine at Porolissum the existence of these Christian churches in the 4th century.