False Certificates Research Articles

민사소송에 있어서 의무기록의 증거력에 대한 고찰

There are two types of credibility under the Civil Procedure Act: formal and practical credibility. The formal credibility under the Civil Procedure Act is Article 356 (Official Documents) and Article 358 (Private Documents). Public documents are less likely to be counterfeited, making it easier to presume than private documents. This is acceptable in that the Criminal Law punishes the crime of forgery of public documents more heavily than the crime of forgery of private documents. However, given modern high-tech counterfeiting technology, it does not seem very convincing, so it now seems necessary to consolidate and reorganize the presumption regulations. Moreover, applying these current regulations to the authentication of medical records leads to unreasonable results. Even though medical personnel with the same qualifications and abilities prepared the same medical records, it is not reasonable to make a difference in the presumption of authenticity because they are classified as public documents or private documents depending on whether the author is a public official.
 Next, we will look at the practical credibility of the document. The case presupposes that formal credibility is recognized, official documents presume or recognize practical credibility regardless of disposition documents or report documents. but Private documents presume or recognize practical credibility in principle for disposition documents, but not for report documents. It is inappropriate to explain that there is a difference in the credibility of the content in that there is no crime of creating false private documents for private documents compared to the crime of creating false official documents for public documents. This is because there is no criminal legal basis for presuming or recognizing practical credibility in the case of disposition documents among private documents. On the other hand, for medical records, even if they are private documents, the criminal law stipulates the crime of preparing false medical certificates and There is also a provision in the Medical Law that punishes counterfeiting the contents of medical records. Therefore, unlike general private documents, medical records should be widely recognized for their practical credibility because they can be said to guarantee the reliability of the contents, whether they are public, private, disposition, or report documents.

Measurement-device-independent nonlinear entanglement witnesses

Entanglement witnesses (EWs) are one of the most effective methods to detect entanglement. It is known that nonlinear EW provide better entanglement detection than their linear counterparts, in that the former detect a strictly larger subset of entangled states than the latter. Whether linear or nonlinear, the method is measurement-device dependent, so that imperfect measurements may cause false certification of entanglement in a shared state. Measurement-device-independent EW provide an escape from such measurement dependence of the entanglement detection for linear EW. Here we present measurement-device-independent nonlinear EW for non-positive partial transpose entangled states as well as for bound entangled states with positive partial transpose. Although the witness considered herein does not detect a larger set of entangled states than other nonlinear EW, it is more efficient in that it never leads to a false detection corresponding to wrong measurements. The constructed measurement-device-independent nonlinear EW certify the entanglement of the same sets of entangled states as their device-dependent parents do, and therefore are better than the linear EW, device-independent or otherwise.

Covid 19 corruption in the public health sector - Emerging evidence from Bangladesh.

This paper explores the Covid-19-related corruption in Bangladesh. Specifically, we analyse the issue of Covid-19-related corruption in the health sector of Bangladesh. We also explore how denial strategies adapted by government officials have worsened the problem. Using Cohen's (2001) notion of denial strategies, we analyse media reports during the pandemic that highlighted Covid-19-related corruption occurring in the Bangladeshi health sector. Our analyses reveal that the Covid-19 pandemic has given rise to a new wave of corruption, particularly in the procurement of testing kits and personal protective equipment (PPE), as well as the issuance of false COVID-19 certificates. We call for an in-depth investigation of Covid-19-related corruption in Bangladesh and other developing countries that follows similar social, contextual and cultural values via interviews with policymakers and health professionals. Our paper extends the ongoing debate on Covid-19-related corruption and its impacts on the public health sectors.

Des catholiques au secours des Juifs sous l’Occupation [Catholic Aid to Jews under the Occupation] by Limore Yagil

Reviewed by: Des catholiques au secours des Juifs sous l’Occupation [Catholic Aid to Jews under the Occupation] by Limore Yagil Rebecca Moore Des catholiques au secours des Juifs sous l’Occupation [Catholic Aid to Jews under the Occupation]. By Limore Yagil. (Montrouge: Bayard. 2022. Pp. 359. €21.90. ISBN: 9782750914448). French-Israeli historian Limore Yagil is well-equipped to write about how Catholic Christians under the Occupation helped Jews living in France. The author of at least eight books about World War II, she has examined Christian resistance to Nazism, both Catholic and Protestant, in numerous venues. The present volume concentrates specifically on Catholic efforts undertaken in France. Examinations by other authors have highlighted Protestant endeavors, so Yagil’s focus on Catholic interventions is a welcome addition to the literature about righteous gentiles—those non-Jews who came to the aid of Jews during World War II. Yagil begins by noting the paradox of Jewish survival in France compared to other European nations. Although almost a quarter of the Jews in France—especially foreign-born Jewish refugees—were deported to death camps, an astounding 75 percent survived. This is in contrast to neighboring countries like the Netherlands (with 80 percent deported) and Belgium (with 45 percent deported). Although part of the explanation may lie in France’s topography and politics, a large part of Jewish survival according to the author was due to the efforts of bishops, priests, seminarians, men and women religious, and lay Catholics. An important distinction that Yagil makes throughout the book is between public pronouncements condemning anti-Jewish laws, internment camps, and deportations, and the secret—and more important in her view—actions that occurred in church sanctuaries, behind convent and monastery walls, and with church approval. These covert undertakings required formal church involvement, such as issuing baptismal certificates, work permits, enrollment documents, identity cards, and travel authorizations. While the creation of paperwork may appear trivial, these documents were required for employment, education, travel, and obtaining basic necessities under the Nazi Occupation. Other activities, which frequently required church oversight and funding, included offering housing, providing schooling, hiding refugees, and, on occasion, smuggling Jews out of the country. The heart and soul of the book comprises seven chapters that recount the actions of each and every diocese before and during the war. This is a monumental body of research, which Yagil obtained by scouring diocesan records, ledgers, letters, [End Page 215] speeches, and other documents. She begins in the south of France, on the border with Spain along the Pyrenees. This was the most dangerous location for rescue given the fact that most of the French internment camps were located here, and the Gestapo patrolled the border for those in flight. Networks of clerics, religious, and lay Catholics, working with Jews, Protestants, and Communists, ran large and small operations. She concludes with consideration of the diocese of Paris and dioceses in the west. Yagil discusses the question of conversion, especially of Jewish children, throughout the book and asserts that ecclesiastical leadership strongly condemned conversionary efforts. The historian could find no directive to convert in any of the archives she examined, and takes pains to reiterate the claim that a false baptismal certificate was not considered a conversion. She states that no more than forty or fifty children were converted, out of 10,500 rescued. Like the issue of baptism and conversion, the question of Pope Pius XII’s role during World War II is also addressed. According to Yagil, the pontiff provided financial help and tacit support to the dioceses of France. The pope’s silence, she writes, “hides concretely the many discreet initiatives of rescue and mutual aid” that occurred in Italy, other European countries, and in particular, France (p. 333). The great strength of Des catholiques au secours des Juifs sous l’Occupation, however, is its detailed presentation of the actions of ordinary, and extraordinary, Catholics in every diocese in France. Limore Yagil relates countless stories of heroism, based on meticulous research. One comes away from this book with deep appreciation for the leadership shown at all levels of the Church. It is to be hoped, therefore, that an English translation of this valuable...

Towards a New Model for the Production of Civil Status Records Using Blockchain

The work presented in this article focuses on document forgery. Document fraud is a generic term used to designate a fraud, a falsification of a document. The said falsification can be observed in several sectors of everyday life. For a better illustration, let’s consider a system for producing civil status forms. The birth certificate is generally the basis of any individual’s life, and if this document is falsified, it can have repercussions at several levels, particularly in the academic field, where false diplomas, false national identity cards, false passports, false marriage certificates, etc. are obtained. It is therefore demonstrated that a secure production unit for civil status forms can be beneficial to both developed and developing countries. In addition, smart contract is proposed using a private Hyperledger fabric blockchain for validation of civil status documents, and a non-state public key management infrastructure is also proposed to authenticate the nodes that will validate the transactions. This improved blockchain solves the problem of falsification of civil status documents, as false nodes can contribute to the validation of a transaction. The contribution of such a hybrid system is of paramount importance for the identity of civil status documents on the one hand and for the identity of documents in general, and the blockchain to guarantee the distributed, unforgeable, non-repudiation, transparency and disintermediation character.

Health System Barriers to Child Mandatory and Optional Vaccination among Ukrainian Migrants in Poland in the Context of MMR and HPV Vaccines-A Qualitative Study.

Background Migrants' access to healthcare services is limited. This study aimed to identify health system barriers to vaccination, specifically HPV/MMR vaccination among children in Ukrainian economic migrants (UMs). Methods Between December 2021-March 2022, a qualitative study of UMs living in Poland was conducted. Six focus groups were held with 53 UMs aged 15-45; in-depth interviews with 12 healthcare workers (HCWs) were also performed. A thematic analysis was conducted based on the six WHO health system building blocks. Results HCWs described gaps in integrating migrant status in accessible healthcare data which impeded active management of vaccination procedures. UMs reported that the digitization of healthcare services, intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic, reduced their access to primary care. Inadequate health information systems caused problems with the provision of credible vaccine information in translated forms, and language difficulties, experienced by both UMs and HCWs; this was enhanced by a lack of professional interpreting services. Although most UMs reported vaccinating children according to the Polish schedule, the variations in schedules across countries caused concern among UMs and increased HCWs' uncertainty about how to interpret vaccination cards, particularly in the context of possible false certificates. UMs were affected by discrimination through HCWs. HPV was deprioritized by UMs due to misconceptions about non-mandatory vaccinations; the cost was also a barrier. Conclusions The study findings have implications for migrant vaccination delivery targeting children in Poland, and other UMs receiving countries. A concerted effort is required to improve UM's awareness of the significance of vaccinations. Barriers to healthcare access must be recognized by policymakers. Importantly, removing the cost barrier may increase the uptake of the HPV vaccine among Ukrainian migrant adolescents.

A Story with Characters and Action

A Story with Characters and Action

Pembuatan Berita Acara Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham Yang Memuat Tanda Tangan Palsu Oleh Notaris (Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor 148/Pid.B/2019/PN Gin)

A negligent notary will cause problems that can cause legal defects in the notary deed and cause a lawsuit on the notary. there is an omission of a notary because the notary does not pay attention in the principle of prudence therefore the Notary in the process of making an authentic deed so that in practice there are often problems that often arise due to the crimes of the parties such as falsifying identity, fake signatures, fake receipts, false certificates and fake letters that cause legal defects in the notary deed and result in criminal and civil law loopholes for the notary, Even in practice, there are often notaries called both as witnesses and even as suspects because of their problematic deeds. This research method uses Normative Juridical. The problem in this study is how to compensate for losses due to actions that have been done by notaries based on decision No. 148 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN. Gin? and Why the judge's consideration in the decision Number 148 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN. Gin stated that a Notary who is proven to falsify signatures is not a criminal offense? The conclusion of this study is because the incorrect signature is to imitate the signature of others, whether with his consent or not. Notaries are faced with a loss where obtaining letters and information by the parties is false then it can harm a notary who has carried out his duties in good faith is even considered to participate because the parties provide false statements into the authentic notary deed.

Analysis of the Reform Effectiveness of Vocational Skill Identification Based on the New Social Training Model in the New Era under Deep Learning Assessment.

In order to be able to make full use of domain knowledge to improve the performance of skill word extraction, this paper proposes a skill word extraction method based on a combination of deep learning and corpus features. Skill word extraction is transformed into a sequence annotation problem, and based on the basic model of sequence annotation, Bi-LSTM-CRF, corpus features are added to the input layer, and the output of the input layer is connected with the Bi-LSTM output as the input of the CRF layer. The experimental results show timely updating of the question bank, paying attention to the quality of vocational skill identification, and strictly managing the issuance of vocational qualification false certificates.

Ethics and Law.

Ethics and Law.

Transportation Attache’s Role in Fraudulent Certificates of Indonesian Seafarers in Singapore Area

The concept of Indonesia as Global Maritime Nexus (GMN) in the appliance divided by 5 (five) sectors, which are culture, economy, connectivity, diplomacy and security. The competence of human resource, i.e: seafarer needs to be fixed, especially in the quality. The increasing of life necessities creates lot of seafarers and society choose instant method to make seafarer false certificate. Transportation Attache of Indonesian Embassy in Singapore as one of the important stakeholder in signing seaman book in Singapore area has important role to solve seafarer fraudulent certificate. This research has purpose to know the causes as well as the impact of fraudulent seafarer certificates around Singapore area, and to know the mechanism done by Transportation Attache of Indonesia Embassy in Singapore. This research used qualitative method. Observation, interview and literature studies are done to obtain the data. To test the data validity, researcher performed research-extension and triangulation method. The results of this research are: 1) the cause of fraudulent seafarer certificates is seafarers’ deviant social behaviour, the weak system of Indonesian seafarer online certification, and the opportunity and chance for seafarers to do fraud. 2) The impacts from this case are a lot of seafarers face hard time to find jobs in Singapore shipping companies, the lack of trust from abroad companies to recruit Indonesian seafarer, also blacklist toward Indonesian seafarers with certain ranks in several companies. 3) The efforts to solve this case are to strictly apply the monitoring and checking function along with Minister Instruction number 4 year 2018, to do issue verification with the related training institution and cooperate with State Cyber and Code Agency that is called Badan Standardisasi Siber Nasional (BSSN) to strengthen the security system of seafarer certification.

Vaccination concerns, beliefs and practices among Ukrainian migrants in Poland: a qualitative study

BackgroundUkrainians numbering approximately 1.2 million are the largest migrant group in Poland. Data on vaccination coverage among migrants are not collected in EU, including Poland. Therefore, this qualitative study aimed to identify vaccination practices in this migrant group, to explore facilitators and barriers to vaccination and related access to Polish healthcare services.MethodsIn September 2019, a qualitative study of Ukrainian migrants (UMs) living in Szczecin, Poland, and recruited through a snowball sampling method, was conducted. Using a semi-structured topic guide, four focus groups were held with 22 UMs aged 18–45. Participants were asked about their attitudes towards vaccination in general with comparison between services in Poland and Ukraine. Following transcription and translation, a thematic analysis was conducted.ResultsRespondents were distrustful of Ukrainian vaccination policy, medical personnel and individual vaccines, however, they often returned to Ukraine for dental and gynaecological appoint-ments. While critical with regards to registering with Polish GPs practices, UMs were confident in health professionals, as well as vaccine delivery. Vaccines were perceived as safer and of better quality than in Ukraine. Difficulties in translating vaccination records were rarely reported, verbal communi-cation was not problematic due to language similarities. All UM parents reported vaccinating their children according to the Polish schedule. However, a significant number of adult UMs have not completed mandatory vaccinations, although they may have obtained false immunization certificates; according to UMs those can be obtained by bribing. Participants reported lower acceptance of the influenza vaccine, mainly due to perceptions around its importance; none had been vaccinated against influenza. None of UMs had heard of the HPV vaccine. UMs experienced challenges in accessing credible online vaccination information in Ukrainian, no official local health authority vaccination material existed either, except for information about measles.ConclusionsThis study pinpointed positive UM attitudes and practices regarding child vaccination in the Polish healthcare system and identified issues for improvement, such as adult vaccination. Health communication should be more tailored within UMs information delivery systems to enable migrants to make informed choices about vaccination. Further research is needed to better assess factors affecting vaccine uptake identified in this study.

The Criminal Liability for the Medical Reports that Contradict Reality under the Qatari and Jordanian Laws: A comparative study

The study deals with a very important topic, which is “the criminal liability arising from medical reports contrary to reality in Jordanian law (a comparative study).” The importance of this study is followed by the fact that it deals with an important and sensitive topic related to achieving justice. Medical reports contrary to reality have become a phenomenon witnessed by society, and it has become resorted to Some have the right to curse and plot against others, or in order to accuse them of accusing another person, or other improper intentions that these false and counter-factual reports seek to achieve, and despite its importance, it has not received sufficient and thorough study in Jordanian law. The study concluded that the medical report is considered an official document, meaning it enjoys legal protection. Therefore, we find that the Jordanian legislator has colored its legal protection and set a penalty for those who issue a medical report in contradiction or issued by a person not authorized to do so because it limits the parties entitled to issue reports They are the official public authorities, and accordingly, in order for the medical report to be valid, fulfilling the conditions and having legal value, it must be issued by an official authority after examining the case requesting the report. The researcher wishes for the Jordanian legislator to reformulate the texts governing the crime of giving false certificates and forgery in official documents, in order to make the elements of the crime of forgery in medical reports and to give false medical certificates sufficiently clear and specific. Key words : medical reports, false medical certifications, medical criminal liability. DOI : 10.7176/JEP/12-1-09 Publication date : January 31st 2021

Concealing Conflict Markets: How Rebels and Firms Use State Institutions to Launder Wartime Trade

AbstractAlthough rebel groups are players on the international stage, little is known about their financial strategies at this scale. Existing research suggests that rebels succeed in cross-border trade by using informal networks that evade state authority. Yet rebels face a critical challenge: they operate in a normative environment that values state recognition and penalizes their illegitimate status. New evidence reveals that rebels can overcome this barrier and better connect to global economies not by evading the state but by infiltrating its institutions. Drawing on unprecedented data—the internal records of armed groups and their trading partners—I examine how rebels use state agencies in conflict zones to manufacture a legal cover for wartime trade. By using state agencies to provide false certification, rebels can place the stamp of state on their trade deals. This strategy of legal appropriation is a fundamentally different model of how conflict markets skirt sanctions and connect to global buyers. I develop a framework for how this strategy works that traces how international sovereignty norms and sanctions regimes create incentives for rebels, firms, and bureaucrats to coordinate around this legal veneer across the supply chain. The framework and evidence contribute theoretical and policy understandings for rebel governance, state building and fragmentation, and illicit global markets.

Security Analysis on Remote Authentication against Man-in-the-Middle Attack on Secure Socket Layer

One of the biggest SSL assaults is Man-In-The-Middle. ARP poisoning and phishing are some of the principal attacks against SSL. Phishing offends the user by using false certificates or fake websites to steal certificate information. As for ARP poisoning, the attacker may act as a representative on the client/server communication channel. The MITM attack makes it difficult for users to know if they have linked to an original secured link or not. Since the certificate issued during the connection setup is not secure, an intruder can alter the details in the certificate and grant user authorization. Because a number of cliens have not been well trained above the whereabouts and their attacks, they can recognize the certificates that allow attackers to perform the attack. They can also acknowledge the attack. Two techniques have been suggested in order to cope with such assaults: first for ARP poisoning and secondly for phishing.

Land Tenure and Challenges of Tenure Security: The Case of Dedo District, South Western Ethiopia

This study examined rural land tenure issues using mixed research approach. Survey data were collected from 203 randomly selected respondents and qualitative data were generated from focus group discussions, in-depth and key informant interviews. Informal means of land access predominates in the area though some mechanisms such as renting for long period and purchasing deviates from the Federal and regional rural land administration proclamations. Women access to land is not a norm; it is possibility. Established customs held about women victimse their land right mainly post-divorce. Attributed to land fragmentation, competition overland is soaring mainly between natives and illegal settlers. Competition over forestland and land reserved for grazing negatively affected land tenure security. Land expropriation for mining industries also invoked tenure insecurity as it affects not only current holding but also erodes the readiness of farmers to cultivate fearing that they will be dispossessed. Land certification was perceived to enhance tenure security among those who were issued but manipulation by local elites and fraud compromised land rights of rural poor. Conflicts arising from traditional boundary surveying and false certification were found to affect sustainable land utilisation. Land tenure system in the area also affects the environmental resources and livelihood security of the people. This calls for robust land management strategies, which integrates customary land tenure to emerging land administration technologies to assure sustainable utilisation of environmental resources.

Higher Education: An Appropriate Realm to Impose False Claims Act Liability Under the Post-Formation Implied False Certification Theory

Higher Education: An Appropriate Realm to Impose False Claims Act Liability Under the Post-Formation Implied False Certification Theory

Phishing in Smooth Waters: The State of Banking Certificates in the US

A critical component of the solution to online masquerade attacks, in which criminals create false web pages to obtain financial information, is the hierarchy of public key certificates. Masquerade attacks include phishing, pharming, and man-in-the-middle attacks. Public key certificates ideally authenticate the website to the person, before the person authenticates to the website. Public key certificates are typically issued by certificate authorities (CAs).Banks are the most common target of phishing attacks, so we implemented an empirical study of certificates for depository institutions insured by the Federal Depository Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and compared them to general purpose, non-banking certificates. Our study of websites of FDIC-insured banks found that the current configuration fails to support website authentication. The most common failure is an absence of certificates, meaning that a false certificate would be the only valid-named certificate for that institution. Certificates with incorrect names, incorrectly structured certificates, and shared certificates all plague online banking. The vast majority of banks, especially smaller banks, apparently lack the expertise, support, or incentive to implement certificates correctly.We document the current state of bank certificates. We compare these with general-purpose certificates (e.g., the top one million websites). We survey the various proposals for the certificate market writ large, including pinning and notaries. We identify how those fit and fail to fit the unique problem of banking certificates. We close with policy and technical recommendations to alter the use of certificates so that these can be a valid basis for consumer trust.

“Under The Hand” Divorce Islamic Law Study of the Implementation of Divorce

Islamic Law regulates marriage and divorce sufficiently; Islamic jurists argue that if someone sentences the word talak and its kind to his wife then the talak is considered as valid. Meanwhile, positive law states that “Talak is a declaration of a husband performed in front of court session in Religious Court which becomes one of the reasons of divorce”. The fact shows that the people of Carenang, Serang, tend to refer on the Islamic law of divorce, not the one declared before the trial court. This matter engenders the illegal aspect of law, such as issuing a false death certificate to the former spouse. In order to elucidate the problem, the author proposes two main questions: (1) How is the concept of “under the hand” divorce based on fiqih and positive law?; (2) How is the Islamic Law review on the Article 39 Point 1 Law No. 1 of 1974 about Marriage and Article 34 of Government Regulations No. 9 of 1975? This study is conducted in normative jurisdiction and sociological jurisdiction which is comparatively descriptive analytic. This study is also conducted through mashlahah mursalah approach and Bentham utility principle. The results of the study show that; first, “under the hand” divorce performed by Carenang’s people is considered valid through the eye of Islamic Law, while it is invalid based on Positive Law due to the absence of the pledge before the trial court. Second, the behavior of “under the hand” divorce in Carenang has become a social fact and is included in Al-Maslahah al-Daruriyah category. The enactment of divorce law regulated by Article 39 Point 1 Law No. 1 of 1974 about Marriage and Article 34 of Government Regulations No. 9 of 1975 is covered in the Al-Maslahah al-Hajiyah category.

Secure and distributed certification system architecture for safety message authentication in VANET

Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) are a burgeoning research focus, aimed at creating communication among vehicles to improve the road safety and enhance driving conditions. For such networks, security is one of the most challenging issues due to their nature of wireless transmission and high topology changing frequency. In this paper, we propose a secure and distributed certification system architecture for safety message authentication in VANET, which resists against false public-key certification. To increase the availability of the authentication service, our proposal is designed through a decentralized system, supervised by a root authority. The latter authority delegates to a set of regional certification authorities the privilege of issuing public-key certificates to the vehicles. Each regional certification authority cooperates with its subordinates RSUs to sign public-key certificates using threshold signature. The main purpose of our solution is to ensure the messages authentication while respecting the imposed constraints by the real-time aspect and the nodes mobility. We demonstrate through the practical analysis and simulation results the efficiency of our solution with comparison to other concurrent protocols.