Fake Smiles Research Articles

Face masks facilitate discrimination of genuine and fake smiles – But people believe the opposite

It seems a foregone conclusion that face mask-wearing hinders the interpretation of facial expressions, increasing the risk of interpersonal miscommunication. This research identifies a notable counter-case to this apparent truism. In multiple experiments, perceivers were more accurate distinguishing between genuine and fake smiles when the mouth region was concealed under a mask versus exposed. Masks improved accuracy by shielding perceivers from the undue influence of non-diagnostic cues hidden behind masks. However, perceivers were unaware of the advantage bestowed by masks, holding, instead, the misbelief that masks severely obscure the distinction between genuine and fake smiles. Furthermore, these patterns proved to be culturally invariant rather than culturally contingent, holding true for both Westerners and Easterners.

Hippocampal volume mediates the relationship of parental rejection in childhood with social cognition in healthy adults

Childhood abuse reduces hippocampal and amygdala volumes and impairs social cognition, including the ability to recognize facial expressions. However, these associations have been studied primarily in individuals with a history of severe abuse and psychiatric symptoms; researchers have not determined whether these associations can also be observed in healthy adults. In the present study, we analyzed data from 400 healthy adults (208 men and 192 women) at Tamagawa University. Parental rejection reflecting childhood abuse was assessed using the short form of Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran, while social cognition was assessed using the “Fake Smile Detection Task.” Hippocampal and amygdala volumes were extracted from T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data using FreeSurfer. We found that greater parental rejection resulted in smaller hippocampal and amygdala volumes and poorer performance in the Fake Smile Detection Task. Structural equation modeling analysis supported the model that hippocampal volume mediates maternal rejection effect on performance on the Fake Smile Detection Task, with involvement of the amygdala. These findings are in line with the structural and functional connectivity found between the hippocampus and amygdala and their joint involvement in social cognition. Therefore, parental rejection may affect hippocampal and amygdala volumes and social cognitive function even in symptom-free adults.

Fake Smiles for the AI Boss? A Study of Employees’ Emotional Labor Performance Under AI Supervision

Fake Smiles for the AI Boss? A Study of Employees’ Emotional Labor Performance Under AI Supervision

Service with a fake smile and emotional exhaustion. Does emotional intelligence matter?

Service with a fake smile and emotional exhaustion. Does emotional intelligence matter?

Seeing Pink

Seeing Pink

Neurofeminism: Atwood Discusses Neurofeminist Issues of Consumerism and Cannibalism in the Edible Woman

Abstract: As neuroscience grows in its ability to appeal to the masses, it becomes more common to turn to it as an authority on various questions about how people shouldn't and should behave. This is especially evident with the issue of gender roles. The Edible Woman explores women's inability to eat and relationship distress, but was published at a time when the psychology of eating disorders was not often discussed. Margaret Atwood s The Edible Woman tells the story of a young woman struggling with society, her lover and food. It is often discussed as the first work of feminism. The novel's idea of consumption operates on a symbolic level. This novel explores themes of sexuality and consumerism in a layered, somewhat flamboyant style. As for the thematic exploration of the novel, the tendency of self-starvation becomes a way to express the hope of society. She feels constant pressure to conform to her dislikes, which affects her ability to eat and puts her life at risk. At the very least, neurofeminism critiques the portrayal of neuroscience in the popular media through the behaviour of Marian MacAlpin. This article provides an overview of the neurofeminist debate and current approaches to feminist neuroscience. The author concludes her review by calling for a more gender-appropriate research approach that takes into account the location and reflection within a neuroscientific framework, as well as questioning neurofeminist discourse on the use and misuse of the concept of wearing a fake smile and a red dress. Through this character of Marian McAlpin, Atwood cleverly shows that the pressure placed on women by society can have severe negative effects on their bodies and psyches. Our goal here is to examine the phenomena of neurosexism and neurofeminism using a primarily literary approach that incorporates insights from philosophy of mind, ethics, and feminist literature.

Fake smiles. Customer reactions to employees’ display inauthenticity and choice restrictions

AbstractFrontline employees’ fake smiles (i.e., positive emotion display inauthenticity) frequently occur despite firms’ efforts to ensure real smiles in service delivery. Previous research on the effects of display inauthenticity on customers reveals considerable heterogeneity. Attempts to resolve this have largely been limited to stable and dispositional factors, which often escape managerial control. The present research investigates the impacts of display inauthenticity, choice restrictions, and their interaction on service performance. Choice restrictions may buffer inauthenticity effects as demonstrated by results from three factorial experiments in different contexts (e.g., restrictions of service provider choice in predelivery in Study 1 and in‐store choice restrictions during service delivery in Studies 2 and 3). Frontline employees’ display inauthenticity negatively affects service performance only if customers are subjected to low but not high choice restrictions. The interaction effect is explained by customers’ interdependent self‐construal and is generalizable to actual spending behaviors. Our findings inform managers about the interplay of increasingly common inauthenticity and choice restrictions due to market shocks such as COVID‐19 and provide insights into managerial interventions that can be used to mitigate the effects of inauthenticity on customers.

Discriminating Fake and Real Smiles Using Electroencephalogram Signals With Convolutional Neural Networks

Genuineness of smiles is of particular interest in the field of human emotions and social interactions. In this work, we develop an experimental protocol to elicit genuine and fake smile expressions on 28 healthy subjects. Then, we assess the type of smile expressions using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals with convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Five different architectures (CNN1, CNN2, CNN3, CNN4, and CNN5) were examined to differentiate between fake and real smiles. We transform the temporal EEG signals into normalized gray-scale images and perform three-way classification to classify fake smiles, genuine smiles, and neutral expressions in the form of subject-dependent classification. We achieved the highest classification accuracy of 90.4% using CNN1 for the full EEG spectrum. Likewise, we achieved classification accuracies of 87.4%, 88.3%, 89.7%, and 90.0% using Beta, Alpha, Theta, and Delta EEG bands respectively. This paper suggests that CNNs models, widely used in image classification problems, can provide an alternative approach for smile detection from physiological signals such as the EEG.

KARYA TARI “FAKE SMILE” BERBASIS RISET

The dance work "Fake Smile" was inspired by personality disorders that exist around society, namely psychopaths. Psychopath, which is a condition in which a person cannot feel empathy and tends to commit violence to other humans without being followed by feelings of guilt for his own satisfaction. In working on this concept, the writer has an idea that is to use facial and body expressions as a medium of expression and communication as well as the property of a pyramid-shaped frame covered with cloth as an expression of the mood of a psychopath. In addition, the exploration of motion is developed from the behavior of people with psychopathic disorders which are visualized with the character of the writer. The methods used in this work include observation, data processing, literature study, selection of supporting works, exploration, motion arrangement, improvisation, and evaluation. This work consists of three parts, the first part describes the anti-social pressure, the second part describes the emotional sufferer, and the third part describes the uncontrolled body of the psychopath sufferer.

An Analysis of Figurative Language in Ariana Grande’s Album “Thank U, Next”

This study analyzes the figurative language (simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, symbol, irony and idiom) in the song lyrics. This study also aims to determine the most dominant type of figurative language and then to identify the themes of the twelve songs in the song lyrics of Ariana Grande's album "thank u next." This study used descriptive qualitative research. From the results of the analysis, the researcher found that were 73 data using figurative, nine data for simile (12.32%), 17 data for metaphor (23.28%), eight data for personification (10.95%), 10 data for hyperbole (13.69%), nine data for symbols (12.32%), four data for irony (5.47%), and 16 data for idioms (21.91%). The most dominant is a metaphor. The themes contained in each song are Denial for the song Imagine, Needed for the song Needy, Space for the song NASA, Pretend for the song Bloodline and Fake Smile, Rebound Relationship for the song Bad Idea, Relationship for the song Makeup, Brief and Regret for the song Ghost in, Misinterpreted for the song In My Head, Friendship for the song 7 Rings, Empowerment and Self-Love for the song Thank U Next, and Self-Love for the song Break Up With Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored.
 Keywords: Figurative Language, Song, Theme

Does Social Exclusion Improve Detection of Real and Fake Smiles? A Replication Study.

Research on social exclusion suggests an increased attention of excluded persons to subtle social cues. In one study (N = 32), published in Psychological Science, Bernstein et al. (2008) provided evidence for this idea by showing that participants in the social exclusion condition were better in correctly categorizing a target person’s smile as real or fake. Although highly cited, this finding has never been directly replicated. The present study aimed to fill that gap. 201 participants (79.1% female) were randomly assigned to a social exclusion, social inclusion or control condition. Next, participants watched 20 videos of smiling persons and rated whether they show a real or a fake smile. In line with the original study, results showed that participants in the exclusion condition performed better than in the control condition. However, the performance did not differ between the exclusion and inclusion condition—although the pattern was in the predicted direction. In sum, the findings of our study increase rather than decrease confidence in the validity of the investigated idea, but results point to a substantially smaller effect.

Frontline Employees’ Display of Fake Smiles and Angry Faces: When and Why They Influence Service Performance

Service firms invest much to ensure authentic and positive emotion displays from frontline employees. And yet, inauthentic positive displays (fake smiles) remain common, and at times, employees even show authentic negative displays (e.g., anger), thereby compromising service performance. Customer reactions to such unwanted emotion displays are heterogeneous, so managers need to know when possible negative effects on service performance are more or less strong. The literature on customer reactions to inauthentic displays is inconclusive and focuses on the moment of service delivery. We shine light on how predelivery choice confidence shapes customer reactions to inauthentic positive displays and demonstrate that customers’ high confidence in their service provider choice mitigates the negative effects of display inauthenticity. We present evidence in terms of tipping in a field study and replicate this interaction effect in three experiments. A serial mediation by cognitive dissonance and decision regret explains the conditional effect of inauthenticity. We also contrast inauthentic positive displays with authentic negative displays. The latter yield the worst service performance, unmitigated by choice confidence. We provide recommendations on how to ensure authentic positive displays (e.g., recruitment, resources, and rewards), taking into account circumstances that affect choice confidence and market shocks (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic).

Emotion expression and regulation in three cultures: Chinese, Japanese, and American preschoolers’ reactions to disappointment

There are strong cultural norms for how emotions are expressed, yet little is known about cultural variations in preschoolers’ outward displays and regulation of disappointment. Chinese, Japanese, and American preschoolers’ (N = 150) displays of emotion to an undesired gift were coded across both social and nonsocial contexts in a “disappointing gift” paradigm. Generalized estimating equations revealed that, regardless of culture, when children received a disappointing gift, they showed more positive expressions of emotion (“fake smile”) in social contexts (in the presence of unfamiliar and familiar examiners) relative to when they were alone, suggesting that preschool-aged children are able to mask their disappointment with positive displays. However, children’s emotion expressions varied across both cultures and contexts. American children were more positively and negatively expressive than Japanese children and were more negatively expressive than Chinese children. Chinese and Japanese preschoolers verbally reported more negative emotions but showed more neutral expressions than American preschoolers when receiving the disappointing gift. In addition, across different contexts of the task, there were subtle differences in how Chinese and Japanese children regulated their emotional expressions, with Chinese children showing similar levels of neutral expressions (e.g., “poker face”) across different contexts in the task. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of understanding cultural meanings and practices underlying emotion development during early childhood.

Looking at you: celebrity direct eye gaze influences social media post effectiveness

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce and examine the effect of a celebrity’s eye gaze on self-celebrity connection. A celebrity’s direct (vs averted) eye gaze can be used as a tactic in social media posts to increase self-celebrity connection and behavioral intentions. Examining the effectiveness of a celebrity’s eye gaze is important, as celebrities regularly use social media to manage their brand image and to build a relationship with consumers.Design/methodology/approachStudy 1 examines the effect of a celebrity’s eye gaze (direct vs averted) on self-celebrity connection. Study 2 investigates the role of celebrity authenticity in explaining the effect of a celebrity’s eye gaze on consumer–celebrity brand relationships. Study 3 examines the moderating role of a non-Duchenne smile (fake, social smile) in diluting the effect of a celebrity’s direct eye gaze on self-celebrity connection and the downstream consequences on behavioral intentions.FindingsThe findings from Study 1 indicate that a celebrity’s direct (averted) eye gaze strengthens (weakens) self-celebrity connection. Study 2 provides evidence of celebrity authenticity as the explanation for stronger consumer–celebrity connection when a celebrity is featured with a direct eye gaze. The results of Study 3 show that a fake smile in a celebrity’s social media posts can weaken relationships with and behavioral intentions toward celebrities with a direct eye gaze.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper is limited, as it focuses only on eye gaze and smiles as non-verbal cues depicted in celebrity images on social media.Practical implicationsThis paper has important implications for celebrities, celebrity brand managers (including digital/social media marketing managers and public relations professionals) and advertisers. Celebrities, celebrity brand managers and advertisers should develop social media posts that can strengthen consumer–celebrity relationships and positively influence behaviors toward the celebrity through: 1) ensuring that photographs are taken with the celebrity looking directly into the camera at the target (audience); and 2) avoiding posting images of a celebrity’s direct eye gaze with a non-Duchenne (fake) smile.Originality/valueThis paper introduces and provides evidence of a celebrity’s direct eye gaze–self-celebrity relationship effect. Tactics, such as eye gaze, can strengthen consumer–celebrity relationships, which is crucial in building brand equity and in increasing financial value for the celebrity.

Depression is a thirty-ton whale … and it sings in the wrong key

Since the late 1980s, marine biologists have been tracking a solitary whale who sings at a frequency that no other whale can hear. For over three decades it has roamed the North Pacific Ocean, calling out to no one. Soon after the popular press picked up the story, the plight of the loneliest whale in the world captured the heart of the public. Almost overnight it became a cultural icon and a cypher for the feelings of millions of people who feel alone and on a different wavelength from others. The World Health Organization confirms that loneliness is becoming a worldwide epidemic, and depression is now the leading cause of ill health and disability. At the time of writing it is affecting over 300 million people, and, like the lonely whale, most of them suffer in silence. Despite mass media campaigns attempting to increase emotional literacy, the general opinion is that depression is ugly and unsexy; it does not draw an audience. So, in a culture where vulnerability is all too often associated with weakness, it feels safer to hide beneath a fake smile, and insist nothing is wrong when really nothing is right. The fear of ridicule compels silence, and silence compounds social isolation. This article argues that loneliness and darkness are what the lost soul needs in order to find its way back home. It invites us to think differently about depression, not as a shameful illness that must be damped down by pills, talked out of, or anaesthetised with alcohol, but as a doorway to self-realisation and deeper intrapersonal intimacy.

Using Temporal Features of Observers’ Physiological Measures to Distinguish Between Genuine and Fake Smiles

Future affective computing research could be enhanced by enabling the computer to recognise a displayer's mental state from an observer's reaction (measured by physiological signals), using this information to improve recognition algorithms, and eventually to computer systems which are more responsive to human emotions. In this paper, an observer's physiological signals are analysed to distinguish displayers’ genuine from fake smiles. Overall, thirty smile videos were collected from four benchmark database and classified as showing genuine or fake smiles. Overall, forty observers viewed videos. We generally recorded four physiological signals: pupillary response (PR), electrocardiogram (ECG), galvanic skin response (GSR), and blood volume pulse (BVP). A number of temporal features were extracted after a few processing steps, and minimally correlated features between genuine and fake smiles were selected using the NCCA (canonical correlation analysis with neural network) system. Finally, classification accuracy was found to be as high as 98.8 percent from PR features using a leave-one-observer-out process. In comparison, the best current image processing technique [1] on the same video data was 95 percent correct. Observers were 59 percent (on average) to 90 percent (by voting) correct by their conscious choices. Our results demonstrate that humans can non-consciously (or emotionally) recognise the quality of smiles 4 percent better than current image processing techniques and 9 percent better than the conscious choices of groups.

“Fake Smile. Everything is under Control.”: The Flawless Performance of Motherhood

As mothers engage in domestic responsibilities, one task they encounter is maintaining face in public spaces, on and offline. One hundred thirty-six mothers completed an open-ended online survey, and the data were coded using inductive thematic analysis. Results indicate that mothers feel the intense burden of performing motherhood flawlessly on and offline as they project a positive self-image, avoid sharing challenges, and discuss only positive experiences online, leading to the perception of living separate front and backstage lives. Some of the social constructions are toxic for mothers and motherhood yet are reinforced by other mothers in the everyday performance of motherhood. These findings advance Goffman’s Dramaturgy as well as our understandings of the pressure mothers feel to present and maintain a perfect enactment of motherhood.

Building a Network that Will Pray for You

For many the term networking is cringe worthy. They picture awkward networking events, fake smiles, and sweaty handshakes. But is there another way? Can we network without feeling uncomfortable and like we are simply using people? Networking with the intent to build social capital is a viable alternative to traditional networking and presents networkers with comfort and peace of mind.
 In this paper we explore what social capital is and how it differs from networking. We discuss the importance of social capital and its components. Finally, we explore how one can build social capital through networking and introduce practical steps that can assist any individual to improve their networking. Ultimately, this paper will help individuals & organizations network more comfortably, efficiently and successfully.

Selective gaze direction and interpretation of facial expressions in social anxiety

Fear of negative evaluation is the hallmark of social anxiety. We examined the hypothesis that, to facilitate detection of negative evaluators, an anticipatory coping strategy in social anxiety involves selective early gazing at the eyes of other people. Eye fixations were assessed while participants watched video-clips displaying dynamic facial expressions with prototypical (happy eyes and a smile) or ambiguous (a smile but non-happy eyes) smiling faces. High socially anxious (HSA) undergraduates with clinical levels of anxiety on questionnaire measures and low-anxious controls (LSA) judged expressers' un/trustworthiness (Experiment 1) or un/familiarity (Experiment 2) of expressions. Social anxiety was especially associated with reduced trustworthiness evaluation (interpretative bias) of ambiguous—but not of unambiguous—smiling faces. Further, HSA viewers mistrusted faces with novel, unfamiliar expressions more than LSA viewers did. Thus, the interpretative bias for ambiguous expressions could be due to their being unfamiliar. Importantly, HSA viewers selectively looked earlier at the eye region (attentional bias), whereas LSA viewers preferentially looked at the smiling mouth. Presumably, the early attention to the eyes by HSA individuals enhances detection of expressive incongruences, thus leading to untrustworthiness judgments. These biases are functional, in that they would facilitate recognition of untrustworthy expressers (e.g., with fake smiles).

The big warm smile of cheaters: lateral posing biases and emotional expressions in displaying facial trustworthiness

ABSTRACTCheater detection, which is a prerequisite for the evolution of social cooperation, has been successfully simulated in laboratory settings. However, the process has not been perfect because the detection rate has usually been just above chance. The present study investigated the role of lateral posing biases and emotional expressions in displaying trustworthiness, which plays a crucial role in cheater detection. Participants (N = 30 and 28 in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively) observed facial photographs of cheaters and cooperators in an economic game and evaluated their facial expressions in terms of emotional valence and arousal. The models in the photographs had turned their left or right cheek to the camera to display their trustworthiness in the economic game. The results indicated that cheaters showing their left cheek were rated as more emotionally positive than cheaters showing their right cheek. This lateral difference was not observed for cooperators. A left cheek advantage in emotional arousal was found for both cheaters and cooperators. These results suggest that cheaters use a fake smile on the emotional side of their face (i.e., the left) to conceal their uncooperative attitude.