Fake Review Detection Research Articles

An Ensemble Model for Fake Online Review Detection Based on Data Resampling, Feature Pruning, and Parameter Optimization

With the widespread of fake online reviews, the detection of fake reviews has become a hot research issue. Despite the efforts of existing studies on fake review detection, the issues of imbalanced data and feature pruning still lack sufficient attention. To address these gaps, the present study proposes an ensemble model for the detection of fake online reviews. The model consists of four steps, and the first three steps are proposed to optimize the base classifiers: (i) Data resampling: We propose a novel way to address the data imbalance problem by combining the resampling and the grid search technique. (ii) Feature pruning: We propose an ablation study to drop unimportant features. (iii) Parameters optimization: We apply the grid search algorithm to determine suitable values of the relevant parameters for each base classifier. (iv) Classifier ensembling: We apply majority voting and stacking strategies to integrate the optimized base classifiers. The proposed data resampling method is also applied for the meta-classifier in the stacking ensemble model. This study produces advances in terms of combining different methods or algorithms into a model and the results show that the proposed ensemble model outperforms some existing techniques, thereby providing a new way to solve the data imbalance and feature pruning issues in the field of fake review detection.

Fake Reviews Detection: A Survey

In e-commerce, user reviews can play a significant role in determining the revenue of an organisation. Online users rely on reviews before making decisions about any product and service. As such, the credibility of online reviews is crucial for businesses and can directly affect companies’ reputation and profitability. That is why some businesses are paying spammers to post fake reviews. These fake reviews exploit consumer purchasing decisions. Consequently, the techniques for detecting fake reviews have extensively been explored in the past twelve years. However, there still lacks a survey that can analyse and summarise the existing approaches. To bridge up the issue, this survey paper details the task of fake review detection, summing up the existing datasets and their collection methods. It analyses the existing feature extraction techniques. It also summarises and analyses the existing techniques critically to identify gaps based on two groups: traditional statistical machine learning and deep learning methods. Further, we conduct a benchmark study to investigate the performance of different neural network models and transformers that have not been used for fake review detection yet. The experimental results on two benchmark datasets show that RoBERTa performs about 7% better than the state-of-the-art methods in a mixed domain for the deception dataset with the highest accuracy of 91.2%, which can be used as a baseline for future studies. Finally, we highlight the current gaps in this research area and the possible future directions.

Detecting Fake Reviews Using Multidimensional Representations With Fine-Grained Aspects Plan

Due to the rapid growth of network data, the authenticity and reliability of network information have become increasingly important and have presented challenges. Most of the methods for fake review detection start with textual features and behavioral features. However, they are time-consuming and easily detected by fraudulent users. Although most of the existing neural network-based methods address the problems presented by the complex semantics of reviews, they do not account for the implicit patterns among users, reviews, and products; additionally, they do not consider the usefulness of information regarding fine-grained aspects in identifying fake reviews. In this paper, we propose an attention-based multilevel interactive neural network model with aspect constraints that mines the multilevel implicit expression mode of reviews and integrates four dimensions, namely, users, review texts, products and fine-grained aspects, into review representations. We model the relationships between users and products and use these relationships as a regularization term to redefine the model’s objective function. The experimental results from three public datasets show that the model that we propose is superior to the state-of-the-art methods; thus showing the effectiveness and portability of our model.

Detection of Fake Reviews Using Group Model

Reviews of product or stores exist extensively in online e-commerce platform which is important for customers to make decisions. For economic reasons some dishonest people are employed to write fake reviews which is also called “opinion spamming” to promote or demote target products and services. Previous researches have made use of text similarity, linguistics, rating patterns, graph relationship and other behaviors for spammer detection. They mainly utilized product review list while it is difficult to find fake reviews by glancing over product reviews in time-descending order. Meanwhile there exists lots of useful information in the list of reviews of reviewers and relationships between reviewers when reviewers commonly reviewed the same stores. We propose the concept of review group and to the best of our knowledge, it’s the first time the review group concept is proposed and used. Review grouping algorithm is designed to effectively split reviews of reviewer into groups which participate in building novel grouping models to identify both positive and negative deceptive reviews. Several new features which are language independent based on group model are constructed. Additionally, we explore the collusion relationship between reviewers to build reviewer group collusion model. Evaluations show that the review group method and reviewer group collusion models can effectively improve the precision by 4%–7% compared to the baselines in fake reviews classification task especially when reviews are posted by professional review spammers.

Analysis of concept drift in fake reviews detection

Online reviews have a substantial impact on decision making in various areas of society, predominantly in the arena of buying and selling of goods. As such, the truthfulness of internet reviews is critical for both consumers and vendors. Fake reviews not only mislead innocent clients and influence customers' choice, leading to inaccurate descriptions and sales. This raises the need for efficient fake review detection models and tools that can address these issues. Analysing a text data stream of fake reviews in concept drift appears to reduce the effectiveness of the detection models. Despite several efforts to develop algorithms for detecting fake reviews, one crucial aspect that has not been addressed is finding a real correlation between the concept drift score and the classification of performance over-time in the real-world data stream. Consequently, we have introduced a comprehensive analysis to investigate the concept drift problem within fake review detection. There are two methods to achieve this goal: benchmarking concept drift detection method and content-based classification methods. We conducted our experiment using four real-world datasets from Yelp.com. The results demonstrated that there is a strong negative correlation between concept drift and the performance of fake review detection/prediction models, which indicates the difficulty of building more efficient models.

A review of research on detection of fake commodity reviews

With the development of the Internet era, more and more consumers are shopping online. Product reviews can influence consumers’ consumption decisions. Fake review detection is a valuable research. From the perspective of research data content, it can be divided into two categories: review content based and review metadata; from the perspective of fake review detection method, it can be divided into four categories: rule-based, graph-based model, machine-learning based and deep learning based. Common data sets are also introduced.

A Robust False Spam Review Detection Using Deep Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Based Recurrent Neural Network

Our day-to-day activity is highly influenced by development of Internet. One of the rapid growing area in Internet is E-commerce. People are eager to buy products from online sites like Amazon, embay, Flipkart etc. Customers can write reviews about the products purchased online. The purchasing of good through online has been increasing exponentially since last few years. As there is no physical contact with goods before purchasing through online, people totally rely on reviews about the product before purchasing it. Hence review plays an important role in deciding the quality of the product. There are many customers who give online reviews about the product after using it. Hence the quality of the product is decided by the reviews of the customers. Thus, detection of fake reviews has become one of the important task. The proposed system will help in finding such fake reviews about the product, so that the fake reviews can be eliminated. Therefore, the purchasing of the products will be totally based on the genuine reviews. The proposed system uses Deep Recurrent Neural Network (DRNN) to predict the fake reviews and the performance of the proposed method has compared with Naïve Bayes Algorithm. The proposed model shows good accuracy and can handle huge amount of data over the existing system.

Dynamic knowledge graph based fake-review detection

Online product reviews are an important driver of customers’ purchasing behavior. Fake reviews seriously mislead consumers, challenging the fairness of the online shopping environment. Although the detection of fake reviews has progressed, several problems remain. First, fake comment recognition ignores the correlation between time and the semantics of the comment texts, which is always hidden in the context of the reviews. Second, the impact of multi-source information on fake comment recognition is not considered, as it constitutes a complex, high-dimensional, heterogeneous relationship between reviewers, reviews, stores and commodities. To overcome these problems, the present paper proposes a dynamic knowledge graph-based method for fake-review detection. Based on the characteristics of online product reviews, it first extracts four types of entities using a developed neural network model called sentence vector/twin-word embedding conditioned bidirectional long short-term memory. Time series related features are then added to the knowledge graph construction process, forming dynamic graph networks. To enhance the fake-review detection, four indicators are newly defined for determining the relationships among the four types of nodes. In experimental evaluations, our method surpassed the state-of-the-art results.

A Survey on Feature Selection Based Spam Review Detection using Deep Learning Techniques

In recent times, online shoppers are technically knowledgeable and open to product reviews. They usually read the buyer reviews and ratings before purchasing any product from ecommerce website. For the better understanding of products or services, reviews provided by the customers gives the vital source of information. In order to buy the right products for the individuals and to make the business decisions for the Organization online reviews are very important. These reviews or opinions in turn, allow us to find out the strength and weakness of the products. Spam reviews are written in order to falsely promote or demote a few target products or services. Also, detecting the spam reviews has also become more critical issue for the customer to make good decision during the purchase of the product. A major problem in identifying the fake review detection is high dimensionality of the feature space. Therefore, feature selection is an essential step in the fake review detection to reduce dimensionality of the feature space and to improve the classification accuracy. Hence it is important to detect the spam reviews but the major issues in spam review detection are the high dimensionality of feature space which contains redundant, noisy and irrelevant features. To resolve this, Deep Learning Techniques for selecting features is necessary. To classify the features, classifiers such as Naive Bayes, K Nearest Neighbor are used. An analysis of the various techniques employed to identify false and genuine reviews has been surveyed.

Fake Review Detection Based on PU Learning and Behavior Density

Today, app stores offer ranking lists to help users to find quality apps that meet their needs. In order to prevent people from spreading fake reviews which can be used to defame certain apps or manipulate the ranking lists of the app store, we propose a method based on Positive and Unlabeled (PU) learning and behavior density to detect fake reviews. To identify the trusted negative samples, the classifier is trained by the Biased-SVM algorithm. Then, the preliminary screening results of the classifier are combined with user behavior density to identify fake reviews. The traditional fully supervised detection method relies on manually labeled data, the quality of which directly affects the trained classifier. Our proposed method can overcome such a deficiency, and achieve effective learning when there are only a small number of positive samples and a large number of unlabeled samples. Through experiments and case analysis, we demonstrate that our method has high detection accuracy.

Interface for Fake Product Review Detection, Analysis and Removal

Interface for Fake Product Review Detection, Analysis and Removal

Monitoring online reviews for reputation fraud campaigns

Online reviews are critical for both purchasers and sellers in the era of E-commerce. Praiseful reviews and/or 5-star ratings can yield remarkable profit gains, on the other hand, a bad-mouth review or a low rating score often incurs sales decrease. Therefore, fake review detection has attracted lots of research interests in recent years. While most existing approaches detect fake reviews in an offline fashion, i.e., finding suspicious reviews from a large volume of historical data, few efforts have been made to detect fake reviews in an online fashion, i.e., detecting suspicious reviews in review data streams. Online detecting fake reviews has many more benefits than offline detection in that the damages of fake reviews can be significantly reduced by removing them as early as possible. In this paper, we propose a novel online monitoring technique for detecting reputation fraud campaigns in product reviews. The technique includes two phases. First, it monitors online reviews to generate the most abnormal review subsequences (MARSs), which can be considered as candidate reputation fraud campaigns. Second, conditional random fields are exploited to label each review in a MARS as fake or genuine. Experiments show that our proposed methods are highly effective and efficient, with many advantages compared with existing online detection approaches.

Fake consumer review detection using deep neural networks integrating word embeddings and emotion mining

Fake consumer review detection has attracted much interest in recent years owing to the increasing number of Internet purchases. Existing approaches to detect fake consumer reviews use the review content, product and reviewer information and other features to detect fake reviews. However, as shown in recent studies, the semantic meaning of reviews might be particularly important for text classification. In addition, the emotions hidden in the reviews may represent another potential indicator of fake content. To improve the performance of fake review detection, here we propose two neural network models that integrate traditional bag-of-words as well as the word context and consumer emotions. Specifically, the models learn document-level representation by using three sets of features: (1) n-grams, (2) word embeddings and (3) various lexicon-based emotion indicators. Such a high-dimensional feature representation is used to classify fake reviews into four domains. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented detection systems, we compare their classification performance with several state-of-the-art methods for fake review detection. The proposed systems perform well on all datasets, irrespective of their sentiment polarity and product category.

Fake Review Detection Based on Multiple Feature Fusion and Rolling Collaborative Training

Fake reviews may mislead consumers. A large number of fake reviews will even cause huge property losses and public opinion crises. Therefore, it is necessary to detect and filter fake reviews. However, most existing methods have lower accuracy in detecting fake reviews due to they just use single features and lack of labeled experimental data. To solve this problem, we propose a novelty method to detect fake reviews based on multiple feature fusion and rolling collaborative training. First, the method requires an initial index system with multiple features such as text features, sentiment features of reviews and behavior features of reviewers. Second, the method needs an initial training sample set. Thus, we designed related algorithms to extract all the features of a review. Then the classification of the review is labeled manually. Finally, the method uses the initial sample set to train 7 classifiers, and the most accurate classifier will be selected to classify new reviews. The novelty of the method lies in that the features and the classification labels of the new reviews will be added into the initial sample set as new samples. So the size of the sample set will increase automatically. The experimental results in the reviews of yelp shopping website show that the accuracy of the proposed method for detecting fake reviews is 84.45%, which is 3.5% higher than the baseline methods. And compared with the latest deep learning model, its baseline precision has increased by 5.3%. According to the Friedman test, the support vector machine (SVM) classifier and random forest (RF) classifier has been proven to be the best one by statistical means. It means our method which uses multiple features has higher accuracy than the baseline models. Meanwhile, it also resolves the problem of lacking labeled training samples in fake reviews detection.

A Method for the Detection of Fake Reviews Based on Temporal Features of Reviews and Comments

Online reviews and comments after product sales have become very important for making buying and selling decisions. Fake reviews will affect such decisions due to deceptive information, leading to financial losses for the consumers. Identification of fake reviews has thus received a great deal of attention in recent years. However, most websites have only focused on dealing with problematic reviews and comments. Amazon and Yelp would only remove possible fake reviews without questioning the sellers who could continue posting deceptive reviews for business purposes. In this paper, we propose a method for the detection of fake reviews based on review records associated with products. We first analyze the characteristics of review data using a crawled Amazon China dataset, which shows that the patterns of review records for products are similar in normal situations. In the proposed method, we first extract the review records of products to a temporal feature vector and then develop an isolation forest algorithm to detect outlier reviews by focusing on the differences between the patterns of product reviews to identify outlier reviews. We will verify the effectiveness of our method and compare it to some existing temporal outlier detection methods using the crawled Amazon China dataset. We will also study the impact caused by the parameter selection of the review records. Our work provides a new perspective of outlier review detection and our experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Cloud based Framework for Fake Review Detection

Online reviews are one of the significant factors in a customer’s purchase decision or to avail of any service. Online reviews give rise to the potential threats that fake reviewers may write a false review to artificially promote a product or defaming value of a service. Using Natural Language Processing, many methods have already been developed to detect fake reviews, especially reviews written in the English language. In this paper, I propose a novel framework where authenticity of a feedback will check through two perspectives. Firstly, the system checks whether the review is fake or not. Secondly, it also checks the authenticity of the reviewer. The outcome result accumulates in cloud storage for providing further business analytics.

An Effective System to Detect Fake Research

Detection of spam review is an important operation for present e-commwebsites and apps.We address the issue on fake review detection in user reviews in e-commerce application, which wasimportant for implementing anti-opinion spam.First we analyze the characteristics of fake reviews and we apply the machine learning algorithms on that data. Spam or fake reviews of the itemsreducing the reliability of decision making and competitive analysis.The presence of fake reviews makes the customer cannot make the right decisions of sellers, which can also causes the goodwill of the platform decreased. There is a chance of leaving appraisals via web-based networking media systems whether states or harming by spammers on specific item, firm alongside their answers by recognizing these spammers just as in like manner spams so as to understand the assessments in the interpersonal organizations sites, we exist a stand-out structure called Netspam which uses spam highlights for demonstrating tribute datasets as heterogeneous subtleties systems to guide spam location treatment directly into gathering issue in such systems.

Fake Reviews Detection through Users Behavior Analysis

Fake Reviews Detection through Users Behavior Analysis

GADM: Manual fake review detection for O2O commercial platforms

O2O (online to offline) commercial platforms, such as Yelp, play a crucial role in our daily purchases. Seeking fame and profit, some people try to manipulate the O2O market by opinion spamming, i.e., engaging in fraudulent behavior such as writing fake reviews, which affects the online purchasing environment. Manual fake reviews imitate honest reviews in many ways; hence they are more deceptive and harmful than botnet reviews. Several efficient methods have been proposed to detect fake reviews, but manual fake reviewers are evolving rapidly. They pretend to be benign users, control the velocity of review fraud actions, and deceive detection systems. Previous work has focused on the contents of reviews or the information of reviewers. We find that geolocation factors have potential and have been neglected in most studies. Our research indicates that geolocation can well distinguish between fake reviewers and benign users on an O2O platform. We propose a manual fake review detection model, the geolocation-based account detection model (GADM), which combines the AdaBoost model and a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to analyze a user’s account and geolocation information, achieving 83.3% accuracy and an 86.2% F1-score on a Yelp dataset. We also propose a high-efficiency algorithm to detect review fraud groups.

Fake Review Detection using Principal Component Analysis and Active Learning

Fake Review Detection using Principal Component Analysis and Active Learning