Fake Images Research Articles

Seeing Is Believing: How People Fail to Identify Fake Images on the Web

Images have historically been perceived as photographic proof of the depicted events. However, the growing ease with which digital images can be convincingly manipulated and widely distributed on the Internet makes viewers increasingly susceptible to visual misinformation and deception. In situations where ill-intentioned individuals seek to deliberately mislead and influence viewers through fake online images, the harmful consequences could be substantial. We describe an exploratory study of how individuals react, respond to, and evaluate the authenticity of images that accompany online stories in Internet-enabled communications channels. Our preliminary findings support the assertion that people perform poorly at detecting skillful image manipulation, and that they often fail to question the authenticity of images even when primed regarding image forgery through discussion. We found that viewers make credibility evaluation based mainly on non-image cues rather that the content depicted. Moreover, our study revealed that in cases where context leads to suspicion, viewers apply post-hoc analysis to support their suspicions regarding the authenticity of the image.

“I Ask Your Voices and Your Suffrages”: The Bogus Rome of Peele and Shakespeare'sTitus Andronicus

AbstractThis essay provides a contextual reading ofTitus Andronicus, paying close attention to the play's collaborative authorship. Peele and Shakespeare are shown to have manufactured a superficially compelling but in reality utterly fake image of the Roman state as an imaginary laboratory for political ideas, especially the elective principle. Topical allusions and deliberate anachronisms encourage the audience to relate the subject matter to the present, viz., late Elizabethan England in the throes of a succession crisis and rent by confessional divisions. Unlike Peele's solo works, which exhibit a potent anti-Catholic bias,Titusremains confessionally elusive. The play invites the audience to reflect on the viability of particular modes of succession without committing itself either way, and shows that it is not institutional structures and processes but those who use and abuse them that make the difference to the state of the polity.

THE EMERGENCE OF DEATH REPRESENTATIONS IN VISUAL ARTS: STEREOTYPES AND SOCIAL REALITIES

This article will investigate the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on the contemporary practices of today's artists. Therefore, this investigation will lead to an analogy between the visual representations created by the artist and the representations created by the various forms of ICT. Accordingly, do the artists in this regards critique the stereotypical representations of images or do they copy what they see, the artwork may appear in different visualizations, but the concept is the same. What is the role of the artist in telling the real story behind the fake image created by media? The contemporary artists in some cases created clear distinctions between media and art. The images of death and terror in global media created a strong impact on the global art scene, where some artists copied those images without investigating the real situation on ground. They became another tool controlled by false messages. However, other contemporary artists started to investigate the social reality of media messages and analyse it in their art. Some artists led significant role in criticizing the common stereotypes, which the global media had established in the late few years. Keywords: Death representations, Visual Arts, Multimedia, Communication, Art and Design

A framework for liveness detection for direct attacks in the visible spectrum for multimodal ocular biometrics

In this research a new framework for software-based liveness detection for direct attacks in multimodal ocular biometrics across the visible spectrum is proposed. The framework aims to develop a more realistic method for liveness detection compared to previous frameworks proposed in the literature. To fulfil the above highlighted aims in this framework, intra-class level (i.e. user level) liveness detection is introduced. To detect liveness, a new set of image quality-based features is proposed for multimodal ocular biometrics in the visible spectrum. A variety of transformed domain (focus related) aspect and contrast-related quality features are employed to design the framework. Furthermore a new database is developed for liveness detection of multimodal ocular biometrics, which has the prominent presence of multimodal ocular traits (both sclera and iris). Moreover this database is comprised of a larger variety of fake images; those were prepared by employing versatile forging techniques which can be exhibited by imposters. Therefore the proposed schema has dealt with versatile categories of spoofing methods, which were not considered previously in the literature. The database contains a set of 500 fake and 500 genuine eye images acquired from 50 different eyes. An appreciable liveness detection result is achieved in the experiments. Furthermore, the experimental results conclude that this new framework is more efficient and competitive when compared to previous liveness detection schemes.

English

English

IMAGE SPLICING DETECTION BASED ON DEMOSAICKING AND WAVELET TRANSFORMATION

Image splicing is a form of digital image manipulation by combining two or more image into a new image. The application was developed through a passive approach using demosaicking and wavelet transformation method. This research purposed a method to implement the demosaicking and wavelet transform for digital image forgery detection with a passive approach. This research shows that (1) demosaicking can be used as a comparison image in forgery detection; (2) the application of demosaicking and wavelet transformation can improve the quality of the input image (3) demosaicking and wavelet algorithm are able to estimate whether the input image is real or fake image with a passive approach and estimate the manipulation area from the input image.

The Software Approach to Measure theQuality of Vein Images for Fake Detection inOnline Attendance System

A biometric system is a computer system which is used to identify the person on their behavioural and physiological characteristic like fingerprint, face, iris, key-stroke, signature, voice, vein, etc. But now a day’s biometric systems are attacked by using fake biometrics. With the great convenience of computer graphics the image can be easily altered. Many fake images are produced whose content is affected. Thus, the images cannot be judged whether they are real or fake, in this, a fake detection uses singular value decomposition (SVD) as a classifier to make a binary decision on whether an image is fake or real. A typical biometric system consists of detecting, feature extraction, and identical modules. This work is an improvements process to an existence method to detect fake image using SVD. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of this algorithm to detect any small changes in image even with one dot of real image. This introduces three biometric techniques which are Vein recognition, face recognition (Multi Biometric System) and also concentrate on online attendance management.

Power Elitess Interests and Biased Social Science: 64 Years of Telling Kibbutz Half Truths

Critics find that major social scientists comply with domination by power elites. However, kibbutz research is a unique case: initial compliance was benign, aimed at helping a progressive social movement in crisis while missing/ignoring leaders’ pernicious self-perpetuation and their suppression of well-intended critical research. Uncritical functionalism became hegemonic and helped leaders’ autocratic self-perpetuation by a fake image of democracy and egalitarianism, evading members’ interest in exposing reality. In return, power elites helped functionalists’ academic success. The findings support above critics, pointing to the need for measures that will minimize self-serving selectiveness of survey researchers and chances of co-optation, as well as measures that will maximize chances for exposing such scientific failures.

Optical image encryption via reverse engineering of a modified amplitude-phase retrieval-based attack

By reverse-engineering the modified amplitude-phase retrieval-based attack that has deciphered the phase-truncated double random phase encoding scheme, we proposed a new cryptosystem to encode a target image into a preselected fake image using a modified phase retrieval algorithm under the framework of phase-truncated double random phase encoding. With two private keys that are generated during the encryption, the decryption can be optically realized using a classical linear double random phase encoding method. The proposed cryptosystem has immunity against the recently proposed specific attack and the new attack based on a modified amplitude-phase retrieval algorithm. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the validity and good performance of our proposed algorithm.

Harnessing Motion Blur to Unveil Splicing

The extensive availability of sophisticated image editing tools has rendered it relatively easy to produce fake images. Image splicing is a form of tampering in which an original image is altered by copying a portion from a different source. Because the phenomenon of motion blur is a common occurrence in hand-held cameras, we propose a passive method to automatically detect image splicing using blur as a cue. Specifically, we address the scenario of a static scene in which the cause of blur is due to hand shake. Existing methods for dealing with this problem work only in the presence of uniform space-invariant blur. In contrast, our method can expose the presence of splicing by evaluating inconsistencies in motion blur even under space-variant blurring situations. We validate our method on several examples for different scene situations and camera motions of interest.

Robust multichannel colour image watermarking using lifting wavelet transform with singular value decomposition

In this paper, a new multichannel colour image watermarking, with colour watermark, using lifting wavelet transform LWT and singular value decomposition SVD is proposed for authentication in multimedia applications. Watermark is separated into RGB channels and scaled. LL band is decomposed from original image using LWT and separated into RGB channels. Singular value decomposition is operated on each channel and a scaled watermark is embedded in it. Use of LWT lends the advantages of real time applications, reduces computational complexity by 50% on account of employing split and merges instead of using down and up sampling process. Secondly, use of SVD lends non-invertible property to the watermarking so that fake watermarked image cannot be generated. This algorithm is spread spectrum and semi blind. Experimental results and analysis show that proposed algorithm is robust against benchmark StirMark4.0 standard attacks and trustworthy in establishing the ownership.

Comment on ‘Insights from the Mw 6.3, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (central Apennines) to unveil new seismogenic sources through their surface signature: the adjacent San Pio Fault’ by Bucci et al. (2011)

Terra Nova, 23, 280–282, 2011 Abstract We question the approach followed by the Authors in identifying a presumed ‘new’ fault, and particularly the uncritical use made of topographic profiles, in which morphological features of different ages and origins are crudely correlated, creating the fake image of fault-tilting. We also point out the incorrect age attribution of faulted deposits – assumed without any analytical determination and/or stratigraphical framework – which has yielded serious errors as far as the timing of fault activity is concerned. These mistakes have led to incorrect conclusions and unavoidable repercussions for seismic hazard assessment of a region which has been just tragically struck by a disruptive earthquake.

Revealing digital fakery using multiresolution decomposition and higher order statistics

With the advance of digitization and digital processing techniques, digital images are now easy to create and manipulate, and leave no clues of artificial evidence. There are some known digital fakery for images, e.g., computer graphics (CGs) and digital forgeries. As valid records of natural world, natural images, i.e., photographic images, are no longer believable. In this paper, a detection scheme for natural images and fake images is proposed. Features are first extracted using multiresolution decomposition and higher order local autocorrelations (HLACs). The support vector machines (SVMs) are then used to differentiate the natural and fake images. Because the inner product between features can be obtained directly without computing features, it can be integrated into SVM, and the computation complexity is decreased. Experiments show that the proposed detection scheme is effective, demonstrating that the proposed statistical features can model the differences between natural images and fake images.

A high performance fingerprint liveness detection method based on quality related features

A new software-based liveness detection approach using a novel fingerprint parameterization based on quality related features is proposed. The system is tested on a highly challenging database comprising over 10,500 real and fake images acquired with five sensors of different technologies and covering a wide range of direct attack scenarios in terms of materials and procedures followed to generate the gummy fingers. The proposed solution proves to be robust to the multi-scenario dataset, and presents an overall rate of 90% correctly classified samples. Furthermore, the liveness detection method presented has the added advantage over previously studied techniques of needing just one image from a finger to decide whether it is real or fake. This last characteristic provides the method with very valuable features as it makes it less intrusive, more user friendly, faster and reduces its implementation costs.

동공의 반사특징을 이용한 얼굴위조판별 시스템

최근 지능형 범죄가 늘면서 첨단 보안 기술에 대한 요구가 점차 늘어나고 있다. 현재까지 보고된 위조영상검출방법은 실용화를 위하여 정확도 개선이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 사람의 얼굴에 대하여 동공의 반사광을 이용한 얼굴위조판별 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 먼저 다중 스케일 가버특징 벡터를 기반으로 눈의 위치를 찾은 후 2단계의 템플릿 매칭을 통해서 설정된 적용범위를 벗어나는 눈에 대하여 위조판별을 고려하지 않음으로써 정확도를 높이는 방법을 사용한다. 신뢰도가 확보된 눈의 위치를 기반으로 적외선 조명에 반사되는 동공의 특징을 이용하여 눈위치 근처에서의 화소값을 계산하여 위조 여부를 판단한다. 실험을 통하여 본 논문에서 제안한 방법이 더욱 신뢰성 높은 위조판별시스템임을 확인하였다. Recently the need for advanced security technologies are increasing as the occurrence of intelligent crime is growing fastly. Previous liveness detection methods are required for the improvement of accuracy in order to be put to practical use. In this paper, we propose a new fake image detection method using pupil reflection. The proposed system detects eyes based on multi-scale Gabor feature vector in the first stage, and uses template matching technique in oreder to increase the detection accuracy in the second stage. The template matching plays a role in determining the allowed eye area. The infrared image that is reflected in the pupil is used to decide whether or not the captured image is fake. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is superior to the previous methods in the detection accuracy of fake images.

DETEKSI PEMALSUAN CITRA BERBASIS DEKOMPOSISI NILAI SINGULIR

Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Image Fakery Detection Based on Singular Value Decomposition . The growing of image processing technology nowadays make it easier for user to modify and fake the images. Image fakery is a process to manipulate part or whole areas of image either in it content or context with the help of digital image processing techniques. Image fakery is barely unrecognizable because the fake image is looking so natural. Yet by using the numerical computation technique it is able to detect the evidence of fake image. This research is successfully applied the singular value decomposition method to detect image fakery. The image preprocessing algorithm prior to the detection process yields two vectors orthogonal to the singular value vector which are important to detect fake image. The result of experiment to images in several conditions successfully detects the fake images with threshold value 0.2. Singular value decomposition-based detection of image fakery can be used to investigate fake image modified from original image accurately. Keywords: image fakery, orthogonalized vector, singular value decomposition

Watermark-based digital fake image detection

Nowadays, fake images are becoming popular. We are no longer able to guarantee the trueness of digital images, which has been considered as a valid recording of events. In this paper, a detection method is proposed to examine that whether an image is fake or real. In order to locate the altered parts, a watermark based pre-processing method is introduced. If the image is fake, the extracted watermark is different from the original one. The proposed method not only can detect whether an image is fake, but also can locate the fake area. Experimental results also show that the performance of the method is encouraging.

THE REALITY OF A FAKE IMAGE News norms, photojournalistic craft, and Brian Walski's fabricated photograph

A few weeks into the start of the Iraq War in 2003, the front page of the Los Angeles Times featured a large photograph depicting a dramatic scene in which a British soldier motions to Iraqi civilians to stay down while a father carrying a child creeps across the dirt. The image ran in several US newspapers before it was discovered to be a composite of two different images cobbled together by the veteran photographer, Brian Walski, on his laptop in Basra. The Los Angeles Times immediately fired Walski and, along with other journalists, commented publicly on the wrongness of his actions while reasserting the soundness of their reporting. In keeping with paradigm repair, many in the US journalistic community eschewed questions surrounding the complex practices of photojournalism to instead insist on the principle of objectivity as a guiding news norm. This view omits much, including the importance of craft and the role of aesthetic criteria in photojournalism. Especially in war, journalism privileges the dramatic image to communicate conflict. From this perspective the Walski incident raised issues related to the proliferation of digital photography and editing software, the visual representation of war, and the uneasy relationship between images and reality.

Fake-fingerprint detection using multiple static features

Recently, fake fingerprints have become a serious concern for the use of fingerprint recognition systems. We introduce a novel fake-fingerprint detection method that uses multiple static features. With regard to the usability of the method for field applications, we employ static features extracted from one image to determine the aliveness of fingerprints. We consider the power spectrum, histogram, directional contrast, ridge thickness, and ridge signal of each fingerprint image as representative static features. Each feature is analyzed with respect to the physiological and statistical distinctiveness of live and fake fingerprints. These features form a feature vector set and are fused at the feature level through a support vector machine classifier. For performance evaluation and comparison, a total of 7200 live images and 9000 fake images were collected using four sensors (three optical and one capacitive). Experimental results showed that proposed method achieved approximately 1.6% equal-error rate with optical-based sensors. In the case of the capacitive sensor, there was no test error when only one image was used for a decision. Based on these results, we conclude that the proposed method is a simple yet promising fake-fingerprint inspection technique in practice.

Detecting fake images using watermarks and support vector machines

With the great convenience of computer graphics and digital imaging, it becomes much easier to alter the content of images than before without any visually traces to catch these manipulations, i.e....