Faithful Representation Research Articles

The impact of the corporate risk management model on the quality of financial reports in Jordanian commercial banks

The objective of this study is to empirically elucidate the influence of the corporate risk management model on the quality financial reports within the context of Jordanian commercial banks, with a specific focus on two critical dimensions: relevance and faithful representation. According to signal theory, each company tries to reduce information asymmetry by providing high-quality of financial reports that have the ability to demonstrate their qualities, depending on that concept. The predominant trend in contemporary practice is the utilization of risk management as a tool to elevate the quality of financial reports. This, in turn, assists in curtailing the manipulation of financial reports, culminating in the issuance of reports characterized by credibility and transparency. This, in turn, reflected on all different users of financial reports in the decision-making process. To accomplish the study's objectives, a descriptive-deductive (analytical) research approach was adopted. The research population encompassed a total of thirteen commercial banks operating at Jordan. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to a randomly selected sample of 234 employees from the financial and supervisory departments of these banks. The study's results strongly suggest that the risk management model has a big effect on the quality of financial reports in Jordanian banks. This model includes things like setting goals, event identification, risk assessment, risk response, supervisory activities, and the evaluation of the financial reporting system.

Beyond [formula omitted]CDM with [formula omitted]CDM: Criticalities and solutions of Padé Cosmography

Recently, cosmography emerged as a valuable tool to effectively describe the vast amount of astrophysical observations without relying on a specific cosmological model. Its model-independent nature ensures a faithful representation of data, free from theoretical biases. Indeed, the commonly assumed fiducial model, the ΛCDM, shows some shortcomings and tensions between data at late and early times that need to be further investigated. In this paper, we explore an extension of the standard cosmological model by adopting the f(z)CDM approach, where f(z) represents the cosmographic series characterizing the evolution of recent universe driven by dark energy. To construct f(z), we take into account the Padé series, since this rational polynomial approximation offers a better convergence at high redshifts than the standard Taylor series expansion. Several orders of such an approximant have been proposed in previous works, here we want to answer the questions: What is the impact of the cosmographic series choice on the parameter constraints? Which series is the best for the analysis? So, we analyze the most promising ones by identifying which order is preferred in terms of stability and goodness of fit. Theoretical predictions of the f(z)CDM model are obtained by the Boltzmann solver code and the posterior distributions of the cosmological and cosmographic parameters are constrained by a Monte Carlo Markov Chains analysis. We consider a joint data set of cosmic microwave background temperature measurements from the Planck collaboration, type Ia supernovae data from the latest Pantheon+ sample, baryonic acoustic oscillations and cosmic chronometers data. In conclusions, we state which series can be used when only late time data are used, while which orders has to be considered in order to achieve the necessary stability when large redshifts are considered.

Crafting a Rigorous, Clinically Relevant Large Animal Model of Chronic Myocardial Ischemia: What Have We Learned in 20 Years?

The past several decades have borne witness to several breakthroughs and paradigm shifts within the field of cardiovascular medicine, but one component that has remained constant throughout this time is the need for accurate animal models for the refinement and elaboration of the hypotheses and therapies crucial to our capacity to combat human disease. Numerous sophisticated and high-throughput molecular strategies have emerged, including rational drug design and the multi-omics approaches that allow extensive characterization of the host response to disease states and their prospective resolutions, but these technologies all require grounding within a faithful representation of their clinical context. Over this period, our lab has exhaustively tested, progressively refined, and extensively contributed to cardiovascular discovery on the basis of one such faithful representation. It is the purpose of this paper to review our porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia using ameroid constriction and the subsequent myriad of physiological and molecular-biological insights it has allowed our lab to attain and describe. We hope that, by depicting our methods and the insight they have yielded clearly and completely-drawing for this purpose on comprehensive videographic illustration-other research teams will be empowered to carry our work forward, drawing on our experience to refine their own investigations into the pathogenesis and eradication of cardiovascular disease.

Bounds on Cheeger–Gromov invariants and simplicial complexity of triangulated manifolds

Abstract We show the existence of linear bounds on Wall 𝜌-invariants of PL manifolds, employing a new combinatorial concept of 𝐺-colored polyhedra. As an application, we show how the number of h-cobordism classes of manifolds simple homotopy equivalent to a lens space with 𝑉 simplices and the fundamental group of Z n \mathbb{Z}_{n} grows in 𝑉. Furthermore, we count the number of homotopy lens spaces with bounded geometry in 𝑉. Similarly, we give new linear bounds on Cheeger–Gromov 𝜌-invariants of PL manifolds endowed with a faithful representation also. A key idea is to construct a cobordism with a linear complexity whose boundary is π 1 \pi_{1} -injectively embedded, using relative hyperbolization. As an application, we study the complexity theory of high-dimensional lens spaces. Lastly, we show the density of 𝜌-invariants over manifolds homotopy equivalent to a given manifold for certain fundamental groups. This implies that the structure set is not finitely generated.

Comparative analysis of accounting standards in the Islamic banking industry: a focus on financial leasing

Purpose This study aims to evaluate Islamic bank compliance with the accounting and auditing organisation for Islamic financial institutions (AAOIFI), assess the impact of multiple accounting standards in Islamic banking, examine the need for private accounting standards and assess international financial reporting standards (IFRS) compatibility with Islamic banking and analyse financial leasing accounting in Islamic banking compared to IFRS 16. Design/methodology/approach A combination of comparative theoretical analysis, physical examination, and semi-structured interviews has been used as a research methodology. These methods are interconnected and complement each other to provide a comprehensive approach to address the research questions. Findings Islamic banks in various countries show varying compliance with AAOIFI accounting standards. Some fully comply, while others adopt a hybrid approach combining AAOIFI and IFRS. Differences in accounting treatments can result in conflicts, asset inflation and financial statement discrepancies. Challenges and criticisms faced by AAOIFI standards include violating the matching principle and lacking faithful representation. Collaboration among academics, standards-setting bodies and organisers is crucial for guiding the reporting of Islamic financial statements. Practical implications The research identifies gaps in implementing Islamic accounting standards and proposes strategies to enhance compliance, improve performance and increase transparency in Islamic financial institutions. It highlights the importance of a harmonised and universally accepted accounting framework for Islamic banking, considering the compatibility between IFRS and Islamic principles. Social implications Social implications have arisen regarding the global acceptance of Islamic finance, which leads to an increase in socially Islamic finance exchange. Originality/value This research examines the consequences of using multiple accounting standards in the Islamic banking industry and discusses the need for private accounting standards and compatibility with IFRS.

Indicators for measuring and reporting corporate nature-related impacts, dependencies, and risks

Businesses are embedded within nature. Their supply chains, operations, and products fundamentally depend on and impact nature. These impacts and dependencies can give rise to nature-related risks (as well as related opportunities). However, despite growing expectations from stakeholders, most businesses are currently not adequately measuring and reporting on these. To date, it has not been clear whether this requires the development of entirely new indicators, or whether various existing sustainability reporting frameworks could provide sufficient information on nature-related risks. This paper evaluates the decision-usefulness of existing indicators for the softwood plantation forestry industry in Australia. Decision-usefulness is assessed against three criteria: (1) relevance and completeness; (2) faithful representation; and (3) comparability. The results show some potential for adaptation of indicators already used in sustainability-related corporate accounting and reporting, which could help reduce the reporting burden and encourage uptake. However, gaps remain in measuring the financial consequences for business from nature-related risks and in providing sufficient comparable information to evaluate performance across industries and locations. Implications are discussed in relation to recent recommendations from the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) and International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) sustainability standards IFRS S1 and S2.

Perturbative Expansion in Reciprocal Space: Bridging Microscopic and Mesoscopic Descriptions of Molecular Interactions.

Determining the Fourier representation of various molecular interactions is important for constructing density-based field theories from a microscopic point of view, enabling a multiscale bridge between microscopic and mesoscopic descriptions. However, due to the strongly repulsive nature of short-ranged interactions, interparticle interactions cannot be formally defined in Fourier space, which renders coarse-grained (CG) approaches in k-space somewhat ambiguous. In this paper, we address this issue by designing a perturbative expansion of pair interactions in reciprocal space. Our perturbation theory, starting from reciprocal space, elucidates the microscopic origins underlying zeroth-order (long-range attractions) and divergent repulsive interactions from higher order contributions. We propose a systematic framework for constructing a faithful Fourier-space representation of molecular interactions, capturing key structural correlations in various systems, including simple model systems and molecular CG models of liquids. Building upon the Ornstein-Zernike equation, our approach can be combined with appropriate closure relations, and to further improve the closure approximations, we develop a bottom-up parameterization strategy for inferring the bridge function from microscopic statistics. By incorporating the bridge function into the Fourier representation, our findings suggest a systematic, bottom-up approach to performing coarse-graining in reciprocal space, leading to the systematic construction of a bottom-up classical field theory of complex aqueous systems.

Advantages of the Kirkwood–Dirac distribution among general quasi-probabilities on finite-state quantum systems

Abstract We investigate the properties of quasi-joint-probability (QJP) distributions on finite-state quantum systems, especially two- and three-state systems, based on the general framework of quantum/quasi-classical representations. We show that the Kirkwood–Dirac distribution is a prime candidate among the QJP distributions that behave well in view of the following two perspectives: the information contained in the QJP distribution and its affinity to genuine joint-probability distributions. Regarding the first criterion, we show that the Kirkwood–Dirac distributions on two- and three-state quantum systems yield faithful quasi-classical representations of quantum states with a minimal set of observables, namely a pair of two different directions of spin, and thereby point out that in general the imaginary parts of the QJP distributions play essential roles in this respect. As for the second criterion, we prove that the Kirkwood–Dirac distributions on finite-state quantum systems are supported on the product set of the spectra of the quantum observables involved.

International Public Sector Accounting Standards Implementation Resources and Government Financial Reporting Quality: The Moderating Influence of Institutional Culture

This study investigates the relationship between accrual-based IPSAS implementation resources and government financial reporting quality in Nigeria. The accrual-based IPSAS implementation resources examined include professionalism, information technology infrastructure, legal framework and stakeholder management while government financial reporting quality was captured using relevance, faithful representation, understandability, comparability and timeliness. A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted for this study using a questionnaire. A census of the entire population of the Accountant Generals and the Auditor Generals of the thirty-six states of the federation, amounting to a finite population of seventy-two people was taken. 67 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved out of which 66 copies were validly filled and usable for data analysis. Data collected through questionnaire administration were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation. The ordinary least squares regression model was estimated to determine the impact of accrual-based IPSAS implementation resources on government financial reporting quality in Nigeria. The analyses were carried out with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 24) and Eviews 8.0 software. All hypotheses were tested at a 5% level of significance. The study found that professionalism, IT infrastructure, legal framework and stakeholder management significantly impact government financial reporting quality in Nigeria. Similarly, the study revealed that institutional culture does partially moderate the relationship between accrual IPSAS implementation resources and government financial reporting quality in Nigeria. The study recommends that comprehensive training and re-training of accountants, auditors and other relevant stakeholders responsible for the preparation of financial statements should be done to build the human capital stocks required for efficient operations.

On density of polynomials in algebra of holomorphic functions of exponential type on linear Lie group

The question of the density of the algebra of polynomials (regular functions) in the algebra of holomorphic functions of exponential type on a complex Lie group arose in the study of duality for Hopf algebras of holomorphic functions. It was shown by the author in [J . Lie Theory, 29:4, 1045 - 1070 (2019)] that the answer is affirmative in the connected linear case. However, the argument is quite involved and here we present a short proof. It contains two ingredients. The first is the existences of a finite - dimensional faithful holomorphic representation with closed range. To prove it, we use an approach developed by Ðjoković. The second is a lower bound for the norm of a one - parameter matrix subgroup, which is based on some elementary linear algebra consideration. The rest of the proof is close to the original one and uses a decomposition of the group into a semidirect product of a simply connected solvable and linearly complex reductive factors.

An unconditionally stable numerical scheme for competing species undergoing nonlocal dispersion

<abstract><p>Nonstandard numerical approximation for the study of a competition model for two species that experience nonlocal diffusion, or dispersion, allows for faithful representation of the theoretical solution to the system. Such a scheme may preserve positivity of solutions, be uniquely solvable, and be completely stable. Under appropriate conditions, the error between the scheme and the theoretical solution can be measured. We present such a scheme here and confirm its desirable properties as they reflect the solution to the system.</p></abstract>

Examining Faithful Representations on the Disclosures Regarding Debt Financing in Form of the Corporate Bond Issued by One Subsidiary and Subscribed by the Other Subsidiary of the Same and one Malawian Listed Company

Examining Faithful Representations on the Disclosures Regarding Debt Financing in Form of the Corporate Bond Issued by One Subsidiary and Subscribed by the Other Subsidiary of the Same and one Malawian Listed Company

Property, Plant and Equipment Measurement and Financial Reporting Quality of Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria

The quality of financial information in Nigeria regarding property, plant and equipment, particularly in the manufacturing sector, remains a significant concern. In view of this, this present study examined the relationship between property, plant and equipment measurement and financial reporting quality of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to ascertain the effect of PPE measurement using cost model on faithful representation of financial information of manufacturing firms in Nigeria and to assess the effect of PPE measurement using revaluation model on faithful representation of financial information of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. This study adopted a survey research design with data collected through the administration of a five-point Likert Scale questionnaire to a sample of 360accounting staff across selected manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics tools and Pearson product moment correlation analysis via SPSS 25.0 statistical package. The study findings revealed that PPE measurement using cost model has an insignificant positive relationship (r= 0.039{p=0.468>0.05}) with faithful representation of financial information of manufacturing firms in Nigeria while PPE measurement using revaluation model has a significant positive relationship (r= 0.733{p=0.000<0.05}) with faithful representation of financial information of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. It was thus concluded that the use of the revaluation model for PPE measurement leads to more accurate and reliable financial information, which enhances the credibility of financial statements and increase stakeholder trust. The study recommended, amongst others, that regulatory bodies in Nigeria should consider mandating the use of the revaluation model for PPE measurement in financial reporting to enhance the credibility of financial information at all times.

The security analysis of the key exchange protocol based on the matrix power function defined over a family of non-commuting groups

<p>In this paper, we revisited the previously proposed key exchange protocol based on the matrix power function. We prove that the entries of the public key matrices of both parties of the protocol are uniform. Using this result we defined a security game for our protocol and show that the malicious attacker cannot gain any significant advantage in winning this game by applying faithful representation or the linearization approaches. Moreover, we showed that the shared key is computationally indistinguishable from the imitation key if the security parameters are properly chosen.</p>

The Determinants Factors of Quality of the Financial Report

This research’s main objective is to find the determinants factors of quality of the financial report prepared by the organization. Quality of the financial report was examined with the support of relevance, faithful representation, comparability, understandability and timeliness. Five hypotheses were developed based on the study's aims to determine the degree of association between the variables. This study was conducted with the primary data. Data are collected through 250 respondents. Respondents for the research purpose were Chartered Accountant, Registered Accountant, Account teacher of various levels and the person working in different post of accountant. Collected data were analyzed by using SPSS-22. The major statistical tools used for the research purpose are reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The findings also show that respondents believed timeliness of financial reporting had a greater chance of improving quality of the financial report. Timeliness has moderate positive correlation with the quality of the financial report where as other variable relevance, faithful representation, comparability and understandability has weak positive correlation with quality of the financial report. From this study it can be concluded that relevance, faithful representation, comparability, and understandability have a weak positive link, while timeliness has a moderate positive correlation with financial report quality.

Trauma, Haunting, and Representation: Rereading and the Translation Examination of Kokoro

The Japanese novel, Kokoro (1914), offers a profound insight into early 20th-century Japanese society encompassing history, politics, and literature. Although this novel has been extensively explored in literary and translation studies, the convergence remains underexplored. This study advocates integrating literary criticism with translation practice for a more faithful representation of narratives. Applying trauma/PTSD studies theory, it meticulously analyzes Kokoro, particularly examining the English and Chinese renditions of the pivotal term “談判 (danpan; negotiation)”. The methodology involves constructing a trilingual database, incorporating the Japanese source text and seven translations in English and Chinese. By scrutinizing specific passages, the study delves into trauma-related responses and behaviors, revealing their impact on long-lasting changes in personality and relationships. Emphasis is placed on the translation of key terms, preserving cultural and linguistic nuances. This innovative approach advances both literary criticism and translation theory, emphasizing psychological elements for a nuanced portrayal of characters’ states of mind. The study underscores the significance of trauma narratives in comprehending personal and historical traumas, asserting that translators of trauma literature must blend theoretical knowledge with social responsibility. They serve as “secondary witnesses,” entrusted with accurately transmitting traumatic stories between languages, fostering empathy, and preventing the repetition of tragedies in history. This approach provides an innovative interpretation of Kokoro and its translations, bridging the realms of literary criticism and translation studies.

The effect of IFRS 16 on the attitude of sophisticated and unsophisticated lenders towards loan contracting

This research describes the effect of IFRS 16 on the attitude of sophisticated lenders towards loan contracting. The goal of IFRS 16 was to enhance reporting quality and provide a more faithful representation of the financial statements. Data from 3,955 firms using IFRS and 1,433 using US GAAP were analyzed. Firms reporting under IFRS obtained larger loan sizes, although the difference with firms reporting under US GAAP is insignificant. They also received lower borrowing rates, and shorter maturities. IFRS 16 has a reinforcing effect towards loan contracting for sophisticated lenders, defined as banks, for the borrowing rate and maturities. For loan size, IFRS 16 has a reinforcing effect for unsophisticated lenders, defined as trade creditors.

ON STRONGLY BASE-TWO FINITE GROUPS WITH TRIVIAL FRATTINI SUBGROUP: CONJUGACY CLASSES AND CORE-FREE SUBGROUP

This paper explores finite groups G with a focus on those that are strongly base-two and possess a trivial Frattini subgroup. The concept of base size, denoted by b(G, H), for the action of G on core-free subgroups H, plays acrucial role. The paper investigates the number of conjugacy classes of core-free subgroups with base size exceeding 3, denoted by α(G). A group is considered strongly base-two if α(G) ≤ 1, indicating that nearly all faithful transitive permutation representations of G exhibit a base size of 2. The study delves into the characterization of such groups, shedding light on their properties and structures.

Axiomatizing SNOMED CT Disorders: Should There Be Room for Interpretation?

SNOMED CT is a large concept-based terminology designed according to epistemic, semantic and pragmatic principles relevant to clinicians. Its goal is structured clinical reporting in electronic healthcare records (EHRs). The Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is an ontology designed on the basis of types claimed to exist in reality based on a domain-independent ontological theory. Its goal is faithful representation of reality within that theory. The Ontology for General Medical Science (OGMS) extends the BFO by providing definitions for types relevant within the clinical domain. Combining SNOMED CT with the ontological rigor of BFO and OGMS might improve clinical reporting by, f.i., preventing data entry mistakes and inconsistencies, and make EHRs more comparable. To that end, we are developing a logical framework capable of exploiting what SNOMED CT offers terminologically and realism-based ontologies such as the BFO and the OGMS ontologically by means of bridging axioms compatible with the BFO, and expressed in the same CLIF-dialect as used in its axiomatization in first order logic. In this paper, we report on our attempts to detect in the combinations of binary relations that are used in the definition of SNOMED CT's definitions of disorder concepts patterns which might at least partially automate the construction of such axioms. Our findings suggest that this partial automation is indeed possible, but to a smaller extent than we had hoped for. We compare our approach with a recent proposal that seeks to bring SNOMED CT and BFO closer together by reinterpreting SNOMED CT disorders as clinical occurrents. The proposal has its merit in providing a realist underpinning for that part of SNOMED CT's concept model in terms of the BFO, but is not discriminatory enough for an automatic translation into OGMS. Key problem is the lack of face validity of SNOMED CT disorder terms as compared to the formal definitions they are given and this in absence of textual definitions.

Equilibrium-based analysis of diagonal tension failure from a re-entrant corner of an RC half-joint

For ascertaining the structural longevity of commonly used half-joint girder-to-girder connections in ageing concrete bridges, accurate strength assessments are crucially important. Existing strut-and-tie models (STM) as well as code provisions underestimate resistance to diagonal tension failure from a re-entrant corner crack, perhaps leading to unnecessary maintenance expense. We develop a more accurate equilibrium-based strength analysis of diagonal tension failure based on a faithful representation of the failure surface. We formulate equilibrium equations to represent the internal force system; strength derivation is then optimised for these equations and yield criteria. The accuracy of the new analytical method was validated through comparison with experimentally obtained strengths from 30 specimens. The analytical predictions show good agreement with the test results, with an average error of less than 2%, which is superior to STM-based prediction. Not only strength capacities but also internal force-resisting components are quantified using this analytical method. Results indicate a dependency among all internal force-resisting components and a non-dimensional parameter of a1/hd.