Fairness Judgments Research Articles

How does the retailer make pricing decision when consumers have justice reference price

A series of studies demonstrate that consumers have fairness judgments about the retailer’s price which will impact their shopping decisions. Thus, it is necessary for the retailer to take consumers’ fairness concerns into account when setting his pricing policies. We assume that when the retailer’s price is lower than a consumer’s justice reference price, the consumer is likely to sense a positive price unfairness that will lead to increased consumer utility, and when the retailer’s price is higher than a consumer’s justice reference price, the consumer is likely to sense a negative price unfairness that will have a negative effect on consumer utility. According to the information conditions of the consumers’ justice reference price, the retailer should consider three situations: certain information, random information and partial information. In all situations, we show that the retailer has a unique optimal pricing strategy. Finally, through numerical examples, we find that our distribution-free policies perform almost the same as the results under the distributions that maximize the entropy. Our results reveal that it is important for the retailer to consider consumers’ fairness concerns, otherwise he may suffer losses when p c is very small.

Learning and unlearning sexism in the workplace

Purpose – Looks at the barriers that prevent women achieving equality in the workplace and examines how they may be overcome. Design/methodology/approach – Argues that there are two potentially important barriers to creating a more inclusive workplace: Employees may conform to discriminatory practices even though they do not really agree with them just to fit in, and overly competitive environments can create a situation whereby employees are afraid to speak out. Findings – Suggests that, in order to tackle these barriers, employers and managers at all levels must call upon insight, use fair judgment and communicate with their female staff to increase understanding of what may be perceived as sexist. Practical implications – Urges managers to create a safe space for women to speak out against discrimination as, even though the organization may be aiming at creating an ethical environment, there may be situations that go unnoticed. Social implications – Suggests that the working environment may also affect relationships between employees, creating a situation where they may not feel able to speak out. Originality/value – Advances the view that managers must use insight and call upon female experience in order to create a more equal environment.

O papel dos precedentes para o controle do ativismo judicial no contexto pós-positivista

The Brazilian Constitution of 1988, resulting from a post-positivist tradition, recognizes legality and enforceability to a wide array of principles, large and abstract by it’s nature. Moreover, the Charter expanded the list of fundamental social rights whose realization depends on public policies, traditionally defined and implemented by the executive and legislative branches. In this scenario, judiciary has been increasingly summoned to manifest itself on issues that were traditionally debated in the political sphere, resulting in the judicialization of politics. Because adjudication is more and more based on constitutional principles and often focuses on public policies, it interferes in the performance of other branches of government. Furthermore, they imply an increasingly broad interpretive activity which favors the judicial activism. The text analyzes three different points of view about the activism: the first considers that activism undermines the democratic rule of law because it concentrates power in the judiciary; the second argues that activism contributes to legal uncertainty, which has perverse economic effects; the last one analyzes the freedom of judgement under the activism context and concludes that judiciary has the duty of adjudicating by making predictable and uniform decisions in order to guarantee a fair judgment. In conclusion, the paper suggests that it’s important the imposition of limits to control the creative activity of the magistrate, with the adoption of a system of binding judicial precedents.

Fairness judgments and counterfactual thinking: pricing goods versus services

Purpose – This paper aims to propose and empirically document the idea that people’s perceptions of having been treated fairly depend, in part, on whether the explanation provided to them of a product’s pricing is primarily based on the costs of labor (a service) versus materials (goods). Because materials are more fixed and tangible than the effort of labor, it is argued that people will have fewer counterfactual thoughts about how things could have been different with the cost of materials than those associated with labor. This has implications for fairness judgments more generally, as it suggests that people may be uneven in which types of data they attend to when making fairness judgments. Three experiments are presented that empirically test the relationship between the salience of goods versus services in the price paid and the resulting perceptions of fairness. Findings confirm that thoughts of money spent on a service were associated with lesser feelings of fairness than were thoughts of money spent on a good. This research uniquely identifies the mechanism by which some evaluations are considered fairer than others. Implications for organizational processes, such as procedural justice and fair compensation, are discussed. Design/methodology/approach – Three experiments are presented that empirically test the relationship between the salience of goods versus services in the price paid, and the resulting perceptions of fairness. Findings – Findings confirm that thoughts of money spent on a service were associated with lesser feelings of fairness than were thoughts of money spent on a good. Originality/value – This research uniquely identifies the mechanism by which some evaluations are considered fairer than others. Implications for organizational processes, such as procedural justice and fair compensation, are discussed.

Forgiveness or Fairness?

Several philosophers who argue that forgiveness is an important virtue also wish to maintain the moral value of retributive emotions that forgiveness is meant to overcome. As such, these accounts explicate forgiveness as an Aristotelian mean between too much resentment and too little resentment. I argue that such an account ends up making forgiveness superfluous: it turns out that the forgiving person is not praised for a greater willingness to let go of her resentment, but rather for her fairness or good judgment. I conclude by arguing that the virtue of fair-mindedness is more compatible with maintaining the value of the retributive emotions than the virtue of forgiveness.

PEACEFUL CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND ITS DISCONTENTS IN AESCHYLUS'S EUMENIDES

The earliest ancient Greek text to narrate the resolution of a large-scale conflict by judicial means is Aeschylus's tragedy Eumenides, first performed in Athens in 458 BC. After explaining the historical context in which the play was performed—a context of acute civic discord and the imminent danger of an escalation of reciprocal revenge killings by the lower-class faction in Athens—this article offers a new reading of the play and asks if it can help us think about the challenges inherent in conflict resolution today. The prosecutors are the Erinyes (Furies), the archaic supernatural agents of murder victims; their responsibility, in predemocratic Greece, before the invention of law courts, was to punish murderers. The defendant is Orestes, who has killed his mother but argues that, since she had killed his father, he was acting justly. The judges consist of eleven Athenian citizen jurors plus the presiding god, Athena, whose twelfth vote carries slightly more weight than any of the others. The article concludes that some aspects of the procedure are exemplary, especially Athena's insistence on respecting each side's right to be heard, her sensitivity toward the grievances felt by the defeated Erinyes, and the compensation they are offered. On the other hand, the tragedy clearly shows how difficult it is for a fair legal judgment to be made without a view to larger issues of national expedience, security, and inherent power structures, especially that of patriarchy.

Performance Analysis of Eye localization Methods for Real Time Vision Interface using Low Grade Video Camera

It is necessary to correctly and precisely achieve eye localization, which is a fundamental step for the initialization for other eye localization based applications. There are various methods including special equipment based methods and image based methods to perform this task. Special equipment based methods are very accurate but not practical for day to day use. Image based approaches are user friendly, allows free head movement, avoids specialized hardware and infrared exposure but more difficult to implement. Performance is analysed for state of the art eye localization methods for real time vision interface using low grade camera that use similar objective criterion for error measurement on standard dataset for fair judgment. Finally their localization results are compared based on various error values and rank.

Friend or foe? The impact of relational ties with comparison others on outcome fairness and satisfaction judgments

Equity theory suggests that social comparison processes play a central role in employees’ fairness judgments. However, the effect of the relationship between an employee and a comparison other on such judgments has received scant attention. We tested this effect across three studies involving demographically (employees, students) and culturally (U.S., India) different samples and research designs (critical incident and scenario). Our results broadly suggest that, with inputs held constant, receiving a lower outcome than a comparison other is judged as fairer (and more satisfactory) when positively (vs. negatively) tied to the other. In contrast, a favorable outcome is judged as fairer when the comparison other is negatively (vs. positively) related. We also found that the impact of (in)equity on employees’ discrete emotions (i.e., guilt, happiness, anger) differed based on their relational tie with comparison others, and that differences in anger and happiness mediated the effects of (in)equity on outcome satisfaction.

Effects of Wild-Type Starter Culture (Artisanal Strains) on Volatile Profile of Urfa Cheese Made from Ewe Milk

In the present study, the development of volatile flavor compounds in sheep’s milk Urfa cheese made by using three different combinations of wild-type strains including Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 1B4, Lactococcus garvieae IMAU 50157, Enterococcus faecium ATCC 19434, Enterococcus durans IMAU 60200, and Enterococcus faecalis KLDSO.034 was investigated over 180 days. Three batches of cheese were made using above strains as follows: Cheese A (strains ATCC 19434+1B4+IMAU 50157); Cheese B (strains IMAU 60200+ATCC 19434+1B4); Cheese C (strains KLDSO.034+ IMAU 60200+ ATCC 19434+1B4+ IMAU 50157). The fourth batch was produced from raw sheep’s milk as control (Cheese D). The volatile compounds were identified using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system combined with solid-phase microextraction. In total, 70 volatile compounds were recovered from the cheeses including 10 alcohols (mainly ethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-propanol), 20 aldehydes and ketones (mainly 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone), 11 esters (mainly ethyl acetate), 10 acids (mainly acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-4-methyl pentanoic acid), 6 terpenes (mainly α-pinene), and 13 miscellaneous compounds (mainly 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadiene). While total aldehydes concentration in the control cheese was higher than those made from combinations of wild-type strains (Cheeses A to C), the concentration of alcohols was lower in the former sample. Regarding other volatile compounds there was no clear differences between the cheeses. Results showed that strain combination A or C (Cheese A or C, respectively) could be employed in the manufacture of Urfa cheese made from pasteurized sheep’s milk. However, to reach a fair judgement on the proper strain combination for Urfa cheese, aroma profile (i.e., active compounds) released by the strains should be laid open in detail.

Elicitation of normative and fairness judgments: Do incentives matter?

AbstractKrupka and Weber (2013) introduce an incentive-compatible coordination game as an alternative method for elicitation of normative judgments. I show, however, that people provide virtually the same responses in incentivized and non-incentivized versions of the Krupka-Weber game. Besides ratings of social appropriateness, I also elicit ratings of fairness of all possible offers in an ultimatum game. Ratings of social appropriateness and fairness are similar for low offers (below or equal to the equal split), but not for high offers which are judged to be more appropriate than fair.

A Comparative Study of Rights of Culprit in Islamic Jurisprudence, Codes of Legal Procedure of Iran and International Documents

Attention to rights of culprit has instances in divine religions as well as Islam but in the past few decades, especially after establishing and approval of charter of the United Nations and global documents such as Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, this subject has drawn more attention to itself. Rights of defense by culprit as one of the items of fair judgment is a set of advantages and rights assigned to the culprit to secure his rights and benefits. The obvious fact is that establishing judgment justice is one of the long-term wishes of humankind the realization of which becomes possible through creating fair trial based on provision of right of defense and justice. Among these rights, one can items such as equal tribunal, fair and public judgment in a competent, independent and impartial court, right to counsel, right of immediate to silence, right of immediate trial and the prohibition of torture and coercion to confess. In the present study, the author seeks to comparatively study this subject from the viewpoints of Imami Jurisprudence, new code of legal procedure passed in 2014 and international documents.

’n Teoretiese besinning oor die implikasies van die filosofie van tegnologie vir kriteria vir vakkurrikulumontwikkeling en -evaluering

Technology education is globally still relatively new, and it lacks a substantive research base, a well-established classroom pedagogy and a scientifically founded, subject-based philosophical framework that may serve as a directive for related aspects. Technology is also a developing school subject with no equivalent academic discipline upon which curriculum development and classroom pedagogy may rely. The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) for Technology in the Senior Phase was officially implemented in 2014. However, responses to the intended or specified curriculum, either positive or negative, are often elicited from various stakeholders and interest groups. In the absence of philosophical-founded criteria for the development and evaluation of an intended technology curriculum, it is often unclear whether such responses are justified. Subsequently it is impossible to make fair judgments about such subject curricula. Based on Mitcham’s framework, the literature reports on a philosophical framework that is directive for technology classroom pedagogy, technology teacher education and Science, Technology and Society Studies (STS). The purpose of the article is to investigate how a scientifically founded, philosophical framework of technology can be directive for the development and evaluation of the intended technology curricula. The following research question served as point of departure for the theoretical reflection: Based on the four modes of the manifestation of technology – namely as object, knowledge, activity, and volition – which scientifically founded criteria can be deduced to be applied as part of the development and evaluation of intended technology curricula? In answering the research question it is important to point out that curriculum developers and evaluators should ensure that they take note of the philosophical framework for technology which guides subject-curriculum development and evaluation. A fourfold set of applicable criteria, based on the four manifestations of technology, have been deduced accordingly.

Comparing the incomparable? How consumers judge the price fairness of new products

The present article explores price fairness perceptions in the specific setting of new product launch prices. In this context, the process of forming price fairness judgments by comparing the price to be judged with the price in a reference transaction is thwarted by the fact that reference transactions are not readily available. Following the conceptual logic on the development of price fairness judgments, results from three experimental consumer studies reveal that price fairness is the key link between launch price and adoption intention but that this relationship is moderated by transaction similarity and social norms. More specifically, transaction similarity, captured by the degree of product newness and future expected price change, determines the comparators consumers will use in their evaluative effort and mitigates the negative launch price-perceived price fairness relationship. In consequence, consumers use existing products to judge prices of incrementally new products. Given the reduced similarity of reference transactions for really new products, consumers rather rely on future prices in their price fairness judgments providing evidence for consumers' forward-looking evaluation. The present study captures social norms by the concept of consumer innovativeness and results demonstrate that due to the inherent uncertainty of really new products, consumer innovativeness influences the extent to which individuals engage in price comparisons when judging the fairness of launch prices of these products. The authors conclude by deriving implications for the price setting of new products.

The cultural dynamics of the term Hellanodikes in Palaiologan Byzantium

AbstractIn ancient Greek literature, Hellanodikai (Ἑλλανοδίκαι) were figures of public authority and high esteem, renown for their fair judgment, overseeing control, and morally transparent life. The characteristics we gather regarding their public role come from a number of historical and other sources, such as Cassius Dio, Lucian, and Pausanias. In the Byzantine era, the term was revived either as a historical gloss contextualizing the position of Hellanodikes (Ἑλλανο- δίκης) in ancient times or as a lexical and grammatical entry. As a contrast to the conventional treatments of this term, Palaiologan scholars proceeded to its unique redeployment. In this article, I argue that Hellanodikes became an epithet of social and cultural significance in Palaiologan Byzantium, a notion embedded within the intellectual peculiarities of this age, especially in contexts of imperial patronage and scholarly apprenticeship.

Simply Joyce by Margot Norris

Reviewed by: Simply Joyce by Margot Norris Morris Beja (bio) SIMPLY JOYCE Margot Norris, New York: Simply Charly, 2016. 131xix + pp. $7.95. We have long known how indebted we are to Margot Norris’s studies of James Joyce. She has increased our indebtedness by writing more books about Joyce in her retirement than most Joyceans in their careers. In Simply Joyce, the debt is especially owed by nonJoyceans, non-literary-specialists—the “virgin” readers she addressed in her previous book, Virgin and Veteran Readings of “Ulysses.”1 But “veteran” readers will profit from Simply Joyce too, as this veteran can testify. The series in which the volume appears advertises itself as offering “brief but authoritative introductions to the world’s most influential people”—from Simply Austen to Simply Woolf, and along the way, for example, Simply Chaplin, Simply Freud, Simply Hegel, Simply Heidegger (honest), and even Simply Wittgenstein (ix, xi). I cannot vouch for all those other volumes, but here “simply” does not in any way denote “simplify.” Norris’s aim is not to put “aside the remarkable complexity that makes his themes and language so aesthetically and intellectually rich, but to make his unique work accessible” (xiii). And she does mean “unique”: one of the chief ways she accomplishes her aim is through her sheer passion for Joyce’s “virtually unprecedented literary universe” (xix). Much of Norris’s emphasis throughout is, inevitably, on Joyce’s language and literary style (or styles). There are full chapters on Dubliners, A Portrait, Ulysses, and Finnegans Wake, but first she pays brief attention in a preface to the epiphanies; the poems (and how their lyricism looks forward to important elements in Ulysses and the Wake); and Exiles (and how its portrayals prefigure the complex relationships among Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom, and Blazes Boylan). A short introduction of eight pages is on Joyce’s “Life and Career.” The chapter on Dubliners opens with a reminder about the concept of epiphany and its centrality to an understanding of the technique of each story. Norris then treats all the stories in sequence. For each, she presents possible interpretations—some potentially controversial—without pushing them further than she can or should go. In regard to the first story, “The Sisters,” for example, she points to “various innuendoes” that “suggest that the priest may have molested the boy in some way” but uses them primarily to show that the reader must confront “a dilemma of moral judgment, trying to determine how to feel about the relationship as the narration represents it” (10-11). Norris is especially good at bringing out the connections throughout [End Page 127] the volume, and especially between juxtaposed stories, so that, “[p]laced next to Eveline Hill’s story, Jimmy Doyle’s enlarges the diversity of Dubliners by widening the broader scope of social and economic class, without losing sight of the challenges and difficulties that can afflict the city’s young people at critical moments in their lives, whatever their situations” (16). In Joyce’s next story, “Two Gallants,” “[o]nce again, money will be in the background and yet at the center of a story at the same time,” even as “the characters of Corley and Lenehan belong to the opposite end of the social and economic spectrum from the world of Jimmy Doyle” (16). And, later, she shows that “a closer look reveals that,” with “Ivy Day,” “A Mother,” and “Grace,” “the theme buried under the actions and discussions is once again money” (25). Norris stresses that “[t]he lives of Dubliners are complicated, and so are the moral judgments confronting” the book’s readers, and that Joyce—as in “The Boarding House”—frequently presents “a challenge to the reader, and this challenge is often ethical, forcing the reader to figure out how to arrive at a fair judgment of the rights and wrongs of a complicated social situation” (18). Similarly, at the end of “Counterparts,” “we are obliged to both judge and question our judgment, to feel sympathy and disgust simultaneously for the same individual, while conceding that unless we have endured similar experiences, we should perhaps not feel entitled to judge—all the while knowing that we must...

Knowledge and judgement for assessing student teaching: a cross-institutional analysis of teaching practicum assessment instruments

Teaching practicum (TP) assessment instruments provide insight into the nature of theknowledge that the university expects university-appointed tutors and school-basedsupervising teachers to have in order to make fair judgements about a student’s teachingcompetence. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the TP assessment instrumentsused during 2012 by five South African universities offering initial teacher education. Itdescribes the grounds upon which the comparative analysis was done, and offers aqualitative analysis of the knowledge base that the assessors of student teaching areassumed to have. We find that the structure and criteria of some TP assessment instrumentstend to construct the assessment of student teaching as straight-forward exercise inverifying that certain technical requirements are met. In contrast, we show how others usestructure and criteria potentially to enable a more professionally based judgement of thecompetence of student teaching.

Compassion meditators show less anger, less punishment, and more compensation of victims in response to fairness violations.

Fairness violations elicit powerful behavioral and affective responses. Indeed, people are willing to incur costs to sanction unfair behavior. Here we study the possible impact of long-term mental training in socio-affective capacities such as compassion on altruistic punishment and compensatory behavior in economic games. To this end we recruited a group of long-term meditation practitioners (LTPs) who had engaged in an average of 40 K h of mental training exercises including compassion-related meditation, along with a group of meditation-naïve controls. Participants played several adaptations of the dictator game in which they had the opportunity to punish the dictator both when they were the recipients of the dictator's offer and when they were third-party witnesses to the dictator's treatment of an anonymous second player. Compared to controls, LTPs were less likely to punish when they were the victims of fairness violations. However, both groups punished equivalently when they witnessed others receiving unfair treatment. In post-task questionnaires, controls reported significantly more anger in response to unfair offers than LTPs, although fairness judgments did not differ between groups. These data suggest that because the LTPs were less angered by unfair treatment of themselves, they punished that behavior less. However, when they witnessed the unfair treatment of others, they engaged in norm-reinforcing punishment. Finally, when participants played an additional game which included the opportunity to recompense victims, LTPs were more likely to do so. Together these data point to differential approaches to justice whereby LTPs engaged less in vengeful, retributive justice and focused more on norm reinforcement and the restoration of equity. These differences suggest that social preferences are plastic and that altruistic responses to unfairness may be shaped by the prolonged cultivation of prosocial motivation, altruism, and compassion.

How Do Directors of Nonprofit Organizations Perceive the Donor Evaluation Process?

ABSTRACT Donors to nonprofit organizations have gradually shifted from an evaluation process that focuses on financial metrics to a process that considers both financial and nonfinancial metrics. This paper examines whether the shift prompts fairness judgments of the board of directors of nonprofit organizations and what factors contribute to their perceptions of fairness. Using an experimental methodology with nonprofit directors as participants, this study finds that directors perceive a balanced donor evaluation process to be procedurally fairer than a financially focused donor evaluation process. Furthermore, the informational feature of the donor evaluation process, not the donation outcome resulting from the donor evaluation process, contributes to forming the fairness perceptions of directors.

Fair and reasonable judgments of cost-effectiveness of medicines

Medicines are expensive; many new medicines are so expensive that they are unaffordable for individuals. However, because new medicines may be more effective, there is pressure on third-party payers to bear some or all of the cost. The payer, naturally, wishes to ensure they get value for money. For this reason, economic evaluation methods are widely used to objectively determine whether new medications are cost-effective. Medicines that are cost-effective are paid for, and those that are not cost-effective are not paid for.

Street Stops and Police Legitimacy: Teachable Moments in Young Urban Men's Legal Socialization

An examination of the influence of street stops on the legal socialization of young men showed an association between the number of police stops they see or experience and a diminished sense of police legitimacy. This association was not primarily a consequence of the number of stops or of the degree of police intrusion during those stops. Rather, the impact of involuntary contact with the police was mediated by evaluations of the fairness of police actions and judgments about whether the police were acting lawfully. Whether the police were viewed as exercising their authority fairly and lawfully shaped the impact of stops on respondents' general judgments about police legitimacy. Fairness and lawfulness judgments, in turn, were influenced by the number of stops and the degree of police intrusion during those stops. Similarly, judgments of justice and lawfulness shaped the estimated influence of judgments of the general character of police behavior in the community on general perceptions of police legitimacy. These results suggest that the widespread use of street stops undermined legitimacy. Lowered legitimacy had an influence on both law abidingness and the willingness to cooperate with legal authorities. The findings show that people were influenced by perceptions of police injustice/illegality.