Dimensions Of Fairness Research Articles

Overseas exporter fairness and Korean importer’s commitment

Purpose– Importer commitment is important to the improvement of exporter performance. More committed importers contribute more to the exporters’ performance than do less committed importers. The purpose of this paper is to examine one of the factors that motivate importers to be committed to their overseas exporters: exporter fairness. Specifically, this study examines the role of exporter fairness in developing importer commitment. Fairness is conceptualized as three dimensions: distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice.Design/methodology/approach– The relationship between the three dimensions of exporter fairness and importer commitment is empirically examined using data collected from 120 Korean importers. Partial least squares technique was employed to test the hypotheses.Findings– It was found that importers’ perceptions of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice contribute to increasing or decreasing importer commitment. Furthermore, when a sample of Korean importers was split into two groups, the three dimensions of justice were positively related to commitment for importers facing a highly volatile business environment, while only interactional justice significantly affected commitment for importers facing a low-volatile environment. These findings indicate that importers facing a highly volatile environment are much more sensitive to exporter fairness than are those facing a low-volatile environment.Originality/value– The study demonstrates that importer commitment can be developed, particularly in highly volatile environments, if vulnerable importers are treated fairly by their more powerful exporters. Volatile environments offer more opportunity for overseas exporter opportunism than stable environments do, aking importers vulnerable to the opportunistic behaviors of overseas exporters. Such importers are likely to respond sensitively to exporter fairness in the form of increased or decreased importer commitment.

ANALISIS PENGARUH ETIKA KERJA ISLAM TERHADAP KOMITMEN ORGANISASI DENGAN KOMITMEN PROFESI SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING (Studi Empiris Terhadap Internal Auditor Bank di Jawa Tengah)

<p>Many research about Islamic work ethics have been carried out. Nevertheless, the research examining whether the dimension of accountability, fairness and truth in Islamic work ethics has effects on the organizational and professional commitment, are still rarely conducted. This research aims<br />to reexamine the effect of variable of accountability, fairness and truth in Islamic work ethics on the organizational and professional commitment, in which variable of professional commitment functions as intervening variable. This research uses approach model Shaub et al, (1993); Khomsiyah<br />and Indriantoro; Yousef, (2000); Harsanti, (2001) and Nasron, (2002). The primary data of this research are collected through collecting opinion or perception of internal auditors, who fill in and submit questionnaires to the researcher. Among the 150 copies of questionnaire distributed to the bank internal auditors in Central Java, there are 90 filled in ones (63,33 %) sent back. Then, the collected data of these 90 copies of questionnaires are analyzed by using regression technique with help of SPSS 10.00 program and path analysis. The result of this research indicates that there is more understanding of the bank internal auditor and the prevailed custom or rule of work, either in the profession ethics or Islamic work ethics such as accountability, fairness and truth, so the better he does more than his duty and function as internal auditor. Furthermore, it has effect on his<br />commitment of profession as a bank internal auditor and his commitment of organization.</p>

Percepção de Justiça nos Sistemas de Controle Gerencial Aumenta Comprometimento e Confiança dos Gestores?

Resumo Este estudo objetiva verificar se a percepção de justiça em relação às dimensões dos Sistemas de Controle Gerencial aumenta o comprometimento e a confiança dos gestores. Para tal, foi realizada pesquisa de natureza descritiva por meio de levantamento, tendo como população as 500 empresas listadas entre as Melhores e Maiores da Revista Exame, das quais 180 aceitaram participar do estudo, e a amostra constituiu-se dos 67 respondentes. O instrumento de pesquisa utilizado compõe-se de 26 assertivas, com escalas de medidas intervalares Likert de sete pontos. As hipóteses enunciadas na pesquisa foram testadas com aplicação da técnica estatística de análise multivariada denominada Modelagem de Equações Estruturais. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram que o princípio da controlabilidade e a utilização de múltiplos indicadores de desempenho aumentam a percepção de justiça distributiva e processual; a percepção de justiça das dimensões interacional e processual aumenta o comprometimento dos gestores; e a confiança dos gestores é influenciada pela percepção de justiça distributiva e interacional. Com base nesses resultados, conclui-se que o comprometimento e a confiança dos gestores podem ser fatores atitudinais e comportamentais preponderantes na diminuição de ações retaliatórias causadas pelo sentimento de injustiça organizacional.

Perceptions of fairness in financial services: an analysis of distribution channels

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine fairness within financial services. In making the contribution the authors examine fairness by four different channels to market and across a range of financial services products. The product categories in the study are those with the highest density levels in the UK.Design/methodology/approach– Underpinned by the development of new measures, this paper is based on telephone interviews and on-line surveys with UK customers of financial services. More than 1,000 customers participated in the survey during the middle of 2013. After reporting the measurement model, the authors use ANOVA to report the differences in the perception of the dimensions of fairness by channel to market.Findings– The authors found there to be significant differences in perceptions using different channels to market. The research shows that where a face-to-face interaction takes place, such as branch contact, they are perceived to be fairer than when interactions are more remote. Given the dimensions of fairness, this reveals the importance of communications during explanations so that interactions are deemed to be fair.Research limitations/implications– The focus of this research was the examination of fairness within the setting of the UK’s financial services sector. The authors are minded that if the research is replicated in other countries or contexts then different aspects of fairness might emerge.Practical implications– Given the challenges faced by the financial services sector, there are implications for practitioners because they must be seen to be treating customers fairly. The research shows that remote contact such as the internet is not perceived as being as fair as face-to-face contact. The fair treatment of customers is likely to lead to positive brand benefits.Originality/value– This study complements the understanding of fairness and provides insight for scholars and practitioners, within financial services.

Measuring Price Fairness: Development of a Multidimensional Scale

ABSTRACTAlthough differential pricing strategies in the tourism industries have raised fairness issues so far, price fairness studies from a consumer perspective are still lacking as opposed to pricing research based on the managerial approach. Thus, this study developed a scale to measure price fairness in line with the procedures recommended by the literature, and tested if the proposed items and dimensionality of the construct best fit the empirical data. Consequently, it was found that price fairness embraces two dimensions of cognitive and affective fairness. The valid and reliable measurement of price fairness may have far reaching theoretical and managerial implications.

Conceptualizing fairness in franchisor–franchisee relationship: Dimensions, definitions and preliminary construction of scale

This paper seeks to conceptualize fairness in the context of franchisor–franchisee relationship adapting literature from organizational justice and fairness and channel relationship literature. The study proposes comprehensive conceptualization of the concept of fairness based on extensive review of the literature as having four dimensions namely, distributive, procedural, interpersonal and informational fairness. The study follows step by step procedure suggested in the literature including exploratory interviews and generating a pool of items from the existing literature to develop a valid and reliable measure of fairness. The study surveyed 105 franchisees of large scale Fast moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) organization in India using maximum likelihood estimation with promax rotation to analyze the data. Preliminary scale developed clears the validity and reliability tests. Findings of the nomological test suggest positive association between dimensions of fairness and trust. Future research should further refine concept and validate the construct in different settings and cultures.

English

Many countries have adopted a taxpayer charter or equivalent, which governs the relationship between taxpayers and tax authorities. However, little is known about the extent to which these charters are constructed in accordance with widely accepted fairness dimensions, as well as the relative importance of taxpayer charter rights within each fairness dimension. This research investigates the Canadian taxpayer charter (the Taxpayer Bill of Rights) using a trio of fairness dimensions that are known to influence tax compliance and the tax assessment process: procedural fairness, interpersonal fairness, and informational fairness. Rights classified as interpersonal or informational fairness were significantly underweight relative to procedural fairness. Furthermore, taxpayers rated data privacy, tax authority’s accountability, and comprehensive communication of information as the most important aspects of their service relationship with the tax authority. Implications for tax policy makers and tax researchers are discussed. Key words: Fairness, tax compliance, charter.

The impact of fairness on trustworthiness and trust in banking

Theorists and empirical researchers in marketing and other fields suggest that fairness is important in underpinning trust, which, in turn, is integral to developing and maintaining buyer–seller relationships. However, empirical investigation of fairness in the domain of marketing has, to date, been limited. Consequently, the relationship between fairness and trust is not well understood. Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide a fully developed social exchange model examining the differential effects of various dimensions of fairness on trustworthiness and customers’ trust. Data were collected from customers of banks and were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Findings of the study show that perceptions of fair treatment on the part of customers are important in driving trustworthiness and engendering trust.

Organizational climate, trust and knowledge sharing: insights from Malaysia

Purpose– The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of organizational climate and trust (TR) on knowledge-sharing (KS) behaviour in selected multinational firms in an emerging market – Malaysia. Two dimensions of KS – knowledge collecting (KC) and knowledge donating (KD) – were separately studied for this research.Design/methodology/approach– Survey data were collected from 231 participants from 25 multinational firms. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the research model.Findings– The research findings indicate that organizational climate dimension, affiliation, is positively related to both KD and KC, while fairness dimensions of organizational climate are not positively related to KD and KC. Among the two dimensions of TR (cognitive and affective), it was found that cognitive TR is positively related to KD, while affective TR is positively related to KC.Research limitations/implications– The sampling was confined to the Klang Valley area of Malaysia.Practical implications– The study is useful because it makes an attempt to study the relationship between organizational climate and the two dimensions of KS, KC and KD, separately. The study examines the similar relationship with TR.Originality/value– This research has provided both theoretical and managerial implications to further advance the literature on the impact of organization factors such as organizational climate (OC) and individual factors such as TR on KS behaviour. This research examines the relationship of OC with specific KS dimensions such as KD and KC. Limited research has addressed this. This research has also contributed further to business literature by applying social capital theory in explaining the impact of multidimensional categories of TR: affective TR and cognitive-based TR on KD and KC.

BRAIN TUMOR CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CLUSTERED DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM IN COMPRESSED DOMAIN

This study presents a novel method to classify the brain tumors by means of efficient and integrated methods so as to increase the classification accuracy. In conventional systems, the problem being the same to extract the feature sets from the database and classify tumors based on the features sets. The main idea in plethora of earlier researches related to any classification method is to increase the classification accuracy.The actual need is to achieve a better accuracy in classification, by extracting more relevant feature sets after dimensionality reduction. There exists a trade-off between accuracy and the number of feature sets. Hence the focus in this study is to implement Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) on the brain tumor images for various classes. Using DCT, by itself, it offers a fair dimension reduction in feature sets.Later on, sequentially K-means algorithm is applied on DCT coefficients to cluster the feature sets. These cluster information are considered as refined feature sets and classified using Support Vector Machine (SVM) is proposed in this study. This method of using DCT helps to adjust and vary the performance of classification based on the count of the DCT coefficients taken into account. There exists a good demand for an automatic classification of brain tumors which grealtly helps in the process of diagnosis. In this novel work, an average of 97% and a maximum of 100% classification accuracy has been achieved. This research is basically aiming and opening a new way of classification under compressed domain. Hence this study may be highly suitable for diagnosing under mobile computing and internet based medical diagnosis.

Towards fair local outcomes in adaptation to sea-level rise

Arguments that fairness should be a guiding principle of climate change adaptation have been primarily concerned with distributive and procedural aspects of fairness, with far less attention paid to the temporal, spatial and interactional dimensions of fairness. This paper presents the results of a study that sought to understand the multiple dimensions of fairness of adaptation strategies that exist or can be developed to deal with sea-level rise. The study focused on five small communities along the south-east coast of Australia—Lakes Entrance, Seaspray, Port Albert, McLoughlins Beach and Manns Beach. Interviews were conducted with residents of the local communities to examine perceptions of current adaptation policies and their social impacts. A questionnaire was used to develop a nuanced understanding of the types of people living in these communities and their everyday lives, practices, and relationships. This enabled us to identify a range of non-material social impacts that may occur as a result of sea-level rise. Finally, focus groups were used to obtain community perspectives on the fairness of a range of potential future adaptation strategies. Together, these methods revealed that adaptation to sea-level rise is likely to affect some groups in the community significantly more than others, and in ways that will fundamentally change the nature of living in these communities. Understanding nuances in the social values of communities reveals how policies can be adapted to provide fairer outcomes for all community members through processes that create the time and space required to establish long-term working relationships between communities and government.

Effects of Evaluation Dimension and Social Comparison on Choices of Allocation Principles

A group of 49 undergraduate business school and 46 undergraduate psychology students and a group of 95 employees at different companies responded to a number of case-based organizational allocation tasks. Imagining themselves as employees in the organizations described, participants chose the fairest and the best out of four allocations in either a collectively or an individually framed organizational culture. Furthermore, social comparisons between different groups in the organizations were salient for half of the participants. It was predicted that evaluations on the fairness dimension, social comparison, and a collectively oriented organizational culture would increase choices of an Equal allocation. It was also predicted that evaluations on the preference dimension, non-social comparison, and an individually oriented organizational culture would increase choices of non-equality distributions (i.e., maximization, pro-self, or pro-other). Results supported all predictions except those for organizational culture.

Service fairness and IS continuance model in cloud computing

This study integrates service fairness into a post-acceptance model of information system continuance. This study added constructs based on Greenberg’s (1993) four-component taxonomy of organisational justice. The research model seeks to be useful in predicting post-acceptance satisfaction, which enhances continued usage of services together with a technological product. The results show that perceived usefulness and satisfaction influence continuance intention, as the post-acceptance model predicts. Three of the four distinct service fairness dimensions, systemic, configural and interpersonal fairness significantly enhanced post-acceptance satisfaction. However, the relationship between informational fairness and satisfaction was negative and significant.

How to achieve fairness in payments for ecosystem services? Insights from agrobiodiversity conservation auctions

This paper provides insights into the multiple dimensions of fairness in payments for ecosystem services (PES) using the results of pilot agrobiodiversity conservation auctions. In two sites in the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes farming groups bid for payments for the conservation of traditional crop varieties. We assess different payment rules relating to how to allocate payments among groups subject to a fixed conservation budget. The discriminatory, uniform and conditional payment rules tested in these case studies incorporate alternative principles of fairness, while resulting in varying conservation and distributional outcomes. The latter are measured in terms of the distributional equality of payments among farmers and groups, and the distributional effects of payments on different types of groups. Findings indicate that conservation and distributional outcomes are highly sensitive to the payment rule chosen and vary across study sites. There may be contexts where cost-effectiveness does not need to be traded-off against fairness. Yet given the number of competing fairness considerations, achieving PES outcomes that are perceived as fair is very challenging.

Fairness and financial services in Australia and the United Kingdom

PurposeThere has been limited research into financial services customers’ perceptions of how fairly they are treated by financial services providers. Fairness as a concept has its theoretical roots in the theory of justice and equity and has been conceptualised as being made up of two distinct elements, procedural fairness and distributive fairness. Some scholars have further distinguished between procedural fairness and interactional fairness, and hence this research aims to measure all three of these fairness constructs and employ them in the analysis of the results.Design/methodology/approachThe Financial Services Research Forum (FSRF) in the United Kingdom (UK) has used constructs derived from theory to devise a benchmark measure: the Fairness Index. The index can be used to analyse trends through time and differences between sectors in the financial services industry. The FSRF has now collected seven waves of data investigating trends in consumers’ perceptions of fairness in financial services. The Fairness Index approach was replicated in Australia in early 2012 and responses were sought from 750 Australian consumers, with 250 respondents per sector, answering questions about their main bank, their credit card provider and their financial advisor.FindingsAustralian financial advisors were found to have higher Fairness Index scores than banks and credit card providers across all the dimensions of fairness. Surprisingly, for banks, there was a pronounced negative relationship between customers’ fairness perceptions and length of relationship with the bank. In terms of what drives customers’ overall perceptions of fairness, it appears that distributive fairness is by far the dominant influence for all three types of providers investigated. Finally, comparisons are offered between the Fairness Index scores for both Australia and the UK, in the same time period.Originality/valueThere has been limited research into financial services customers’ perceptions of how fairly they are treated by financial services providers. This study measures three fairness constructs – procedural fairness, distributive fairness and interactional fairness – and employs them in the analysis of the results. A benchmark measure, the Fairness Index, has been devised and used to investigate trends in consumers’ perceptions of fairness in financial services in the United Kingdom and Australia.

Influence of perceived service fairness on relationship quality and switching intention: an empirical study of restaurant experiences

Restaurants and dining out are an important part of the tourism industry and are a major business in their own right. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived service fairness, relationship quality, and switching intention in fine dining restaurants. Data were collected through a convenience sampling method from 164 customers from only fine dining restaurants in the northern region of West Malaysia (Kedah, Perak, Penang, and Perlis States). Unlike all previous studies which have focused exclusively on the role of justice in service failure and recovery, this study considers all-inclusive service delivery contexts. The results of this study showed that all the dimensions of perceived service fairness have a significant relationship with switching intention. In addition, perceived service fairness has a positive relationship with trust in all dimensions except for outcome fairness. Moreover, the results found that among the perceived service fairness dimensions, only procedural fairness and interactional fairness had a positive relationship with commitment and price fairness; outcome fairness was not related to commitment. Finally, the results confirmed the negative and significant relationship between relationship quality (trust and commitment) on switching intention. Managerial implications of these findings are briefly discussed.

The Motivational Effects of Pay Fairness

One of the continuing challenges in the hotel industry is developing effective compensation policies that motivate frontline employees. Unfortunately, the areas of compensation and pay fairness are underresearched, and what research does exist often provides methodological and theoretical precision without necessarily lending itself to practical insight. The study presented here uses a longitudinal design to examine the effects of pay fairness on employees’ work effort and performance. Data for this study were collected from 270 employees and their supervisors in seven hotels in China. In practical terms, the results indicate that a fairly straightforward model connects perceptions of pay fairness with work effort and job performance. In theoretical terms, this study further validates the second-order factor structure of pay fairness dimensions (distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational). Stated more technically, despite the construct validity associated with a multidimensional structure of fairness, a more parsimonious model using an overall fairness representation predicts work effort and job performance better than the more detailed model that involves four distinct but interrelated fairness measurements. The chief implication is that although actual pay levels are important to perceptions of compensation fairness, hotel employees also take into account the compensation procedures, the nature of their interactions with management, and the extent to which managers and the company are forthcoming about compensation practices. Thus, money alone is not the only motivating factor for hotel employees but management treatment is also a large element of employees’ view of fairness.

Exploring New Predictors of Service Fairness in a Restaurant Situation

In the marketplace, consumers have fairness expectations regarding results or benefits they should receive in a service delivery situation. Bagozzi (1975) pointed out an issue regarding the consequences of inequity in marketing exchange. It is likely that unfair sales transactions will cause customers’ dissatisfaction. Consequently, this study proposes two new dimensions: customer-to-customer fairness and seller-to-seller fairness. Customer-to-customer fairness refers to consumers’ comparison of their benefits from a service transaction with that of other customers of the same business. Seller-to-seller fairness regards consumers’ comparison of different businesses of the same type. The purpose of this study is to develop and refine the measurement of fairness for the restaurant industry by including the five fairness dimensions and compare the influence of different service fairness dimensions on overall perceived fairness, perceived service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intention. This study included an on-site survey at a table-service restaurant. A total of 397 useable questionnaires were collected. An important result of this study is that the two new proposed fairness dimensions: seller-to-seller and customer-to customer dimensions were found to have significant impacts on customers’ restaurant experience. This finding shows that these two dimensions need to be included when studying service fairness. The results also show that the five service fairness dimensions have different degrees of impact on overall perceived fairness, perceived service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intention.

Fair play: perceived fairness in crowdsourcing communities and its behavioral consequences

More and more companies detect the power of crowdsourcing as a new form of user interaction and a source of collaborative innovation. Besides the benefits of gaining many innovative solutions to a posed problem, idea and design contests are supposed to have a favorable impact on participants’ loyalty intentions towards the hosting firm. The basic argument is that the ongoing involvement over several weeks with a company and its products, and the personal engagement that occurs while developing new ideas for this company, would lead to an increase in loyalty. With our research we challenge this assumption; we argue that the mere participation in idea and design competitions will not enhance loyalty, but that perceptions of how fairly a company treats the idea competition community will explain changes in loyalty intentions. We analyzed a LED-light design contest launched by OSRAM, a leading lighting manufacturer. We investigated the impact of three fairness dimensions (distributive, procedural, interactional) on participants’ future behavioral and attitudinal intentions. The results suggest that the impact of fairness perceptions is dominant, i.e. no amount of joyful experience during the co-creation event can compensate for low fairness perceptions. Furthermore our analysis reveals that the influence of the fairness dimensions is asymmetric: while distributive and procedural fairness can be considered as basic factors that must be fulfilled in order to avoid negative behavioral consequences, interactional fairness is an excitement factor which causes truly positive behavioral consequences.

Cross‐cultural Examination of Applicant Reactions to Selection Methods: United States and Vietnam

The current study explored the differences in applicant reactions to various selection methods in the United States and in Vietnam, an emerging economy that has been generally ignored in the selection and assessment literatures. College students (n = 376) from the United States and Vietnam rated the favorability of 10 selection methods and indicated the bases for their reactions on eight process fairness dimensions. Results showed that interviews and work sample tests were perceived most favorably, while personal contacts and graphology were perceived least favorably in both countries. Face validity of the selection methods was found to be the strongest predictor of process favorability in both countries. In addition, the results indicated substantial differences between the two countries in terms of the perceived interpersonal warmth of selection methods and a perceived employer's right to obtain information using the selection methods. Implications of the findings for multinational corporations and future research directions are discussed.