Fair Value Measurement Research Articles

Ownership Structure, Fair Value Measurement and Audit Fees

Ownership Structure, Fair Value Measurement and Audit Fees

Will the Change from Four to Three Classifications of Financial Assets Lead to a Substitution of Accrual Earnings Management for Real Earnings Management?

This paper investigates the substitution between accrual earnings management and real earnings management of listed companies after the change from four to three classifications of financial assets in China. This paper divides the financial data of A + H listed companies in China into two groups for the period of 2015-2020, considering the implementation of the Financial Instruments Standard as the time point, and investigates the impact of the change from four to three classifications of financial assets on the earnings management of financial assets of listed companies through OLS regression analysis and suest test. The results of the study show that after the change from four to three classifications of financial assets, the manipulation of financial asset classifications and derecognition of financial assets by listed companies decreased, and the manipulation of fair value measurement of financial assets increased; at the same time, the proportion of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss held by listed companies was significantly and positively related to the level of accrual earnings management.

Motivation Change of CFLD's Real Estate Investment Measurement Model and Analysis of the Economic Consequences

In 2006, the Ministry of Finance of China issued the CAS3 accounting standard, introducing the fair value measurement model into the measurement of real estate investment. However, by the end of 2021, A-share listed companies that changed their cost measurement model of real estate investment to the measurement model of fair value accounted for a very small proportion of all A-share listed companies holding real estate investment in China. This paper selects China Fortune Land Development Co., Ltd. (CFLD), a representative company, as the case object, and studies its motivation of changing the measurement model of real estate investment in 2018 from three aspects: earnings management, profits of major shareholders, and compensation management of senior managers, and analysis of economic consequences from both short-term and long-term perspectives. It is expected to provide references for stakeholders to correctly interpret the disclosed fair value information of real estate companies and for relevant listed companies to reasonably adopt the fair value measurement model.

Carbon accounting framework for decarbonising: a fair value measurement approach for financial reporting in India

Carbon accounting framework for decarbonising: a fair value measurement approach for financial reporting in India

Impact of Key Audit Matters on Accounting Information Management by REA Model

High-quality accounting information can help enterprises improve their operating conditions and provide useful information for other stakeholders in the market to make decisions. It plays an important role in optimizing the efficiency of the capital market. Firstly, the relevant literature on key audit matters and accounting information quality is sorted out. Then, the Resource, Event, Agent (REA) model is constructed to analyze the relationship between key audit events and the quality of accounting information. Based on the text characteristics and specific types of key audit items, this paper deeply analyzes the impact on the quality of accounting information. The empirical results show that the key audit disclosure helps improve accounting information management. The improvement effect on accounting information management is more significant in enterprises with high earnings management and analyst concerns. In addition, from the perspective of text characteristics, the more key audit events are disclosed, the more detailed the description and response paragraphs are, and the more significant the improvement effect on the quality of accounting information is. The disclosure of asset impairment types is helpful for the quality of accounting information management. The type of fair value measurement is not conducive to improving the quality of accounting information management. Based on the REA model, the implementation effect of key audit items is verified, which has positive significance for deepening the reform of audit standards and improving the efficiency of the capital market.

The impact of IFRS adoption on the value relevance of accounting information in Saudi Arabia

AbstractWe examined the joint and relative value relevance of book value of equity (BVE) and earnings before (2015–2016), after (2017–2018) and during the comparative year (2016) of mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Saudi Arabia. Results show that the accounting information is jointly value relevant (R2), with no significant change between accounting information prepared under Saudi GAAP and IFRS. However, we found a positive change in the relative value relevance of the BVE after IFRS implementation, mainly related to the introduction of fair value measurement. Differences in value relevance were found across variances in company characteristics.

Impact of Fair Value Measurement on Corporate Reporting in India: A Case Study

Impact of Fair Value Measurement on Corporate Reporting in India: A Case Study

Independent Accountant’s Review Report

Independent Accountant’s Review Report

Implementation of IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement: Issues and Challenges faced by the Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia

Implementation of IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement: Issues and Challenges faced by the Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia

UNDERSTANDING BIG DATA-FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT MODEL OF BIOLOGICAL ASSETS

This research establishes a Big Data-Fair Value Measurement Model of Biological Assets using a Smart Farming Approach. The aim of the study is to gather literature knowledge about the judgment of biological assets. The use of big data and innovative farming in the agricultural sector is relatively new in Malaysia, making people wonder about its effectiveness, whether positive or negative. However, determining fair value can be a daunting task due to the existence of personal biological properties and the variety of specimens (offspring), classes, and conditions. Agricultural sectors need to be more emphasised by many parties as the increases in cost production is not a trivial matter that can be ignored. There have been pressures from foreign countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia in the agricultural sector. Malaysia faces one major challenge: the cost of production, including wages and inputs, is relatively higher. (Rozhan 2019). Agricultural accounting is a minor standard, but it has a broad scope and a significant impact on agricultural businesses based on the accounting perspective, the MFRS141/IAS 41. The standard improves the transparency of the cost to replace capital (by allowing for depreciation and amortisation) and better reflects the productive lifespan of assets in agricultural operations. However, the application of MFRS 141 Agriculture is still relatively new in Malaysia, and a thorough examination of the literature indicates several gaps and deficiencies. This literature review is vital to support the study on Big Data-Fair Value Measurement Model of Biological Assets as the agricultural sector's involvement was recently popular. It might also offer some good ideas for handling problems involving the fair value measurement. Future studies will help the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries, agriculture sector workers, in terms of practical perspective. Therefore, the future result of the study suggests an improvement within the agriculture sector related to the treatment in their fair values, issues, and strategies.

Financial Accounting Measurement Model Based on Numerical Analysis of Rigid Normal Differential Equation and Rigid Functional Equation

Abstract The initial value problem of stiff functional differential equations often appears in many fields such as automatic control, economics and its theoretical and algorithmic research is of unquestionable importance. The paper proposes a rigid functional equation based on the integral process method of the financial accounting measurement model of numerical analysis. This method provides a unified theoretical basis for the stability analysis of the solution of the functional differential equation encountered in the integrodifferential equation and the financial accounting fair value measurement model of investment real estate.

Application of B-theory for numerical method of functional differential equations in the analysis of fair value in financial accounting

Abstract Financial accounting, the use of historical cost of assets, is an important basic principle of historical cost, which is to become the dominant mode of accounting measurement. Background analyses, as well as the historical cost basis and fair value, result from the development of the theory of historical cost and fair value. Historical cost and fair value measurement model has its own advantages and problems. Based on this background, the paper applies B-theoretical numerical methods to differential equations pan function analysis for calculation of fair value accounting and conducts theoretical analysis of their stability and convergence. Finally, numerical examples with different methods of calculating an approximate solution are provided and a comparison of the various methods is done based on the results obtained. The results show fair value accounting better meets the needs of the target –decision-making availability, compared to historical cost or fair value, more in line with the requirements of Accounting Information Quality.

Fair value measurement of inventories and property, plant and equipment in the Russian accounting of organizations that are not budgetary sphere organizations: scope and features of formation

The Federal Accounting Standard (FAS) 5/2019 “Inventories” provides for a fairly broad application of fair value measurement of the inventories of non-budgetary sphere organizations (including healthcare organizations). An even more active use of fair value is suggested by FAS 6/2020 for the measurement of property, plant and equipment of the aforementioned organizations. The specified value is entered into the domestic accounting of the listed assets for the first time and is unusual for many Russian accountants. All this indicates the relevance of a detailed study of issues related to the fair value measurement of inventories and property, plant and equipment of the aforementioned organizations. In this article, the scope and features of the formation of this measurement are investigated. Other issues related to this measurement will be analyzed by us in the next article. The research methods were analysis and synthesis, grouping method, comparison, analogy method, logical approach, systemic approach. As a result of the research carried out, the article defines the scope of the fair value measurement of inventories and property, plant and equipment in the Russian accounting of organizations that are not budgetary sphere organizations, analyzes the features of the formation of such a measurement of these assets, identifies the most important problematic issues in this area and identifies ways to solve them.

Own Credit Risk Accounting, Modigliani-Miller Theorem, and the Fallacy of Counter-Intuitive Results

Purpose: This article tests own credit risk accounting under Modigliani-Miller theory to determine whether there is a fundamental fallacy in the unsolved issue of counter-intuitive results.
 
 Design/methodology/approach: A system of equations derived from the MM theorem to own risk.
 
 Findings: Solutions to the wealth transfer hypothesis. Parameters of issuer and holder that nullify own credit risk gain/loss and impairment loss/gain. A theoretical framework is developed to reconcile accounting to Modigliani-Miller theory. If the MM theory is true, as generally it is held to be, the system of equations shows that the recognition of own credit gain or loss would arise from different accounting measurement bases of liability own risk versus assets impairment, and by not reflecting the rebound effect in liability fair value measurement, in both cases not a faithfully representation of the substance of the facts and circumstances. The former would require a re-alignment between impairment and financial liability measurement rules. The latter would require a rethinking of fulfillment vs. fair value measurement to these liabilities. In addition, given the tenet that the accounting does not recognize shareholder wealth transfer, the current financial performance dilemma can be solved by recognizing in equity the concept of capital maintenance adjustment.
 
 Originality: Rare, if not unique, innovative direct application of MM paradigm to own risk.
 
 Implications: Significant contribution to the debate on performance and OCI, counter-intuitive results and accounting mismatch, fulfilment value versus fair value, incomplete recognition of contemporaneous asset value, and the definition of income in the Conceptual Framework.

Managerial discretion and the comparability of fair value estimates

We explore how discretion over fair value measurement affects the comparability of fair value estimates in the financial industry. We find that greater exposure to Level 2 (Level 3) measurement enhances (diminishes) the comparability of fair value estimates across firms. These contrasting results reflect a nuanced relation between discretion over fair value measurement and comparability and suggest that managers convey useful information through Level 2 estimates, whereas Level 3 measurement is subject to error and managerial opportunism. Cross-sectional analyses show that fair value estimates are less comparable when managers have stronger incentives to introduce discretion and more comparable when investor monitoring is stronger. Additional analyses demonstrate that the comparability of fair value estimates is negatively associated with non-agency mortgage backed security holdings, the asset class most likely to be held at Level 3 by our sample firms, and that our primary results hold for alternative measures of comparability. Taken together, our results highlight the critical role of discretion in shaping the comparability of fair value estimates.

ACCOUNTING STANDARDS FOR FIXED ASSETS OF U.S. GAAP AND IFRS: COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES

FASB and IASB have differences in setting the accounting standard for fixed asset. The FASB does not allow firms to restore the asset value that has been written down, while the IASB allow companies to recover the asset values that has been written down. These differences have distinct implication to depict the COVID-19 pandemic phenomenon and prevent earnings management that will affect the qualitative characteristics of the faithful representation. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the fixed asset accounting standards of U.S. GAAP or IFRS which is more optimal to improve the faithful representation in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic and earnings management. Based on an analysis of the theory and literature review, this study conclude that the fixed assets accounting standard of IFRS is more optimal to represent the COVID-19 pandemic faithfully than that of U.S. GAAP. This is because IFRS allows for recovery of impairment losses. In addition, the fixed asset accounting standard of U.S. GAAP is more optimal than that of IFRS for preventing earnings management so as to improve the quality of faithful representation of the fixed asset value. This is because the fair value measurement for fixed assets involves estimation and subjectivity of the asset appraiser enhancing the possibility of earnings management.

Fair value measurement and its impact on audit fees: evidence in the Brazilian market

Objective: The purpose is to verify the impact of using the measurement at fair value on the audit fees, differentiating even the period before and after the adoption of IFRS 13 (CPC 46).
 Methodology: The research is quantitative, for testing the hypothesis raised, the multiple regression technique was used, with data available from companies listed in B3 for the period between 2010 and 2016.
 Results: The evidence indicates that the complexity and subjectivity of fair value is recognized by the audit firms, that is, audit firms recognize that fair value measurement implies more effort and that the associated audit risk rises, leading firms to charge of a risk premium for the provision of the service. However, it was not possible to confirm that auditors' fees increased after the adoption of IFRS13 (CPC 46).
 Contributions of study: Theoretical/methodological - The study contributes to understanding the impacts of adopting international accounting standards, in this specific case on audit fees. Social/management - Given the evidence that there is a higher audit cost associated with the greater complexity of information in a fair value environment, companies can develop mechanisms to minimize the uncertainty of the information to be audited.

Disclosure Quality under IFRS No. 13 ‘Fair Value Measurement’ - A Comparison between Korean and Japanese Listed Firms

[연구목적]본 연구는 한국채택국제회계기준 제1113호 공정가치 측정 기준서(IFRS 13) 시행 이후, 관련 기준서에 따른 주석공시 요구사항의 품질을 한국과 일본의 상장기업을 대상으로 조사한다. 이를 통하여, IFRS의 핵심인 공정가치 회계의 기반이 되는 기업의 공정가치 관련 공시 충실도 현황을 파악하고, 국제적 현황 비교를 통하여 이해관계자에게 시사점을 제공하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. [연구방법]연구표본은 IFRS 13이 시행된 2013년부터 2016년까지 4개 사업연도를 대상으로, 공정가치 서열체계에 따라 공정가치로 표시 또는 공시되는 자산 및 부채가 존재하는 한국(5,332 연도-회사) 및 일본의 상장기업(194 연도-회사)을 대상으로 한다. 이를 대상으로, 금융감독원에서 2014년 제시한 주석공시 가이드라인을 활용한 공시품질을 측정, 분석한다. 또한 자료를 이용 가능한 국내기업을 대상으로 기업의 다양한 특성(외부감사인, 소속 상장시장 등)에 따른 공시품질의 차이가 존재하는지를 추가로 조사한다. [연구결과]분석 결과, 전체 표본을 대상으로 한국은 평균 0.449, 일본은 평균 0.679의 공정가치 관련 공시품질 측정치를 나타내 평균적으로 한국의 공시품질의 절대점수가 일본과 비교하여 낮은 점수를 나타냄을 확인하였다. 이는 IFRS를 의무 도입한 우리나라와 달리, 일본회사 표본은 상대적으로 재무보고 프로세스가 우수한 IFRS의 자발적 도입 회사이기 때문으로 분석된다. 한편, 양국 모두에서 공정가치 서열체계 상 공정가치 측정의 재량성이 높은 수준 2, 수준 3 항목이 포함될수록 더욱 낮은 점수를 보였다. 국내 상장회사에 대한 추가 분석결과, 상대적으로 소규모 감사법인을 선임한 회사, 코스닥 시장 소속회사 및 공정가치 측정 순자산의 비중이 낮은 회사가 낮은 공정가치 관련 공시품질을 나타냈다. [연구의 시사점]본 연구는 감독기관의 주석공시 가이드라인에 따른 공시품질 측정치를 추정하여, 국내 상장회사의 IFRS 13에 따른 공시품질의 현황을 제시하였다. 또한 기업환경과 회계제도의 적용이 국내와 상이한 일본과의 국제적 비교연구를 통하여, 국내 공정가치 공시품질의 상대적인 수준을 파악할 수 있게 하였다. 이와 같은 본 연구의 결과는 감독당국에서 소규모 회계법인이 감사하는 회사, 코스닥회사 등에 대한 공정가치 관련 주석공시 현황을 집중하여 감독할 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

The Fair Value Measurement Challenges Faced by the External Auditor: Kurdistan Region -Iraq

This study aimed to identify the most important challenges facing auditors when measuring fair value FVMs from three axes, namely identifying which challenges are most influencing auditors to direct attention towards them, and revealing the extent to which the inherent auditing risks are affected by fair value evaluation estimates. The third axis of this study raises discussions about the reliability of audit evidence relating to fair value and assures that disclosed and recognized fair values ​​are guiding values. The field study was applied to a sample of external auditors in the West Bank, where the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach in the field side and used the inductive approach to test the study hypotheses. The study found a set of results; the most important challenge facing the auditor in auditing fair value estimates is the lack of access to recent amendments to the international auditing standards for fair value accounting estimates. The study results also confirmed the impact of auditing risks with fair value estimates and measuring them at higher rates in many cases, including (the absence of active markets, the presence of significant misstatements, and the difference in the basis for measuring fair value).

Accounting discretion in family firms: The case of goodwill write-off. Evidence from US firms

This paper investigates whether family ownership affects decisions to take a writeoff of the goodwill and the amount written off. This study is based on a panel of public United States firms. Consistent with predictions based on agency theory and socioemotional wealth (SEW) theory, the findings demonstrate accounting discretion in goodwill impairment is lower in family firms than non-family firms. The results also show that first-generation family firms are more likely to exploit accounting discretion in goodwill impairment decisions than second or later generation family firms, due to greater concerns associated with the negative consequences of the write-off. This paper contributes to previous research on accounting in the context of family firms. Family firms cannot be considered a homogeneous group with the same propensity to exploit the discretion allowed by accounting rules in highly subjective fair value measurements. Generational change significantly influences firms' accounting choices, leading to more credible earnings and asset values for second or later generation family firms. This study also suggests the earnings management literature would benefit from additional in-depth investigation into how the generational stage of family businesses affects accounting discretion.