Fair Sampling Research Articles

Once Were Positivists: A Reply to Aya

Tbere are two basic issues in tbis essay. The first is tbe sloppy use of tbe term 'postmodernism' to designate a more or less organised collection of unsavoury academics, who (it is argued) subscribe to various forms of nihilism and epistemological hypochondria for some, as-yet-to-be-determined but clearly nefarious, ends. The exact composition of this group is left vague (although the author clearly has bis own list). It presumably includes a fair sampling of theorists of the French persuasion, most feminists, authors who are interested in the entwining of power and knowledge in human life, and nearly all 'relativists' who reject monistic certainty. For Aya, the term clearly saves time, basically by assuring himself that there has been little really worth reading in the social sciences (at least in anthropology) for the past quarter century or so.

BOOK REVIEW: edited by Jeremy Dibble and Bennett Zon.NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH MUSIC STUDIES. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.

Reviewed by: Nineteenth-Century British Music Studies, volume 2 Leanne Langley (bio) Nineteenth-Century British Music Studies, volume 2, edited by Jeremy Dibble and Bennett Zon; pp. xvi + 325. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, 2002, £55.00, $99.95. Economic retrenchment in British academic music publishing might so easily have militated against this book's appearance; so too might wider skepticism about the value of printed conference proceedings, in addition to the usual problem of selling nineteenth- century Britain to a majority of musicologists—those more interested in, say, Antonio Vivaldi or Edgard Varèse. But here it is, against the odds, as the second volume in an ongoing series. The book contains twenty short chapters, all given as papers at the second biennial Conference on Music in Nineteenth-Century Britain at the University of Durham in 1999. Essay topics range from source problems, composers, and musical works to institutions, performers, and the interaction of music with other arts in Britain or Ireland. Far from pulling the plug on its music list, as the Oxford office of Oxford University Press has done, for example, Ashgate has been stepping up the voltage, notably— incredibly—in nineteenth-century British studies, under the editorship of Bennett Zon. Given this background of enterprise and rare opportunity, one might imagine that this volume would itself be advancing remarkable new work—challenging, revealing, well- grounded. Since these selected papers make up only a third of the number presented at Durham (some of the others being published elsewhere), they might well be assumed to be among the strongest. The biennial conferences have clearly excited interest and camaraderie among many scholars traditionally marginalized in mainstream musicology. But wait—appearances can be deceiving. This book is in fact more interesting for what it unwittingly reveals about the conflicted state of British academe, fashions in music scholarship, and current attempts to rebrand nineteenth-century Britain than for the bulk of its contents. To be sure, there are four or five excellent essays here, and a few [End Page 349] more that show command of fascinating material. Yet many others have such a weak grasp of period and place, or so clearly fail to draw any important or even coherent historical, critical, or musical conclusions—none of this helped by dilettante editing—that readers may wonder what the hype is about, what the special support is intended to achieve. In the end, the single most remarkable thing about the book is that Ashgate thought it worthy of publication at all (or republication: major portions of three chapters were already previously published). This raises questions not only about the direction and editorial management of their much-vaunted "Music in Nineteenth-Century Britain" series, which includes monographs as well as three volumes to date of Nineteenth-Century British Music Studies, but also, more importantly, about future work in this unfolding field. To cast doubt over a book's making is not to propose its dismissal, however. This one will be found on library shelves next to others in the series and it will be consulted. The text is divided into five named parts which represent a fair sampling of Durham themes—church music, opera and oratorio, reception and performance, analysis and the history of analysis, art and poetry. John Harper's chapter, drawn from his keynote address, is an authoritative summary, broadly conceived, of the revival of monastic music in nineteenth-century England. It is a secluded topic far from the real world of most music activity, but he makes clear the path of Victorian chant scholarship in both Roman and Anglican traditions and argues sensibly for monastic culture to be studied whole—including liturgical reform, music, and buildings. Jean Marie Hoover's essay "Constructing Ireland: Culture and Politics in Stanford's Shamus O'Brien" is more focused but equally impressive. Weaving political history and symbols of cultural nationalism with analysis of creative intent and contemporary criticism, she shows how Charles Villiers Stanford crafted a double-voiced opera whose ambiguity initially contributed to its success in both England and Ireland, in 1896, but later hindered claims for it as the first opera in a new English-language tradition. Therese Ellsworth contributes a careful and...

Multi-Modal Particle Filtering for Hybrid Systems with Autonomous Mode Transitions

Model-based diagnosis of embedded systems relies on the ability to estimate their hybrid state from noisy observations. This task is especially challenging for systems with many state variables and autonomous transitions. We propose a fair sampling algorithm that combines Rao-Blackwellised particle filters with a multi-modal Gaussian representation. In order to handle autonomous transitions, we let the continuous state estimates contribute to the proposal distribution in the particle filter. The algorithm outperforms purely simulational particle filters and provides unification of particle filters with hybrid hidden Markov model (HMM) observers.

A feasible quantum optical experiment capable of refuting noncontextuality for single photons

Elaborating on a previous work by Simon et al. [PRL 85, 1783 (2000)] we propose a realizable quantum optical single-photon experiment using standard present day technology, capable of discriminating maximally between the predictions of quantum mechanics (QM) and noncontextual hidden variable theories (NCHV). Quantum mechanics predicts a gross violation (up to a factor of 2) of the noncontextual Bell-like inequality associated with the proposed experiment. An actual maximal violation of this inequality would demonstrate (modulo fair sampling) an all-or-nothing type contradiction between QM and NCHV.

Experiments towards falsification of noncontextual hidden variable theories

We present two experiments testing the hypothesis of noncontextual hidden variables. The first one is based on observation of two-photon pseudo-Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger correlations, with two of the originally three particles mimicked by the polarization degree of freedom and the spatial degree of freedom of a single photon. The second one, a single-photon experiment, utilizes the same trick to emulate two particle correlations, and is an "event ready" test of a Bell-like inequality, derived from the noncontextuality assumption. Modulo fair sampling, the data falsify noncontextual hidden variables.

Letters from the Editor: The Making of Modern Children's Literature

Letters from the Editor:The Making of Modern Children's Literature Deborah Stevenson (bio) Dear Genius: The Letters of Ursula Nordstrom, ed. and comp. Leonard Marcus. New York: HarperCollins, 1998. The face of modern children's literature would have been unimaginably different without the legendary Ursula Nordstrom, director of Harper's Department of Books for Boys and Girls from 1940 to 1973. Her editorial contributions include some of the most significant and best-known works of the century: Goodnight Moon (1947), Charlotte's Web (1952), Where the Wild Things Are (1963), Harriet the Spy (1964). She oversaw Russell Hoban's Bedtime for Frances (1960) from back when it was titled Who's Afraid?, changed from initial doubt to wholehearted support for Crockett Johnson's Harold and the Purple Crayon (1955), and worked around the bedroom-scene problems entailed by the mother-daughter switch in Mary Rodgers's Freaky Friday (1972). She enabled groundbreaking mention of menstruation in Louise Fitzhugh's The Long Secret (1965) and groundbreaking mention of homosexuality in John Donovan's I'll Get There. It Better Be Worth the Trip (1969), and she sent Mickey "STAKE NARKID" (282) into the world in In the Night Kitchen (1970). Leonard Marcus, whose previous work includes other investigations of publishing and publishing history as well as Margaret Wise Brown: Awakened by the Moon (1992), has selected from "many tens of thousands of letters" written by Nordstrom several hundred; although it's always difficult to know how much of such a collection's shape comes from the source and how much from the selection, Nordstrom's tone and approach are sufficiently consistent to suggest fair sampling rather than editorial topiary. The book doesn't just opt for latitudinal representation, however; instead it effectively follows particular examples of talent development and of changing editorial relationships, of booktalk and of industry illumination. Significant strains include Nordstrom's grooming of Maurice Sendak, her thorny relationship [End Page 256] with Meindert DeJong, the evolution of her friendship with Mary Stolz, and her struggles to support a young, suspicious, and elusive John Steptoe (Nordstrom resorts, after failure to reach Steptoe himself, to writing his mother in an attempt to find him). Her epistolary persona is witty, engaged, and dramatic, with a stylish New Yorker esque breeziness; it's easy to see why people, including Nordstrom herself, relish telling Nordstrom stories. Shrewdly noting that her exaggerated claims of her failings and self-doubts undercut their believability, Marcus states, "Her letters were her stage" (xxxiv), and indeed they bespeak Ursula Nordstrom performing "Ursula Nordstrom" and doing so very well indeed. The eternal editor, she relentlessly edits herself as she writes ("That doesn't look as funny written down" is a repeated refrain), providing an earnest token of editorial integrity to recipients of her missives. She's unable to resist editorial suggestions for her correspondents' correspondence—after nearly thirty years' friendship, she observes to Mary Stolz that "you never really write as though you'd heard from me" and models some samples of more desirable responses, attempting, not entirely convincingly, to pass her guidance off as a joke (377). Marcus doesn't limit his scope to her tours de force, however; the collection encompasses less assured and dashing productions as well. A 1953 letter to the elderly Laura Ingalls Wilder, though warmly polite, suggests in its contrast to the tone of other letters that Nordstrom really had very little to say to the revered author. And though Nordstrom's responses to letters of complaint are individually thoughtful and effective, their smoothness collectively starts looking somewhat slick and practiced, especially in conjunction with her witty private parody of such objections. Nordstrom's company is a pleasure in its own right, but it's as a window into the making of literature that this collection really excels. The compilation provides intriguing insight into Nordstrom's editorial approach, including several instances of her painstaking and detailed analyses. There is a near-microscopic examination of Garth Williams's illustrations of Charlotte the spider—"I think that if the nose dots were made larger . . . and the line he has put in for a mouth were omitted, she would be still attractive but more of...

Irrelevance of photon events distinguishability in a class of Bell experiments

We show that the possibility of distinguishing between single and two photon detection events, usually not met in the actual experiments, is not a necessary requirement for the proof that the experiments of Alley and Shih [Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2921 (1988)], and Ou and Mandel [Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 50 (1988)], are modulo fair sampling assumption, valid tests of local realism. We also give the critical parameters for the experiments to be unconditional tests of local realism, and show that some other interesting phenomena (involving bosonic type particle indistinguishability) can be observed during such tests.

Jules Verne on film: a filmography of the cinematic adaptations of his works, 1902 through 1997

Jules Verne - Voila! - is a name that resonates with visions of fantastic adventures and images of exotic exploits. In his voyages extraordinaires, the noted French author integrates his encyclopedic knowledge of science and geography with his ability to tell fascinating and entertaining tales, taking his readers on unprecedented journeys across the globe, into the earth, and out into space. This revered writer, who with his boundless imagination had hoped to contribute substantially to the world of letters, has surpassed that expectation to become coincidentally a significant influence on film. This comprehensive filmography not only offers an incisive analysis of Verne's epic creations, but also presents an examination of the films inspired by his stories and characters. If one tries to think of all the films adapted from the works of Jules Verne, a fair sampling might be easy to come up with. If one looks more closely at the plots and motifs of many other films, science fiction and otherwise, their origins are revealed to have been derived from Verne. For example, most film enthusiasts are familiar with Disney's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and a few may even be aware of the 1916 silent version. But Verne's classic undersea novel also provided the underpinnings for such other movies as Fantastic Voyage (1966) and Innerspace (1987). The central arrangement is by Verne's title with a brief thematic analysis of the novel. The entry then presents in chronological order all cinematic adaptations of that work, allowing the user to make comparative analyses of not only the movies but also their relationships to Verne's original story. Filmographic data are provided for each adaptation, along with a plot synopsis that blends critical commentary with an examination of the connection between the movie and Verne's work.

Arthur P. Davis: Forging the Way for the Formation of the Canon

Arthur P. Davis Forging The Way For The Formation Of The Canon Jennifer Jordan (bio) Contrary to the belief that all the tools an anthologist needs are a pair of scissors and a pot of glue, anthologizing is an exacting art/science. A great anthologist needs an encyclopedic knowledge of the subject matter, the critical skill to determine which artists and texts are both great and/or representative, the patience to assure accuracy and clean copy, and the tact to discourage the many friends, relatives and acquaintances who press to have their work memorialized. Amiri Baraka, despite a previously expressed disdain for Black American anthologies (Home 125), found how rare these skills are when he edited Black Fire (1968) with Larry Neal. Their problem of selection seemed to be resolved by including every Black male writer of nationalist persuasion on the East coast. The editors still had to issue an apology in the paperback edition for leaving out the movers and shakers of the Midwest movement, such as Don L. Lee / Haki Madhubuti, Carolyn Rodgers, Ron Milner and Jewel Latimore, and for ignoring the brilliant woman poet, Jayne Cortez of New York City. In the end Baraka blamed the omissions on “accidents” and the white “devils” of the William Morrow Company (xvi). Such “accidents” are possible even when an anthology such as Black Fire has as its goal the relatively limited objective of gathering together like-minded souls in an ideological and/or aesthetic assault on the literary mainstream. Mistakes can be made even when one has the benefit of a number of distinguished prototypes. One thinks immediately of Alain Locke’s New Negro and the Harlem Renaissance journal, Fire, which probably inspired the name of the Baraka/Neal collaboration and which shares its sort of in-your-face aggressiveness. Such anthologies, when they fill a cultural vacuum with vibrant yet overlooked art or trumpet the arrival of a significant literary and political moment, are important. But they do not call for the same kind of talents necessary to edit an anthology that purports to be an accurate record of the entire literary output of a whole race of people. Arthur P. Davis has always understood how much work and skill such a record requires and the importance of anthologies in preserving African-American literature—a literature cultivated in struggle and sown in improbably infertile ground. Laws existed to prevent its birth, and neglect tried to insure its death. So when Arthur Paul Davis, then of Virginia Union, Sterling Brown of Howard University, and Ulysses Lee of Lincoln University (PA) produced The Negro Caravan (1941), they were engaged in a war to establish a literary tradition and to prevent its perversion by either cultural provincialism or racist distortion. Theirs was not the first anthology of Black [End Page 450] literature, but, as they explained in the preface to Caravan, the preceding collections, such as James Weldon Johnson’s Book of American Negro Poetry (1922; rev. ed. 1931) and Benjamin Brawley’s Early Negro American Writers (1935), were usually limited to a single genre or to a specific time frame. The editors of The Negro Caravan were interested in producing an anthology that would be a scholarly and complete presentation of the literary and folk production of African Americans. This meant unearthing early novels long out of print and including material that seemed in those days outside the limits of literature, such as speeches and general essays. Brown, Davis, and Lee had a definite critical perspective based on a desire to apply aesthetic standards to their analysis of the texts, an insistence on including a fair sampling of the available material, and a belief in the essential Americanism of African-American literature (“Introduction”). However, this critical position was not used as a tool of exclusion and censorship. The result was a catholicity that made The Negro Caravan far superior to two earlier collections of Black literature that claimed to be comprehensive—V.F. Calverton’s Anthology of American Negro Literature (1929) and Readings from Negro Authors for Schools and Colleges (1931), edited by Otelia Cromwell of Miner Teachers College (subsequently D.C. Teachers), Lorenzo Dow Turner of Fisk, and Eva B...

Reply to the comment by Cabello and Santos on “Experimental demonstration of the violation of local realism without Bell inequalities”

We respond to the Commenth [Phys. Lett. A 214 (1996)] on our paper [Phys. Lett. A 204 (1995) 323] by pointing out that we have made no claims about performing an experiment that avoids the fair sampling assumption, and we derive the relation used in the final part of the paper that was criticized.

Saul Bellow in the 1980s: A Collection of Critical Essays , and: Inevitable Exiles: Cynthia Ozick's View of the Precariousness of Jewish Existence in a Gentile Society , and: Witness Through the Imagination: Jewish American Holocaust Literature (review)

Reviewed by: Saul Bellow in the 1980s: A Collection of Critical Essays, and: Inevitable Exiles: Cynthia Ozick's View of the Precariousness of Jewish Existence in a Gentile Society, and: Witness Through the Imagination: Jewish American Holocaust Literature Sanford Pinsker Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman , eds. Saul Bellow in the 1980s: A Collection of Critical Essays. East Lansing: Michigan State UP, 1989. 328 pp. $25.00. Vera Emuna Kielsky . Inevitable Exiles: Cynthia Ozick's View of the Precariousness of Jewish Existence in a Gentile Society. New York: Lang, 1989. 219 pp. $38.85. S. Lillian Kremer . Witness Through the Imagination: Jewish American Holocaust Literature. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1989. 392 pp. $29.95 cloth; pb. $14.95. Although the excitement that once swirled around American-Jewish fiction has diminished considerably, it is unlikely that either Jewish writers, or their critics, are likely to fall silent soon. If those who greeted Bellow and Malamud at the beginning of their great careers now talk soberly about acculturation closing the book on American-Jewish letters, others insist that a whole range of subjects—for [End Page 247] example, the Holocaust, Israel, even the nature of Jewishness itself—are now open for serious discussion. Moreover, as Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman's recent gathering of Bellow criticism would have it, there are "waves" of Bellow criticism. After a thumbnail survey of the ten book-length studies that appeared during the 1980s (including everything from a reductive study of "Bellow's treatment of women" to an effort to paint Bellow as a thorough-going nihilist), the editors put the issue before them this way: What we notice in these books is that they all move beyond Bellow's humanism to the particulars that go into making Bellow the kind of author he is. It is this interest in specific areas of concentration, as well as the courage to be distinctive, that make this second wave so much more interesting. This present volume of essays, coming as it does at the end of the 1980's, rounds out the picture of the new topics of investigation undertaken by critics during this decade of renewed critical interest in Bellow. The topics are even more distinctive, more provocative, and more exciting. No doubt some readers will claim Missouri as their stomping grounds and respond to such self-serving puffery with the "We'll see about that!" it clearly deserves. They will not be entirely wrong, for Saul Bellow in the 1980s is hardly the distinctive, provocative, or exciting collection its editors advertise. On the other hand, its eighteen essays represent a fair sampling of what academic critics thought and said about Bellow during the last decade. By contrast, Inevitable Exiles: Cynthia Ozick's View of the Precariousness of Jewish Existence in a Gentile Society is as predictable, and as padded, as its title. If there was a time when Jewish intellectuals made much of their alienation, their marginality, their disconnectedness, now critics such as Kielsky fairly crow about their normative piety: Just as the Jews are traditionally obligated to tell the story of the Exodus from Egypt from generation to generation (the Passover Haggadah) for it should not be forgotten, they have the moral commitment to explain the inexplicable—to tell the story of the Holocaust—again and again, for it should never be repeated. Jewish tradition calls for forgiveness but not for forgetfulness. Whether they experienced the Nazi genocide personally or not, all Jews are in a sense survivors of the Holocaust. For her [Ozick], what separates Jews from Gentiles is this history, their Martyrdom. And nowhere are they more pious, more in awe, than when they write about Cynthia Ozick. Unfortunately, what too often gets lost in the process is the magic, the imaginative fire, and perhaps most of all, the tensions that give her fictions such power. By contrast, S. Lillian Kremer's Witness Through the Imagination is an admirable blending of Jewish learning and close reading. Sensitive to the arguments that would deny the very possibility of "Holocaust literature"—and particularly a literature written by those who did not experience the Shoah first-hand—and yet firmly committed to making...

WHAT KIND OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY?

The subject of industrial policy in the United States has taken on something of a Rorschach quality of late, in whose ink blots people perceive their fondest hopes and direst fears. Organized labor, many Democrats and liberals, and a fair sampling of business leaders see it as a primary means of reestablishing U.S. industrial pre‐eminence. Many conservatives and professional economists view it as a misguided assault on the free market. Some left‐leaning intellectuals perceive it as a means of maintaining the hegemony of business, labor, and government elites. Lost in the ideological shuffle is a description of what U.S. industrial policy is coming to be, and a set of practical steps to improve it.

The Problem of the Fifth Modernization—A Review Article

Statements on Democracy Wall in Beijing and in posters and underground publications throughout China, especially in 1978 and 1979, document in depth for the first time the arguments of Chinese dissidents. The dissidents maintain that without “the Fifth Modernization” of guaranteed personal freedoms and “true socialist democracy,” the four modernizations cannot succeed and China cannot become a “great socialist country.” Recent publications, some of which are reviewed in this article, give a fair sampling of these arguments and must be taken into account in future evaluations of the Chinese Revolution.

Végétation et flore terrestre de l'atoll de Scilly (Fenua Ura).

The terrestrial flora of Scilly Atoll has never been studied in detail by a botanist. The only plant collection (18 species) was made in a few days in 1921-1922 by the ornithologist E. H. Quayle. More recent general observations on the flora and vegetation are available. Although coconut plantations have replaced much of the natural plant cover, a fair sampling of the mesophile forest of the interior remains, as well as several types of shore scrub and forest. The forest of Pemphis acidula on old island reef conglomerate is especially striking. The known flora, from Quayle's specimens and later sight records, includes about 45 indigenous and introduced plants, but quite a few species have certainly been missed.

Mixing between Burned Core Material and Surface Layers

Dr. Pagel has given us a fine summary of the observations relevant to the topic I am to cover. Drs. Michaud and Vauclair have described in detail the potential effects of diffusive processes which might well explain, at least in part, the apparent abundance anomalies observed in the peculiar A stars and the magnetic A stars. In the paper following mine, Dr. Boesgaard will present the observational evidence regarding the abundance of the light elements lithium, beryllium and boron, and relate these observations to the theory of stellar envelopes. With these important topics expertly covered I shall restrict myself to the single question: How do some reasonably common types of stars, such as the carbon stars and the S stars, manage to show off at their surfaces, for us to observe, a fair sampling of the products of the nuclear burning going on deep in their cores?

Is the Tumor Board Doomed?

To the Editor.— Dr Smith (233:1048, 1975) has suggested that the tumor board is no longer an effective educational mechanism and asks whether or not it will eventually disappear from the medical scene as an archaic and useless instrument that has fallen to specialistic progress. Apparently, his doubts about its usefulness are based on his own experience in a moderately large hospital of the Veterans Administration system and on a survey of 87 other VA hospitals. Although he does not describe the details of the survey method, I wonder if the opinions derived therefrom constitute a fair sampling of the opinions of hospital staff members. While Dr Smith indicates that the hospitals responded to the survey, I am quite certain the response was more personal, generated by a real, live, human being and therefore conditioned by the usual human subjectiveness. The Association of Community Cancer Centers (ACCC), formed 18 months

The 201st Quarterly

To MARK ITS fiftieth anniversary, The Musical Quarterly burst out of its normal confines to appear in January 1965, as three-hundred-page double issue entitled Contemporary in Europe-A Comprehensive Survey. An American composer, relatively free of either chauvinism or parochialism, or even ordinary observer of social behavior, is tempted to throw up his hands and exclaim in manner of Harry Golden-Only in America! It is inconceivable that any similar publication anywhere in world would have commemorated so important occasion by ignoring its own composers. Imagine, if you can, Revue Musicale or Neue Zeitschrlf fir Musik or Melos celebrating its fiftieth birthday with issue devoted to Music in U.S.A., not to mention obvious impossibility of such thing happening in England or in Soviet Union. Is it possible that editors of The Musical Quarterly feel that their subscribers are so familiar with all aspects of life in this country that such survey is not necessary? Or, perhaps, that it isn't worthwhile? Or is this another typical manifestation of familiar American feelings of cultural inferiority? Whatever answer, many musicians have reacted with melancholy surprise, and frequently, with shock and anger as well. Fortunately, extensive critical review of anniversary issue is hardly necessary, since Paul Henry Lang, editor, has provided appraisal of its contents in his introductory article. He explains that this special issue was conceived to memorialize achievements and ideals, as well as doubts and disillusions of our day, and that editor's theme was desire to understand what lies behind contemporary artist's quest new formula. The history of Quarterly is briefly sketched; it was founded as independent journal of musical letters unimpeded by everyday struggle in arena of art. But some twenty years ago, Quarterly began, regularly, to concern itself with certain manifestations of this struggle when it instituted current chronicle. We are reminded that musicologists then believed that contemporary music was a domain where one becomes lost in alien universe, and therefore were content to confine themselves to historical subjects. Obviously they no longer think this way, since most of articles in this issue were written by musicologists. Having earlier expressed sympathy with artist's search for new, editor now similarly sympathizes with those who dislike what artist succeeds in finding. The opponents of contemporary music are cautioned, however, not to ignore this music but to make effort-or else their protests cannot be taken any more seriously than the endlessly repeated feats of verbal jugglery, tiresome conceits, and poetical fretwork of avant-garde. As apparent sequitur, Dr. Laing decided to give reader works; all types of opinions, fair and generous sampling of everything around, an anthology of reports written by qualified representatives of prevailing trends and ideas. He acknowledges that this decision accounts for wide range in quality of articles and even affects editorial standards of Quarterly; reader is asked to be indulgent.

IS THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM REALLY NECESSARY?

SINCE 1964 MARKS THE GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY of the Federal Reserve System, the title of this essay may appear somewhat uncharitable to those who have come to think of the Federal Reserve in terms only slightly less affectionate than those accorded to the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street.1 I hasten to assure the reader that my heresy, if that is what it is, involves principally the word System; that is to say, I shall examine the need for a Federal Reserve System as it is presently constituted, quite apart from the generally acknowledged need for central bank monetary policy. While this task might be thought properly to lie within the province of the political scientist, I shall show that, on the contrary, there are many important economic aspects involved in such an inquiry.2 Central to the analysis which follows is the proposition that the success of the essential function of the central bank, monetary management, is independent of the structural arrangements that characterize its organization. This is to say, central bank policies can be executed within a variety of organizational structures, both internal as well as external vis a vis the commercial banking system. The Federal Reserve System qua System is but one of a number of such structural arrangements within which a monetary policy can be carried on. Unfortunately, this fact is little appreciated. A fair sampling of money and banking textbooks, while explicitly silent on the point, leave one to infer that in some unique sense the existing system is a necessary adjunct to the pursuit of successful monetary management. After a chapter or two on the structure of the Federal Reserve System, the student is successively introduced to functions and to policy. Out of this, or perhaps independent from this, have developed a mythology and a basic fallacy. The mythology has many aspects: it is generally believed that member banks are necessary to the conduct of monetary policy; it is

An outline of the spiral structure of the Southern Milky Way

It has become clear in recent years that the spiral features of our Galaxy — like those of all galaxies — are of recent origin and are presumably short-lived phenomena. To trace them optically, we need to confine ourselves to concentrations in the interstellar gas and to stars and star groupings recently formed from these. We are hence limited primarily to OB associations and star clusters in which the earliest spectral types for the stars are not later than B2, preferably O5 to B1. It is most important that radial velocities be measured for a fair sampling of these stars, especially so for directions in which the radial velocity effects due to galactic rotation vary appreciably with distance. Radial velocities of the stars in question and those found from interstellar absorption lines are not only useful as indicators of distance, but they are very much needed for the identification of star groups and their associated HI clouds, found by 21-cm techniques. They assist also in the study of HII regions, which can now be located by either radio or optical methods.

Bibliography on the Use of Simulation in Management Analysis

Computer simulation, as a problem-solving technique, is now proving to be of increasing value as part of research and design methods directed towards attaining a better understanding and improved control of the operations of complex business and military organization. In system simulation the computer is typically utilized in problem-solving associated with the specific tasks of designing better systems, understanding the workings of operative systems, and studying man-machine interactions. Literature dealing with system simulation is appearing more frequently, but still sporadic enough to warrant the collection here of a number of individual titles that have proved of special interest. This bibliography represents a fair sampling of simulation literature to date. For the convenience of the user, industrial and military applications have been kept separate. Finally, a number of titles on simulation training games and exercises have been included.