Fair Policy Research Articles

Research on Equity Policies in Public Education for Learning DisabilitiesTaking China, America and Britain as Examples

With the recovery and development of the global economy, the quality of life worldwide continues to improve, and the demand for public infrastructure such as medical care and education services is becoming more and more vigorous. Medical development and progress have made studying the brain and neurological fields more thorough, and learning disabilities have gradually entered the public eyesight. As a special group, people with learning disabilities are not widely accepted and recognized in the scope of public education. Thus, education must support the development of this virtue cycle through educational fairness policies, as it is a public resource. Based on the existing education policies on learning disabilities in China, the United States, and the United Kingdom, this paper analyzes these policies and puts forward education policy suggestions from four aspects: the education policy formulation system, the education collaborative service system, the education accountability evaluation system, and the education funding service system.Among China, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the first two are based on the improvement of basic policies, focusing on the construction of education collaborative services and education accountability evaluation systems, respectively. The latter focuses on the improvement of education policy.

Privilege and prejudice in private online English teaching: Discourses in school-owned recruitment websites

Abstract Numerous studies have analyzed various aspects of English language teaching to uncover discriminatory employment practices within the field. However, there is a gap in the research regarding the discourses present in school-managed teacher recruitment websites (TRWs), particularly in the field of private online language education (POLE). This study aims to address this gap by investigating how the preferred online English teacher is characterized and what benefits they are promised when visiting these webpages. Using critical discourse analysis, the author analyzed the textual elements of 32 TRWs of online English schools operating in six major markets in Asia. The findings reveal that although a few schools show signs of relatively fair policies and emphasize professional qualifications, most of them appear to exploit native-speakerism through their application requirements and compensation policies that often favor only some groups. The implications emphasize the benefits of creating equitable employment opportunities and professionalizing POLE by leveraging the qualifications and experience of teachers from diverse backgrounds, while ensuring fair compensation. Finally, this study provides practical strategies for present and prospective online teachers on how to take advantage of the opportunities of digital language work while contributing to the attainment of equity in the industry.

UBIQUITY OF WORKPLACE DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION FOR EMPLOYEE WELL-BEING

Building a sense of belonging in the workplace is essential for both organizational efficacy and employee well-being in a world that is progressively more interconnected and globalized. Through the perspectives of diversity, equality, and inclusion (DEI), this study explores the various facets entailed in developing such a culture. The study examines the effects of DEI initiatives on employee engagement, satisfaction, and productivity using both qualitative and quantitative research methods of analysis. Through extensive surveys and in-depth interviews with professionals from a range of industries, this study pinpoints critical tactics and industry best practices that businesses can use to improve DEI. The results demonstrate how important varied representation, fair policies, and inclusive leadership are in fostering a feeling of community among staff members. Additionally, the study examines the difficulties and impediments that organizations have when promoting DEI and provides workable methods to get past them. KEYWORDS: Diversity, Equality, Inclusion, Wellbeing.

Land sovereignty in depressed and contested agro-territories: The cases of Portugal and Brazil

This article offers an exploratory operationalisation of the concept of land sovereignty applied to land politics in 2 agro-territories from different countries and continents sharing a common language and deeply linked histories: Portugal and Brazil. These display a similar model of agricultural development, representing a contradiction between the promise of profit based on aggressive exploitation of the territory and the marginalised condition of its population. How this agricultural model took hold in each country and manifested the agrarian question differs according to key socio-historical factors, such as the role of each in the colonial history that links them. Today, however, these agro-territories face similar challenges: human rights abuses, environmental destruction, lack of sound territorial management and fair policies, coupled with the dilapidation of socio-economic infrastructures. This makes them especially vulnerable to climate change, unemployment and poverty, while also caught in a clash between development models: a hegemonic hyper-intensive production model and the peasant-based model that has been resisting the advances of the former. This double jeopardy has prompted us to speak of ‘depressed and contested agro-territories’. Our study shows how, in the case of Brazil, despite physical violence and threats to life, social movements are propelling land reform, linking it to the concept of the social function of land. In Portugal, in contrast, the country’s alignment with neoliberal development has civil society divided about how to contest land use. Our analysis indicates that in both cases: (i) today’s land politics are heavily biased towards a neoliberal, export-based, hyper-intensive agriculture controlled by large corporations, with weak legislation in place to defend both social and environmental rights; (ii) land reform based on land sovereignty and the social function of land is deemed crucial to assist agro-territories in regaining socio-ecological balance and to attain democratisation of land politics by regaining control over land, natural resources and local markets.

MODEL INVESTASI POLIS ASURANSI JIWA BERBONUS TIPE DWIGUNA DENGAN AMERICAN PUT OPTION

Insurance is a form of protection against the concept of risk transfer that may occur from an uncertain event. One type of insurance is life insurance. With the changing times, life insurance launched innovative products, one of which is endowment life insurance. Endowment life insurance is a type of life insurance that provides compensation benefits if the policy holder dies during the coverage period, as well as providing cash value and bonuses if the policy holder is still alive until the end of the period. This study aims to determine the fair price of insurance policies and the price of bonus life insurance policies. Determination of the value of the American put option with the binomial method using a numerical approach, the formulation of the portfolio model includes determining the model of the unit price with Geometric Brownian Motion, solving using Black-Scholes, determining the structure of the bonus life insurance policy with the formulation of a single premium payment, bonus rate, and benefits. then analyze the movement of the price of a reasonable bonus life insurance policy with a surrender option based on the age of the insured, technical rate, participation level, and volatility. The surrender value obtained is the difference between the value of the American Put option and the European Call Option. Based on the simulation, the conclusion of this analysis is that the price of the endowment type life insurance policy can be estimated using the binomial method at around 0.78 for a fair policy price and around 0.27 for a policy price with a surrender option. This gives an idea of the relative value of the policy price to the expected benefits under certain conditions, such as the death of the insured in the first year of the contract.

Incorporating machine learning and optimization techniques for assigning patients to operating rooms by considering fairness policies

Operating rooms (ORs) are key to a hospital's profitability, and increasing their benefits helps decrease surgical costs, minimize patient waiting times, and boost the number of patients admitted for surgery. This study presents a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to address the issue of treating inpatients in operating rooms waiting for admission to the referral department. Moreover, it proposes a practical algorithm that minimizes overtime costs in operating rooms and increases patient satisfaction. Our model uses an integrated machine learning - tabu search (ML-TS) method. The proposed model uses differential ML and heuristic rules to achieve enhanced performance and scalability in solving complex optimization problems. A fairness policy is implemented, combined with an optimization method, to guide patient prioritization. This approach considers factors like urgency, waiting times, or specific patient needs and helps determine the order in which patients are scheduled for surgery. The outcomes imply that patient adaptability has led to savings ranging from 50% to 65% per surgery. Additionally, the Machine Learning-Tabu Search (ML-TS) algorithm has increased performance by about 35%. These algorithms also let the OR manager define the size of the uncertainty set and regulate overtime costs while accommodating surgeons' preferences as managerial implications insight. It adeptly navigates the solution space, identifies feasible solutions, and accelerates convergence.

The Influence of Employee Commitment on the Performance of State Departments in Kenya

The Public Service in Kenya is encountering numerous problems that demand attention to achieve its maximum capability of delivering high-quality services to citizens. The study is to assess the influence of employee commitment on performance of state departments in Kenya. Data obtained was then analysed through descriptive statistics, frequencies and correlational analysis, that the correlation between variables organisational commitment and organisational performance is strong and significant (r = 0.610, p < 0.01), indicating a positive relationship and the findings then presented through tables, bar charts, and histograms. Research limitations are constraints of time and difficulty in gathering information from state department officers. The results revealed that employee commitment improves productivity, service delivery, cost efficiency, and a positive work environment in state departments. Thus, the state departments should implement are to Strengthen Leadership and Management, Employee Engagement, Improve Working Conditions, Promote Employee Well-being, and Implement Fair Policies and Practices.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM PEMANFAATAN SYSTEM ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 28 TAHUN 2014

Artificial Intelligence (AI) with its increasingly complex development currently seems to increase complications, especially when it comes to violations of the law, especially regarding copyright of works created by AI systems or. So that the clarity of the legal responsibility for problems or conflicts that then arise needs to be clarified in the eyes of the law. This study is a qualitative study with a normative legal approach, and the data analysis method used is qualitative juridical. The results of the study show that based on the laws and regulations in Indonesia, namely Law No. 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright and Law No. 12 of 2016 concerning Patents, it states that creators and copyright holders as well as inventors and patent holders are one or several people, meaning that those who have the right to hold copyright and patent rights are humans as legal subjects (persons or legal entities). Then because AI is a system, AI is not included in the legal subject but AI is a human-made product and functions as a tool to create a work. However, formulating clear and fair policies and regulations regarding civil rights and legal responsibility for the results of AI creations needs to be done by the government. Legal certainty in this case will encourage the development of responsible AI technology and provide adequate protection for all parties involved. Then AI is known as an electronic system and electronic agent that operates based on human commands. Therefore, if an unlawful act or action occurs, then the legal responsibility is borne by the creator and user of AI who gives the commands and parameters.

Sustainable Consumption and Social Justice: Should Countries Take Action to Ban the Sale of Products Made under Sweatshop Conditions?

This paper investigates the subject of sweatshop labour and the debate over whether countries should prohibit the sale of products produced under such conditions. The introduction emphasises the importance of better working conditions and minimal standards in sweatshop factories, while also admitting that customers may be ready to pay slightly higher costs to support better working circumstances for sweatshop workers. However, economists say that sweatshop labour is preferable than not working or working for extremely low wages, and that a blanket ban on sweatshop products could result in job losses and other negative repercussions. The literature study explores a range of viewpoints on sweatshop labour, including moral and financial grounds. Additionally, it highlights how consumer movements and market pressure influence businesses to improve working conditions. The paper also emphasises the issue's complexity and the need for a fair policy that considers employees' rights and practical factors. To improve the working circumstances of sweatshop workers, a multi-pronged strategy is recommended. This method includes consumer pressure, government regulation, and voluntary codes of conduct. The importance of striking a compromise that takes into account differing points of view and deals with the complexities of the sweatshop labour issue is emphasised in the conclusion. Overall, the study provides a thorough assessment of the subject, emphasising the necessity for ethical manufacturing processes and improved working conditions while taking into account economic ramifications and unexpected consequences.

Learning Fair Policies for Multi-Stage Selection Problems from Observational Data

We consider the problem of learning fair policies for multi-stage selection problems from observational data. This problem arises in several high-stakes domains such as company hiring, loan approval, or bail decisions where outcomes (e.g., career success, loan repayment, recidivism) are only observed for those selected. We propose a multi-stage framework that can be augmented with various fairness constraints, such as demographic parity or equal opportunity. This problem is a highly intractable infinite chance-constrained program involving the unknown joint distribution of covariates and outcomes. Motivated by the potential impact of selection decisions on people’s lives and livelihoods, we propose to focus on interpretable linear selection rules. Leveraging tools from causal inference and sample average approximation, we obtain an asymptotically consistent solution to this selection problem by solving a mixed binary conic optimization problem, which can be solved using standard off-the-shelf solvers. We conduct extensive computational experiments on a variety of datasets adapted from the UCI repository on which we show that our proposed approaches can achieve an 11.6% improvement in precision and a 38% reduction in the measure of unfairness compared to the existing selection policy.

Applying Organizational Psychology Principles for Positive Workplace Outcomes

Purpose: This study aims to apply organizational psychology principles to foster positive workplace outcomes. It focuses on developing practical interventions that integrate theoretical and empirical findings from organizational psychology to enhance organizational effectiveness, employee well-being, and overall productivity. Key areas explored include employee engagement, job design, organizational justice, teamwork, and leadership development. Research Design and Methodology: This research employs a qualitative approach, primarily through a literature study, to explore organizational psychology principles. A comprehensive literature search strategy was implemented using academic databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles, books, and other scholarly sources. Thematic and content analyses were used to interpret the collected data. Findings and Discussion: The findings indicate that effective leadership, employee engagement, a positive organizational culture, and organizational justice are critical pillars in shaping a healthy and productive work environment. Transformational and authentic leadership significantly enhance employee motivation and performance. High employee engagement is associated with greater job satisfaction, higher productivity, and increased loyalty. A positive organizational culture promoting trust and collaboration enhances employee engagement and organizational outcomes. Organizational justice—procedural, distributive, and interactional—contributes to improved perceptions of fairness, trust, and employee commitment. Implications: The practical implications emphasize the importance of leadership development programs focusing on transformational and authentic leadership behaviors, efforts to foster a supportive organizational culture, and the implementation of fair policies and procedures to build employee trust and commitment. Future research should explore the long-term effects of these principles in diverse organizational contexts.

From Tradition to Mainstream: Understanding the Integration of Islamic Law in Various Global Settings

The study highlights the importance of integrating Islamic law in global legal settings, enriching the legal framework, and promoting interreligious dialogue. This is an important area that needs to be understood and taken seriously in the context of ongoing world changes. The study used a qualitative approach to analyze academic literature, legal documents, and related research reports from various sources. The research findings identify several significant examples of integration of Islamic law in different global settings, including Muslim and non-Muslim majority countries. The integration of Islamic law in a worldwide legal environment offers meaningful potential. First, values such as social justice, balance, and common good in Islamic law can provide a different and complementary perspective to the principles of secular law. This impacts more inclusive and fair policies for the Muslim community. Second, the integration of Islamic law can better facilitate interreligious dialogue. Non-Muslim communities' more profound understanding of Islamic law may open the way for constructive dialogue, mutual understanding, and cooperation in addressing global legal issues. This has the potential to reduce tensions and increase interreligious tolerance. However, challenges and controversies are also part of integrating Islamic law. Recognition of the validity and relevance of Islamic law in more comprehensive legal settings is still doubted by some. At the same time, differences in interpretation and implementation can lead to tensions in diverse societies.

The Prohibition of Torture from a Human Rights Perspective: Fiction or Reality in the Current Rule of Law

This article discusses the problem of torture in Mexico and its impact on the legitimacy of the State and the protection of human rights. Despite the normative advances in the configuration of the notion of torture, there are problems of effectiveness in the mechanisms with which the State operates to comply with its obligation of due diligence in the prevention, investigation, registration and prosecution of torture cases. The author emphasizes that torture is a symptom of the weakness of the rule of law, which produces a social delegitimization due to the disappointment of society’s expectations in legal institutions and in the procedural guarantees of criminal justice systems. Furthermore, torture is related to a culture of impunity, discrimination and inequality, which demands effective and fair policies to address this problem. Therefore, it is necessary to advance in the justiciability, prevention, investigation, eradication, protection, reparation and punishment of acts of torture.

Examining Effective Management and Leadership Strategies in Conflict Resolution: A Case Study of Conflict Management in Private Secondary Schools

This study highlights private schools' management and leadership strategies in dealing with conflicts. School conflicts occur for many reasons. To address the conflicts effectively, schools need to have the ability to thoroughly examine the root cause of such conflicts. The impact on school development in terms of performance largely depends on how school leaders effectively manage and address conflicts. This qualitative research specifically choose private schools due to their autonomy, which distinguishes them from public schools in terms of decision-making and leadership approaches. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, and analysed using manual thematic analysis methods. This study discovered that conflicts often occur within the scope of appointing new school principals, upholding the integrity of school members, and managing the resistance among teachers. The strategy predominantly used in schools in this study is a win-lose approach, where problems are resolved quickly without considering the need for negotiation. The two schools investigated in this study view future conflicts as a form of competition with other schools, placing strong emphasis on the significance of fair policies for all, and the stakeholders’ trust as the main key.

The Economics Behind Climate Change Mitigation: Assessing the Potential Impacts on Different Sectors

The article starts off by giving a general summary of the economic justification for mitigating climate change, highlighting the significance of agriculture, industry, infrastructure and energy. The secondary data is used from 1980 to 2022 by engaging Johnson co-integration and ECM. In addition, the paper assesses how climate change mitigation may affect several economic sectors. It explores the benefits and problems that potential mitigation methods may present for the energy, agricultural, transportation, and industrial sectors. The analysis covers prospective changes to employment dynamics, investment patterns, and market competitiveness within these industries. The article also highlights the importance of captivating distributional effects and equity considerations while analyzing the financial implications of climate change alleviation. It emphasizes the need for inclusive and equitable policy measures by drawing attention to potential discrepancies that could exist among regions, income categories, and vulnerable populations. It draws attention to potential inequalities that could exist among geographic areas, socioeconomic classes, and vulnerable populations, highlighting the necessity of inclusive and fair policy frameworks. This article offers a thorough explanation of the economics underlying the prevention of climate change, illuminating the potential effects on many economic sectors. It contributes to the continuing discussion on developing effective and sustainable mitigation methods in response to climate change problems by analyzing the costs and advantages as well as the distributional factors.

P-384 Advanced paternal age: a mapping of the ethical issues

Abstract Study question What are the ethical issues raised by advanced paternal age? Summary answer Advanced paternal age is an ethically challenging phenomenon at the intersection of perinatal ethics, public health ethics, research ethics and policymaking. What is known already Although there is no clear indication on when begins advanced paternal age (APA), there is a tendency to consider 40 years old and over as a turning point in male reproduction. APA is now associated with several risks for male fertility, miscarriages, future child health and psychological development. Clinicians, scientists, social science researchers and ethicists have pointed several ethical issues raised by APA. For the moment, the scope of this discussion has not been fully assessed in a systematic way. Study design, size, duration To support a comprehensive evaluation of APA, we propose a mapping of the ethical issues of APA. Participants/materials, setting, methods First, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify ethical issues pointed by researchers and clinicians. Second, this first list of issues was discussed by a panel of experts (N = 23) through a web survey. The results from both data collections were triangulated by qualitative analysis into an integrated list of issues. Main results and the role of chance Six groups of issues emerged from data analysis. The first group relates to issues associated with the family project. In other words, how to balance the risks of APA with the benefits of the family project. The second group looks at the issues for healthcare professionals, i.e., how to support the family project while respecting the professional duty to protect their patients’ wellbeing. The third group refers to the gender justice issues and how APA generates inequities between gendered reproductive roles. The fourth group covers the public health dimension of APA and the justification to create intervention to respond to a collective and potentially intergenerational phenomenon. The fifth group is concerned about ways to develop sound and fair policies to respond to the challenges of APA. The sixth group encompasses research ethics issues on how to respectfully develop the field of research on APA. Limitations, reasons for caution APA is a burgeoning field of research, and it faces two principal limitations: (1) there is no clear understanding of the molecular mechanism of APA effect, and (2) data on the psychosocial dimension of APA is scarce. For these reasons, the ethical reflection is still speculative. Wider implications of the findings These findings offer a roadmap for future research on the ethics of APA. They provide a comprehensive understanding of issues that can be discussed during preconception counselling. At last, they suggest indications for the development of public health interventions or policies dedicated to address the most challenging aspects of APA. Trial registration number not applicable

Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the social sphere and lessons for crisis management: a literature review.

The COVID-19 pandemic is the most difficult challenge that has affected humanity in recent decades. It has disrupted many features of development with domino effects in the social sphere. This study reviews the literature on the social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and identifies the affected social areas that have undergone dramatic changes during the pandemic. We use inductive content analysis and thematic analysis to review the literature. The results show that there are seven major areas that have been negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: health, social vulnerability, education, social capital, social relationships, social mobility, and social welfare. The literature has reported dramatic psychological and emotional effects, exacerbation of segregation and poverty, disruption in educational systems and formation of an information gap, as well as a declining trends of social capital among communities. We highlight some lessons that can be learned from the pandemic to enhance social resilience in future. Among others, to effectively respond to the pandemic and other potential future adverse events, governments should adopt fair policies, identify the required changes in the socially affected contexts and take necessary responsive actions, and adopt collaboratively designed approaches to increase social resilience.

Proceedings from the Second Medical Summit on Firearm Injury Prevention, 2022: Creating a Sustainable Healthcare Coalition to Advance a Multidisciplinary Public Health Approach.

Proceedings from the Second Medical Summit on Firearm Injury Prevention, 2022: Creating a Sustainable Healthcare Coalition to Advance a Multidisciplinary Public Health Approach.

FEMA-CL: Fair Efficient Multi-Agent Course learning

Sociology shows that blindly pursuing the fairness of resource distribution will significantly reduce people’s enthusiasm for work, which is not conducive to the increase of total social material resources. Promoting the fairness of the social system in stages, that is, achieving fairness on the premise of a certain material basis, can not only ensure the efficiency of the total social material accumulation, but also promote the fairness of the social system. Therefore, inspired by the above, we introduced multi-stage curriculum learning into learning fair policy of multi-agent systems, and proposed a novel Fair and Effective Multi-Agent Curriculum Learning (FEMA-CL). The multi-stage course learning progressively promotes the learning fairness and efficiency of large-scale multi-agent systems through three stages: selfish stage, soft fair stage and global fair stage. Our method is easy to learn fairness and efficiency, and has carried out extensive experiments in three typical multi-agent scenarios. Compared with the current popular work, our method has superior performance.

Fair Policy Targeting

One of the major concerns of targeting interventions on individuals in social welfare programs is discrimination: individualized treatments may induce disparities across sensitive attributes such as age, gender, or race. This article addresses the question of the design of fair and efficient treatment allocation rules. We adopt the nonmaleficence perspective of “first do no harm”: we select the fairest allocation within the Pareto frontier. We cast the optimization into a mixed-integer linear program formulation, which can be solved using off-the-shelf algorithms. We derive regret bounds on the unfairness of the estimated policy function and small sample guarantees on the Pareto frontier under general notions of fairness. Finally, we illustrate our method using an application from education economics. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.