Fair Demand Research Articles

Fairness and Transparency in One-to-Many Bargaining with Complementarity: An Experimental Study

We report an experiment designed to study bargaining behavior between one buyer and multiple sellers with complementarity and how it is influenced by fairness concern and information transparency. We base our setup on a structured alternating-offer bargaining model in which a buyer procures complementary items from two heterogeneous sellers with endogenous choice of the order of bargaining. In addition, we implemented an information transparency manipulation regarding whether the sellers were informed about each other’s offers/counteroffers with the buyer. Experimental behavior exhibited deviations from equilibrium predictions that did not differ significantly by information condition, suggesting that sellers were not significantly influenced by direct social comparison between each other. Further analysis suggests that each seller demanded splitting the value of the deal approximately half-half with the buyer as a normative fairness benchmark. The buyers, on the other hand, did not have a demand for fairness that was based on a fairness benchmark.

Is the Role of Judges and Ideas About Justice Relevant in the Exercise of Interpretation?

The role of judges and ideas about justice are undeniably relevant in the exercise of interpretation within legal systems. This abstract explores the significance of judges' roles and justice concepts in interpretation, shedding light on their impact on judicial decision-making and legal outcomes. Judges, as impartial arbiters of the law, are tasked with interpreting statutes, regulations, and precedent to resolve disputes and administer justice fairly. However, their interpretations are inevitably influenced by their personal beliefs, values, and understandings of justice, shaping the outcomes of cases and the development of legal principles. Moreover, ideas about justice, such as fairness, equity, and societal values, inform judges' interpretations and guide their application of legal principles to specific cases. The tension between legal formalism and judicial discretion underscores the complexity of interpretation, as judges balance the need for consistency and predictability with the demands of justice and fairness. Ultimately, the role of judges and ideas about justice play a crucial role in the exercise of interpretation, shaping legal reasoning, judicial decision-making, and the evolution of the law.

Comparison of General Attitudes and Beliefs of Generations X, Y, and Z

Beliefs and attitudes significantly impact individuals' personal and professional lives. Differences in attitudes and beliefs can be observed among individuals. Moreover, from birth, individuals become part of a generation group of people born around the same years. Various characteristics differ among generations. The literature also suggests that there may be differences in attitudes and beliefs among generations. In this context, this research aims to shed light on the general attitudes and beliefs of Generation X, Y, and Z individuals. The study participants were academics and students from state universities in the Tr61 region of Turkey. The study included 228 participants from Generation X, 360 from Generation Y, and 477 from Generation Z. Data were collected from the participants through an online questionnaire. The analysis results indicate significant differences among Generation X, Y, and Z in terms of demand for fairness, need for achievement, need for comfort, and other downing. As one of the few empirical studies examining Generation Z and comparing Generation X, Y, and Z, this research has an original contribution.

Research on Judge's Decision-making Factors and Judicial Justice Evaluation from the Perspective of Legal Psychology

From the unique and often overlooked lens of legal psychology, this paper delves deep into the intricate web of factors that shape and influence judges' decision-making processes. It meticulously examines how, while legal knowledge and professional experience form the bedrock of judicial rulings, they are not the sole or even the primary determinants of judicial outcomes.Instead, the paper argues that a judge's decisions are often subtly, yet profoundly, influenced by psychological factors and their deeply ingrained personal social backgrounds. These factors, ranging from unconscious biases to societal pressures, can have a significant impact on how a judge interprets the law and applies it to specific cases.This nuanced understanding of the judges' decision-making processes underscores the inherent complexity of evaluating judicial impartiality. The study posits that a truly comprehensive assessment of judicial fairness demands a multifaceted approach that goes beyond surface-level critiques and encompasses a wide range of standards, methodologies, and perspectives.

"Sustainable DevelopmAutonomoent of Education in Deeply Poverty-stricken Districts in " Three Districts and Three us Prefectures" The Case of Nujiang Prefecture

Based on the three principles of sustainable development, educational inequalities in deep-poverty areas need to be eliminated. Nujiang prefecture is a deep-poverty region comprised of "Three Districts and Three Autonomous Prefectures." This paper analyzes the features of education development in Nujiang prefecture and its impact on development of education in Nujiang prefecture from the perspectives of geographical location, economic model, and demographic structure. The main demands of education fairness are presented, as well as related actions and proposals for further promoting the sustainable development of education in Nujiang Prefecture. This paper found that Nujiang's unique geographical location, single economic model and specific demographic structure make its development difficult. While increasing economic investment, the choice of strategies to address the sustainability of education needs to be considered in a variety of ways: (1) localization; (2) determination of the direction and path of education; (3) educational equality, etc. At the same time, there is still a great gap between the education level in the deep-poverty areas and the national average, whereas scholars in China rarely study the education in the deep-poverty counties of Nujiang Prefecture. Therefore, the research on the deeply-poverty areas in the "Three Districts and Three Autonomous Prefectures" has great research value and significance, and can help people understand the current deficiencies in the education field in the "Three Districts and Three Autonomous Prefectures" regions, as well as the gap between them and the national basic education level; Clarify the future development planning direction of these deeply-poverty areas, help these areas develop more efficiently and with high quality, and to inform the provision of quality education, the sustainability of education and the empowerment of the underprivileged.

The Standards Will Never Be Enough: A Racial Justice Extension

ABSTRACT Since 1952, the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing has provided criteria for developing and evaluating educational and psychological tests and testing practice. Yet, we argue that the foundations, operations, and applications in the Standards are no longer sufficient to meet the current U.S. testing demands for fairness for all test takers. We propose racial justice extensions as principled ways to extend the Standards, through intentional actions focused on race and targeted at educational policies, processes, and outcomes in specific settings. To inform these extensions, we focus on four social-justice concepts: intersectionality derived from Black Feminist Theory; responsibility derived from moral philosophy; disparate impact derived from legal reasoning; and situatedness derived from social learning theories. We demonstrate these extensions and concepts in action by applying them to case studies of nursing licensure and placement testing.

Multiple granularity user intention fairness recognition of intelligent government Q & A system via three-way decision

With respect to an intelligent government questions & answers (Q & A) system, user intention recognition for government affairs is a key issue. Accurate intention recognition can effectively reduce manual participation and improve the user satisfaction. However, the intention recognition model in the field of government affairs not only requires the recognition accuracy, but also needs to meet the fairness demands of users. In order to improve the fairness of the model, this paper makes the model focus on the unrecognizable intention samples in each intention type as much as possible. Hence, we firstly design a two-stage intention recognition method based on the idea of three-way decision (TWD). In the first stage, we use the Bert model as the intention recognition model and divide the samples with insufficient classification confidence into the boundary region. In the second stage, we combine the divide-and-rule idea of TWD with focal loss to suppress the easily recognized samples in the non-boundary region, so as to reduce the contribution of these samples to the loss of the classifier. Meanwhile, we can enhance the contribution of samples with insufficient classification confidence in the boundary region to the loss of the classifier, and then optimize the recognition ability of the classifier. Then, by utilizing sequential three-way decision (STWD), we recognize the user's intention types at multiple granularity. According to the recognition results of coarser granularity, we can optimize the recognition ability of the classifier for the intention that is difficult-to-recognize by adjusting the loss function. On the premise of ensuring that it has little impact on the intention recognition ability of other types of users, we improve the recognition ability of the intention that is difficult-to-recognize. Based on the above-mentioned methods, we further propose a multi-stage training method that can make the model focus on the unrecognizable intention text and the unrecognizable intention type. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through some series of experimental analysis.

A Representation for Many Player Generalized Divide the Dollar Games

Divide the dollar is a simplified version of a two player bargaining problem game devised by John Nash. The generalized divide the dollar game has n>2 players. Evolutionary algorithms can be used to evolve individual players for this generalized game but representation—i.e., a genome plus a move or search operator(s)—must be carefully chosen since it affects the search process. This paper proposes an entirely new representation called a demand matrix. Each individual in the evolving population now represents a collection of n players rather than just an individual player. Players use previous outcomes to decide their choices (bids) in the current round. The representation scales linearly with the number of players and the move operator is a variant of an evolution strategy. The results indicate that this proposed representation for the generalized divide the dollar game permits the efficient evolution of large player populations with high payoffs and fair demand sets.

Justifiable narratives: The rise and fall of family politicians in South Korea

Like other Asian democracies, family politics is not unknown to South Korea. The triumph of Park Geun–hye, daughter of former authoritarian ruler Park Chung–hee, in the 2012 presidential election was in particular interpreted as a precursor of ‘dynastization’ in Korean politics. Nevertheless, up to the present day, political families in South Korea have been significantly less successful in securing offices through electoral competition than their Asian counterparts. Using extensive evidence from statistical and documentary sources, I argue the following: First, South Korean family politicians are more likely to face unfavorable popular sentiment towards their candidacies in elections than family politicians in other Asian democracies. Second, in addition to inheriting their predecessors' political advantages, they are required to enhance their own electoral appeal by properly justifying that their electoral participation is compatible with popular demands for meritocracy and procedural fairness. This argument highlighting politico–cultural requirements, or what I call justifiable narratives, for dynastic succession is empirically supported by case studies of four South Korean family politicians.

Environmental Activism and the Fairness of Costs Argument for Uncivil Disobedience

AbstractSocial movements often impose nontrivial costs on others against their wills. Civil disobedience is no exception. How can social movements in general, and civil disobedience in particular, be justifiable despite this apparent wrong-making feature? We examine an intuitively plausible account—it is fair that everyone should bear the burdens of tackling injustice. We extend this fairness-based argument for civil disobedience to defend some acts of uncivil disobedience. Focusing on uncivil environmental activism—such as ecotage (sabotage with the aim of protecting the environment)—we argue that some acts of uncivil disobedience can be morally superior to their civil counterparts, when and because such acts target people who are responsible for environmental threats. Indeed, insofar as some acts of uncivil disobedience can more accurately target responsible people, they can better satisfy the demands of fairness compared to their civil counterparts. In some circumstances, our argument may require activists to engage in uncivil disobedienceeven whencivil disobedience is available.

A dual-channel secondary closed-loop supply chain considering retail groups and fairness concerns.

The rise of retail groups has strengthened their voice in the supply chain, drawing more attention from supply chain members to the issue of profit fairness. To explore the influence of fairness concerns on operational decisions in closed-loop supply chains after the formation of retail groups. In this paper, we first construct a secondary dual-channel closed-loop supply chain led by a retail group and followed by a manufacturer. Next, the corresponding game models are constructed under three scenarios, namely, fairness neutrality (FN), fairness concerns of the retail groups (FR), and fairness concerns of the manufacturer (FM), respectively. Finally, the game models are solved and analyzed. It turns out that it is easier for the manufacturer to satisfy its demands for fairness by adjusting the wholesale price. Furthermore, we find that fairness concerns do not enhance the recycling rate of used products and the greenness of remanufacturing. For retail groups, fairness concerns can hurt their profits, but appropriate fairness concerns can contribute to profitable growth in their retail business. Interestingly, the manufacturer's fairness concerns do not affect the total profitability of the supply chain system, but the retail group's fairness concerns do. This paper identifies dual changes in the scope of operations and power structure of retail groups in closed-loop supply chains, as well as analyzes the fairness concerns raised by these changes, which will lead to new recommendations for operational decision-making in firms.

"Etica și echitatea în dreptul penal: de la principiu la executare"

This paper aims to capture the relationship between ethics and equity, by referring to the position approached by the Romanian legislator in the criminal law norms. In our opinion, the demands of fairness in the criminal process cannot be viewed outside the limits of what is considered moral, legitimate, acceptable in a controlled time and space. We will analyze the issue of the principle of equity, as a pillar of modern legal systems, following the coordinates drawn by the main ethical theories of Antiquity. Ethical theories have the attribute of being both a consequence and an essential feature of the society that formulates them: thus, we find ourselves in a position to analyze the relevance of these theories in the context of modern society. The conclusions show us that the ethics and morality of ancient societies endure and continue to produce effects in the courts, both at the European and national level, from the Constitution, to codes of ethics and to the implementing laws.

Dissent in John Locke: Lessons for Contemporary States in Africa

This paper examined John Locke‟s Notion of Dissent in relation to Contemporary States in Africa. Adopting analytic method, the paper argued that violent dissent protest and most forms of disputes in Africa are the result of the bad governance that the people have faced and continue to encounter to this day. The paper observed that that African leaders practice autocracy in the guise of democracy and when faced with organized dissent which is the pillar upon which democracy is built, they routinely employ various kinds of coercive force in the hopes of subduing these challenges rather dialoguing with dissenter. This situation is gradually pushing African towards adopting John Locke‟s dissent notion of violent resistance in their demands for equity justice and fairness from the leaders. With the continent reeling from the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and freedom of expression under threat in all the countries, the paper concludes that African leaders should learn to respect the right to dissent in their socio-political engagement with the citizens because never in history of Africa has the use of violence either by the government to stop dissenting activities or dissenters adoption of violence approach has resulted in lasting peace, liberty, and social justice.

Aspects regarding the evolution and recognition of the right to free access to justice

The issue of free access to justice is widely debated, both in the literature and in jurisprudence, the institution being distinguished by nuanced approaches depending on the branch of law that claims access to justice as a specific institution. Over time, free access to justice has been established as a fundamental principle of achieving justice, along with the principles of legality, good administration of justice, ensuring a fair trial, publicity of the trial, impartiality of the judge, and proportionality in the application of sanctions. Thus, given the reasoning that the most effective remedy for acts or acts of violation of subjective rights, including fundamental rights, or legitimate interests, is justice, which involves options and solutions based on the demands of justice, morality and fairness both in the process of drafting the law, as well as in the process of applying the legal norms, we set out to carry out a scientific approach on the evolution and consecration of the right of free access to justice from the ancient period to the present.

“Just” accuracy? Procedural fairness demands explainability in AI-based medical resource allocations

The increasing application of artificial intelligence (AI) to healthcare raises both hope and ethical concerns. Some advanced machine learning methods provide accurate clinical predictions at the expense of a significant lack of explainability. Alex John London has defended that accuracy is a more important value than explainability in AI medicine. In this article, we locate the trade-off between accurate performance and explainable algorithms in the context of distributive justice. We acknowledge that accuracy is cardinal from outcome-oriented justice because it helps to maximize patients’ benefits and optimizes limited resources. However, we claim that the opaqueness of the algorithmic black box and its absence of explainability threatens core commitments of procedural fairness such as accountability, avoidance of bias, and transparency. To illustrate this, we discuss liver transplantation as a case of critical medical resources in which the lack of explainability in AI-based allocation algorithms is procedurally unfair. Finally, we provide a number of ethical recommendations for when considering the use of unexplainable algorithms in the distribution of health-related resources.

FFTree: A flexible tree to handle multiple fairness criteria

The demand for transparency and fairness in AI-based decision-making systems is constantly growing. Organisations need to be assured that their applications, based on these technologies, behave fairly, without introducing negative social implications in relation to sensitive attributes such as gender or race. Since the notion of fairness is context dependent and not uniquely defined, studies in the literature have proposed various formalisation. In this work, we propose a novel, flexible, discrimination-aware decision-tree that allows the user to employ different fairness criteria depending on the application domain. Our approach enhances decision-tree classifiers to provide transparent and fair rules to final users.

Debt Financing Vs. Equity Financing in the Context of Maqasid Al-Shari'ah in Islamic Finance

Islamic finance is a major part of global financial system that is expanding profligate. A deeper understanding by regulators, policymakers, academics, and practitioners has been aided in growing significance of Islamic finance, especially in emerging countries in the Middle East, Asia and even Europe. This study provides a concise examination of Islamic finance's, origins, guiding principles, and practices. Islamic finance is seen as being a component of an Islamic economic system that has a social focus at its core, Its Maqasid-i-Shari'ah. Which should emerge in economy as promoting development and justice in the system's overarching objective. This signifies that in addition to surpassing legal criteria, an Islamic financial system needs to address a society's social demands of fairness and equality. There is a widespread Maqasid-i-Shari'ah, need to be present in outcomes of Islamic financial system. However, there isn't any particular study that looks at how Maqasid-i-Shari'ah may be used for financial goods.

Hold-up induced by demand for fairness: theory and experimental evidence

Research in recent years suggests that fairness concerns could mitigate hold-up problems. In this study, we report theoretical analysis and experimental evidence on an opposite possibility: that fairness concerns could also induce hold-up problems. In our setup, hold-up problems will not occur with purely self-interested agents, but theoretically could be induced by demand for distributional fairness among agents without sufficiently strong counteracting factors such as intention-based reciprocity. We observe a widespread occurrence of hold-up in our experiment. Relationship-specific investments occurred less than half of the time, resulting in significant inefficiencies. Moreover, whenever a relationship-specific investment was made: (a) it was typically not reciprocated by the partner; (b) nor did the investor’s offers at the bargaining stage exhibit expectations for reciprocity. Consequently, the partner extracted all the additional expected payoff from relationship-specific investments. Further experimentation suggested that our results were driven by a fundamental lack of intention-based reciprocity in fairness concerns, rather than self-serving bias.

Egalitarian Machine Learning

Prediction-based decisions, which are often made by utilizing the tools of machine learning, influence nearly all facets of modern life. Ethical concerns about this widespread practice have given rise to the field of fair machine learning and a number of fairness measures, mathematically precise definitions of fairness that purport to determine whether a given prediction-based decision system is fair. Following Reuben Binns (2017), we take ‘fairness’ in this context to be a placeholder for a variety of normative egalitarian considerations. We explore a few fairness measures to suss out their egalitarian roots and evaluate them, both as formalizations of egalitarian ideas and as assertions of what fairness demands of predictive systems. We pay special attention to a recent and popular fairness measure, counterfactual fairness, which holds that a prediction about an individual is fair if it is the same in the actual world and any counterfactual world where the individual belongs to a different demographic group (cf. Kusner et al. (2018)).

The Challenges of Religious Harmony and Tolerance in Developing Countries

This study aims to analyze how the challenges of religious harmony and tolerance in Indonesia are in the social and legal aspects. This study uses a literature study approach by comparing several legal regulations and previous research related to secondary data. This study found that religious harmony is a state of inter-religious relations based on tolerance, mutual understanding, mutual respect, respect for equality in the practice of their religious teachings and cooperation in social, national and state life within the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia. The right to religion (to embrace and practice worship) guaranteed by the Constitution and other laws is not a right that can be exercised at will. This means that there are certain signs or conditions so that the exercise of that right does not interfere with the rights of other people, the security and order of the community, the state and the nation; in other words, there are restrictions that must be considered by residents. This limitation is in Article 28J paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution in conjunction with Article 73 of the Human Rights Law. Article 28J paragraph (2) stipulates that in exercising their rights and freedoms, everyone is obliged to comply with the restrictions determined by law with the sole purpose of guaranteeing recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and to fulfill fair demands in accordance with moral considerations, religious values, security, and public order in a democratic society.