Failure Of Reform Research Articles

The Napoleonic Mediterranean: Enlightenment, Revolution, and Empire, A Global History of the Napoleonic Wars, The Forgotten War against Napoleon: Conflict in the Mediterranean, 1793–1815

The Napoleonic Mediterranean: Enlightenment, Revolution, and Empire, A Global History of the Napoleonic Wars, The Forgotten War against Napoleon: Conflict in the Mediterranean, 1793–1815

Crisis and state transformation: Covid-19, levelling up and the UK’s incoherent state

AbstractThis article provides a novel account of recent UK governance reforms, describing what can be termed an ‘incoherent’ state, ill-equipped to address complex, multi-dimensional policy challenges. This is evidenced through two interrelated case-studies: Covid-19 and levelling up. We highlight how the tradition of strongly centralised government combined with an ad hoc approach to reform has undermined inter-governmental relations and limited the possibility of effective policy. We conclude by arguing that current levelling up proposals, focused on redesigning sub-national government, reflect these deficiencies and therefore offer an insufficient remedy for the UK’s imbalanced economic geography and resulting inequalities. The failure of past reform highlights the need for systemic transformation—including a new governance framework—to address meaningfully the UK’s geography of discontent.

The Fate of Healthcare Reform in The United States in the 1940s

The article focuses on the attempts at healthcare reform by the Truman administration alongside the liberal wing of the Democratic party in the 1940s. The proposals of both the White House and different groups of congressmen are laid out in detail. The main reasons for the failure of healthcare reform, as proposed by the author, are the lack of coordination among the Democrats supporting healthcare reform, Truman’s poor influence on Congress, and the role some key professional organizations play in weakening public support for the administration’s initiatives.

Causes and Countermeasures for the Failure of Mining Land Use Policy Reform: Practice Analysis from China

The current supply method of land acquisition for mining land in China is not conducive to the sustainable use of land resources, resulting in a large amount of wasted land resources and causing many conflicts. The new model of temporary land use policy for mining solves the long-standing problem of the livelihood of expropriated farmers that has plagued local governments, and also helps to alleviate the conflicts between enterprises and farmers. However, the temporary land use policy is in the practice stage, and the policy failure has resulted in low land reclamation rates. This research is a systematic survey for large and medium-sized mining enterprises, relevant government departments and research institutions nationwide. From the survey we analyze the problems in the implementation of the current temporary land use policy for mining and the causes of the policy failure, and propose an effective implementation mechanism for the future policy. The study showed that: (1) the temporary land use policy for mining was enacted with wide acceptance, but the implementation of the policy was ineffective; (2) the conditions for the application of the temporary land use policy for mining are unclear, the review and supervision by the competent authorities are not strict, and enterprises do not pay attention to land reclamation resulting in a very low rate of land reclamation; and (3) The implementation mechanism of the temporary mining land policy in practice is not perfect, and the proposed implementation framework based on “conditions, approval, implementation, supervision, acceptance and withdrawal” is scientific and feasible. It provides a reference for the management and innovation of strict protection of arable land, land conservation and intensification, and land reclamation in mining areas in China.

A Review of the Political Economy of South African Land Reform and Its Contested Multifaceted Land Questions

Abstract South African land matters today emanate from the past racially based land dispossession of black communities, which furthered white settler capitalism. Post-apartheid regimes have developed many policies to reverse this legacy, but with little effect. Political parties have blamed the Constitution for the slow pace of land reform, arguing for the need to amend it to clarify ‘expropriation without compensation’. Based on a broad literature review, this article suggests some political, economic and social lessons for South Africa’s land reform. It aims to understand how other countries have dealt with land acquisition for land reform and urban housing development projects, the post-acquisition stage and the reasons for failure and success of some land reforms. This article calls for an alignment of land stakeholders, inclusion of urban land in land reform policies and increasing the powers of provincial officers to improve support for beneficiaries and the subdivision of large farms.

On Current Situation and its Possible Consequences

The article discusses the crisis of Russian science associated with the reduction of international contacts between Russia and developed countries in the scientific and technological sphere. In the current situation, we can only state that Russian scientific institutions, Russian science as a whole, weakened by failed reforms, are in state of economic (equipment, reagents), information (journals and other scientific publications) and symbolic (“assignment” of scientific statuses) dependence on science in Western countries. The main risks for Russian science are associated with (1) a sharp reduction in funding, (2) a narrowing of the demographicbase and the outflow of scientists from the profession, as well as (3) a general decline in the quality of ongoing research. The article proposes a number of interrelated measures to support the Russian scientific and technological sphere, which make it possible to preserve science as a resource for the country’s development.

Explaining the failure of internationally-supported defence and security reforms in Sahelian states

ABSTRACT In response to the crisis in the Sahel, myriad programmes have been set up with the aim of improving the performance of the defence and security forces in the region. These programmes are often run or supported by international partners. Yet, as the security situation in the region worsens, questions have been raised about whether these programmes are relevant and effective. In this article, we will argue that most of the programmes designed to build the capacities of, restructure or reform the armed forces in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger have failed to grasp that these security systems function on a fundamentally hybrid basis, with a combination of – and often a clash between – legal and rational approaches, on the one hand, and informal dynamics, on the other, and that this can often hinder implementation of reforms.

Policy Note: Systems Thinking for More Holistic Analysis of Low- and Middle-Income Country Water Utility Problems and Solutions

Globally, billions of people rely on piped water and sanitation services delivered by municipal water utilities, but many of these systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are plagued by chronic problems of inequitable access, intermittent supply, and poor water quality. While improving service quality in these persistently underperforming systems will certainly require substantial infrastructure investment and supportive maintenance, a parallel strengthening of utilities and regulators’ capacity and management is at least as fundamental. And though prior research highlights the lack of capacity, misaligned incentives, and ineffective policies that lead LMIC utilities to perform so poorly, the identification of sustainable and replicable solutions to these problems, that extends beyond a small set of cases, has proven difficult. This paper argues for greater use of systems dynamics models to facilitate more holistic thinking about the potential of different intervention strategies, acknowledging that the behavior of utility-based water management systems is defined by complex interactions. This complexity plays out in reinforcing and balancing feedback between variables, lagged responses, and dynamics that often preclude moving past critical thresholds that define poverty or low performance traps. The paper then discusses how several basic archetypes relate to experiences of institutional reform failure and success described in the broader literature, with the goal of motivating future application of these methods for comparative analysis of different utility water system improvements.

Multiple streams framework and mineral royalties: The 2005 mining tax reform in Chile

In economic theories, institutional change usually occurs in response to changes in relative prices. Mineral policies in mining countries frequently follow this behavior, modifying their tax systems as metal prices change. Nonetheless, Chile presents a deviation from common behavior with a mining tax reform that took place before a major increase in mineral commodity prices and when market analysts and political leaders expected prices to remain relatively constant. Using the Multiple Streams Framework, we find that the policy community combined with anticipated elections explains the initial failure of mining tax reforms in 2004 and then successful reform in 2005. We do not find that the national mood (part of the problem stream) played a key role in the reforms; it remained unchanged during this period, and even now, and thus cannot account for change. Furthermore, we develop and find support for two hypotheses on institutional maturity and issue complexity: when states have mature democratic institutions and the policy is complex, we expect policy entrepreneurs and the policy stream to have a greater impact than in states with weak institutions and less complex issues. We thus contribute by solving an empirical puzzle on mining policy and by proposing new hypotheses to investigate with the Multiple Streams Framework.

Repoliticising national policy mobilities: Resisting the Americanization of universal healthcare

Policy mobilities scholarship has comprehensively challenged the methodological nationalism and rational orthodoxies of policy studies. Contributing to recent debates on policy mobilities and post-politics, this paper examines how struggles over the ‘national’ shape policy on the move. Focussing on attempts to embed accountable care models across the English National Health Service (NHS), I consider how ‘integration’ has been mobilised as a seemingly irresistible solution to the failures of market-orientated healthcare reforms in times of austerity. Yet, I foreground how campaigners slowed down the local contracting of accountable care through repoliticising circulating policy as the ‘Americanization’ of the NHS. The paper emphasises the ongoing, yet shifting and politically contested, role of the state and national spatial imaginaries in the making and translating of globally mobile policy. Rethinking the times and spaces of politics and policy in the current conjuncture, I conclude by warning of the limits of nostalgia for the post-war national welfare state when pushing for universal healthcare as a right for all.

Historical Evolution and Enlightenment of Class Size Research in America

Class size research in the United States is driven by two forces: one is to study the factors that affect the quality of education, the other is to explore the cost-benefit of class size reform. In the 1980s, Discussions of the research on small classes center around the STAR project. With the development of the study on the influence of small class size, scholars generally find that class size does not directly affect the teaching quality. Following the disadvantages of randomized educational experiments, the failure of California's small class reform has directly aroused critical reflection on small class sizes. Through this historical evolution, we can see that educational decision-making and educational research complement each other. Only by establishing dynamic and processive view of educational quality and fully considering social interests can education develop.

Inevitable failures of the Russian education reform

Inevitable failures of the Russian education reform

Sustainable Development of LPG Policies of India

Prof. Irma Glicman Adelman, an Irish Economist working in California University at Berkely, in her research work on ‘Development Over Two Centuries’, which is published in the Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1995, has identified and concluded that India, along with China, would be one of the largest economies in this 21st Century. She has stated that the period 1700-1820 is the period of Netherlands (Holland), the period 1820-1890 is the period of England, the period 1890-2000 is the period of America and this 21st Century is the century of China and India. World Bank has also identified that India would be a one the leading players of this century after China and USA. India is the third largest economy in terms of Purchasing Power Parity with $7.277 trillion. India ($ 2. 936 trillion in nominal) will challenge the Global Economic Order in the next 15 years. India already overtook Italian economy ($ 2.078 trillion) this year (2019), and will overtake England economy ($ 3.002 trillion at present) in the year 2020, Japanese economy ($5.154 trillion, 2019) by 2025 and USA economy ($21. 239 trillion in 2019) in 2050. China with $14.140 trillion already overtook Japan economy and will overtake USA economy in 2024. India has the following advantages compared with other economies. India is 3th largest GDP in the world in terms of Purchasing Power Parity Criteria ($11.326 trillion in 2019). India is third fastest growing economy in the world after China and Vietnam. In this paper an attempt is made to bring out the major achievements and failures of economic reforms in India during the liberalisation period. It is mainly base on secondary information I read through government publications and reports and generally descriptive in nature. This paper has been divided into two sections (1) dealt with achievements of LPG policies and (2) dealt with the reasons for delay in achieving the proposed targets within the stipulated period.

Институт сити-менеджмента: причины низкой эффективности в муниципальном управлении Юга России

Introduction. Relevance of the study, substantiated by the implementation of the municipal reform, is determined. The problem is posed, according to which the new procedure for legitimizing the assumption of office of head of a municipal formation did not lead to increase of effectiveness of municipal management. The hypothesis is put forward, according to which absence of the expected results from the reform is explained by mismatch of the conditions for managing municipalities in the United States of America, from where the institution of city management was borrowed, in Russia also. The aim is to identify the reasons for failure of the municipal reform. Methods. The empirical research was carried out using the methods of in-depth interviews, expert survey, mass survey and focus groups. The object is city managers, their assistants, deputies of local parliaments, entrepreneurs as subjects of public-private contracts, consumers of municipal services. Venue – municipalities of the Republic of Crimea, the Republic of Adygea and the Rostov region. Results and its discussion. The analysis showed that the reason of low effectiveness in municipal management is consequence of the unjustified transfer of the American model of city management to Russian social reality. Solution of the problem is seen in creation of an optimal model, consistent with the current social conditions. More specifically, we propose the following: 1) to provide the institute of city management with necessary personnel reserve, for which we should promote the widespread introduction of the master's program "City management" in specialized universities; 2) to select city managers exclusively from among local natives who were born in a particular area and received education in it; 3) to amend the regulations on the election of heads of administrations on the secret ballot procedure in order to exclude pressure on deputies and members of competition committees; 4) to cancel the planned indicators when assessing the effectiveness of city managers as a source that gives rise to emergence of imitation practices; 5) to remove target indicators from the work of law-enforcement agencies.

Corporal Punishment: Law Reform Lessons for Australia from South Africa and New Zealand

This article compares the law reform methods employed by South Africa and New Zealand to eliminate the defence of ‘moderate and reasonable chastisement’ to a charge of common assault, to determine the best possible law reform strategy for Australian jurisdictions, within the context of its federal system of governance. South Africa and New Zealand banned corporal punishment on a national level, with South Africa prohibiting the use of corporal punishment by way of the judicial condemnation of the Constitutional Court in 2019, and New Zealand’s legislation to ban corporal punishment through Parliamentary processes in 2007. Corporal punishment in the home is still legal in Australia if administered by parents or those in loco parentis. This article focuses on the three Australian States that have enacted human rights legislation—Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and Queensland—and the impact of this legislation on judicial law reform. In this regard, the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty is discussed in terms of its ability to limit public interest litigation’s viability to strike down inconsistent legislation. The article suggests that all three countries can learn from one another concerning the successes and/or failures of law reform. Furthermore, the article concludes by acknowledging that even though formal abolition is the norm in South Africa and New Zealand, corporal punishment remains widespread. Parents and those in loco parentis must be supported by continual education initiatives to bring about requisite social and cultural change.

Paradigm crisis in the step from tertiary to secondary mathematics education

We consider the following hypothesis: whereas, the institutions in charge of the teaching of mathematics for future professional mathematicians (IPM, in short) share a didactic paradigm (strongly based on logical arguments), there does not seem to be such a thing in secondary mathematics education. In this work, we analyse the notion of didactic paradigm and its possible uses in research, we sketch a description of the didactic paradigm shared in IPM, we indicate the problems that it would have in being adopted in secondary education, and we consider the failure of consecutive reforms in the teaching of secondary mathematics as an evidence of the difficulties in finding a suitable didactic paradigm at that level. Part of our study uses the paradigm of mathematical modelling as a reference paradigm.

Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment

Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment

Journalism education during the Independence years of Kazakhstan

This study provides an overview of the field of journalism education in Kazakhstan, which has undergone significant changes over the years of independence with the rapid development of digital technologies. Emphasizes the importance of adapting the curriculum of the Faculty of Journalism to meet the demands of the digital age. In line with the development of modern journalism, the training of future professional journalists should be aimed not only at educating students, but also at mastering the tools necessary to work in a rapidly changing world. Particular attention will be paid to the five most important issues in the field of journalism education in Kazakhstan, namely, adaptation of students to scientific research, improving their teaching methods and identifying prerequisites for a professional career, studying the development of social networks and artificial intelligence. The main reason to focus on these pressing issues is the need to train professionals to meet the needs of the media market. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the dynamics of the development of journalism education over 30 years and identify current problems in this area. As a scientific method, in addition to the analysis of scientific works on this topic, data from a study conducted by the international organization Internews-Kazakhstan on the need for information in the media community, as well as the results of a survey conducted among students by the author of this article. The study showed that new reforms in journalism education are needed, given the failures of past reforms in the media education system. Mastering new digital technologies in journalism education requires adapting curricula to the media market. Curricula for journalism education should provide for learning based on professional experience, and educational institutions should ensure that theory, practice, and production are well connected so that students can get jobs in their final year. Key words: Kazakhstan, independence, journalism, journalism education.

The effects of diagnosis-related groups payment on efficiency of the hospital health care in Croatia

AimTo assess the impact of Croatian reforms related to the funding of inpatient care on the efficiency of acute hospitals.MethodsBetween 2009 and 2018, the study analyzed resourcing, performance, and financing data for 33 acute hospitals. It used data from the Croatian Health Insurance Fund (CHIF) and the Croatian Institute of Public Health and included hospital activity and diagnosis-related grouping; average length of stay (ALOS); hospital staffing; CHIF revenue streams; and hospital incomes and expenditures.ResultsDuring the study period, the cost-efficiency of Croatian public hospitals did not meaningfully improve. While ALOS decreased by 14% and the number of beds decreased by 12%, bed occupancy rates decreased by 9%, acute inpatient admissions by 5%, and diagnosis-related group (DRG)-weighted output by 16%. Hospitals operated at higher costs, as the average cost per DRG-weighted case increased by 17%, from HRK 11 828 in 2016, to HRK 13 897 in 2018.ConclusionsIn this period, Croatian reforms failed to improve hospital efficiency. This may be explained by the failure of reformers to heed the experience of other countries, which showed that hospital payment reform of this nature calls for systematic and coordinated actions, inter-agency collaboration, and a strategic approach where the various interventions are in congruence and act to reinforce one another.

CULTURAL DIPLOMACY: INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTS

The article analyzes the leading types of modern diplomacy. Problem statement. Changes in the system of international relations have led to increased attention to the study of issues related to modern diplomacy. However, in the scientific community, the study of the features and essence of the varieties of modern diplomacy is considered to be fragmented. The lack of thorough general theoretical works on this issue, as well as the frequent misunderstanding of the essence and tasks of modern diplomacy in the scientific and publicist literature, causes confusion and different interpretations of the terms. This points to the relevance and significance of further research in the field of modern diplomacy. The purpose of the study is to reveal the essence and define the terms " public diplomacy", " people' diplomacy", "civil diplomacy", "new public diplomacy", to establish their classification according to the subjects of implementation, addressees and peculiarities of practical implementation. The aim of the work is also to conduct a comprehensive analysis of "cultural diplomacy" and to identify the main achievements in this area in Ukraine. Methodology. This study uses the methodology of interdisciplinary level science. The interdisciplinary integration of knowledge and the integration of disparate characteristics into a system allowed to obtain new scientific knowledge, which consists in a comparative analysis of the leading types of modern diplomacy, highlighting "cultural diplomacy" as the main one and analyzing the main institutional achievements of Ukraine in cultural diplomacy. Results. The article summarizes the definitions of the concepts of "public diplomacy", "civil diplomacy", "people's diplomacy", "digital diplomacy", "new public diplomacy". Their essential features and main characteristics are highlighted, their comparative analysis is presented, and "cultural diplomacy" as the leading direction of modern diplomatic practice is analyzed. The institutional context of cultural diplomacy of Ukraine is considered. The conclusion is made that despite the failure of systemic cultural reforms in the past, today there are positive changes in cultural diplomacy. Ukraine's cultural vector in foreign policy acquires a systemic and strategic balance. Value/originality. A comparative analysis of different types of modern diplomacy is conducted, the definition of "cultural diplomacy" is clarified and the peculiarities of its institutional formation are considered. Practical implications. The materials of the article can be used for research and educational purposes, as well as for the further development of the vectors of Ukrainian cultural diplomacy.