Faculty Of Pharmacy Research Articles

Community Forums to Address Vaccine Hesitancy: A Useful Tool for Meeting the Needs of Diverse Communities.

Community forums are a valuable tool in engaging rural communities to address critical public health issues. Recognizing low levels of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in rural Minnesota communities and the critical public health threat that resulted, pharmacy faculty and Extension professionals from the University of Minnesota partnered with a diverse group of rural stakeholders to plan a series of six community forums to provide life-saving, evidence-based education about the COVID-19 vaccine. Each forum allowed trusted local community leaders, public health workers and healthcare providers to share information about the impact of COVID-19 in their communities. Data about the COVID-19 vaccines was provided, and community members were allowed to ask questions and voice their concerns about the virus and the vaccines. Virtual community forums allowed rural stakeholders to reach a diverse and geographically remote population while maintaining COVID-19 distancing requirements. Offering a safe, virtual space and immediate access to reliable and trusted place-based education allowed individuals an opportunity to get their vaccine questions answered immediately. Community forums can be conducted in rural communities as a direct communication tool to address critical public health issues such as vaccine hesitancy, and empower community members to make informed decisions in fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic.

Artículo traducido] Mejora de la calidad de las publicaciones y avance en los paradigmas de la investigación en Farmacia Práctica clínica y social: la Declaración de Granada

Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as “the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care”. Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other health care areas (i.e., medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into six topics: the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics, and authors’ selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work. © 2023 The Author(s) Published by Elsevier Inc, Springer Nature, Brazilian Society of Hospital Pharmacy and Health Services, Elsevier Inc, Royal Pharmaceutical Society, Biomedcentral, Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (S.E.F.H), Pharmaceutical Care España Foundation, European Association of Hospital Pharmacists, Faculty of Pharmacy

A Multimedia Evaluation of Pharmacy Faculty PowerPoint Slides in a Critical Care Course

ObjectivesTo conduct a pilot investigation about the alignment between didactic multimedia materials utilized by pharmacy faculty, with Mayer's Principles for Multimedia Learning and faculty characteristics associated with greater alignment. MethodsAn investigatory systematic process was used which included a modified Learning Object Review Instrument (LORI) to evaluate the faculty video-recorded lectures for alignment with Mayer’s Principles of Multimedia Learning, hence capturing the number and type of misalignments. Correlations were performed to evaluate the association between faculty characteristics; and ratings and proportions of misalignments. ResultsFive hundred fifty-five PowerPoint slides of 13 lectures from 13 faculty members were reviewed. The average (SD) LORI score per slide was 4.44 (0.84) out of 5 with an average score per lecture ranging from 3.83 (0.96) to 4.95 (0.53). Across all lecture slides, misalignments with multimedia principles were captured in 20.2% of slides. For each lecture, the average percentage of misalignments was 27.6% ranging from 0% to 49%. Principal misalignments included violation of the principles of coherence (66.1%), signaling (15.2%), and segmenting (8%). No faculty characteristics were significantly associated with LORI ratings or proportion of misalignments within lectures. ConclusionsFaculty had high LORI ratings for their multimedia material but these varied significantly between lectures. Misalignments with multimedia principles were identified and were related primarily to extraneous processing. These misalignments, when addressed, have the potential to improve learning, thus suggesting an opportunity for the faculty to develop ways to optimize multimedia educational delivery. Future investigation is needed to clarify how clinical pharmacy faculty can develop multimedia material and the impact of faculty development on the application of multimedia principles and learning outcomes.

Pharmacy faculty experiences and perceptions of academic dishonesty

IntroductionAcademic dishonesty (AD) continues to be an area of concern in pharmacy education. While studies have been conducted evaluating various forms and interventions to address AD, few have looked at faculty experiences and perceptions of AD in doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) programs in the United States. MethodsA 52-item survey was distributed electronically to pharmacy faculty at 129 colleges of pharmacy (COP). Faculty perceptions and experiences related to AD were recorded using a six-point Likert-type scale. Data were reported as the percentage of respondents for each level of agreement in addition to the mean and SD of the agreement level for each survey item. ResultsResponses were received from 775 faculty from 126 COP (14.2% response rate). Faculty agreed that AD was an issue in pharmacy education in general (76%) and at their institution (70%), however respondents also agreed that AD was quickly addressed by their institution (72%) and were confident in their institution's ability to manage AD infractions (68%). Faculty agreed that it is both difficult (82.5%) and frustrating (75.2%) to report AD infractions at their institution. Female faculty (P = .006) and those who spent more time in classroom (P < .001) agreed more that they witnessed AD in the classroom. Findings were further stratified by gender, faculty rank, time in class, and terminal degree. ConclusionsAD was perceived as an issue in pharmacy education. Transparency in the AD handling process and increased student education about AD were identified as potential solutions to reduce AD occurrences.

Tobacco Education in Doctor of Pharmacy Programs in the United States (2021-2022)

ObjectiveTo characterize (1) tobacco cessation content, delivery, and assessment methods, (2) faculty perceptions of content adequacy, and (3) faculty interest in enhancing curricular content as a result of pharmacists’ new, expanding role in prescribing tobacco cessation medications. MethodsOne faculty member responsible for teaching tobacco cessation-related content at each college and school of pharmacy was invited to participate in a national, web-based survey. Survey items assessed various aspects of tobacco education and gauged faculty interest in attending a train-the-trainer program and integrating Tobacco Treatment Specialist training as part of the curriculum at their institution. ResultsOf 132 survey respondents (93.0% response), 98.5% reported integrating tobacco cessation into the required curriculum, and 15.2% integrated the content into an elective course. The median number of formal educational hours was 5.0 (range, 1.0–18.0). One-third (33.3%) assessed students’ tobacco cessation competency using objective structured clinical examinations. Most (83.8%) felt that their institution has adequate faculty expertise to teach comprehensive tobacco cessation, and 98.5% were interested in attending a train-the-trainer program for pharmacy faculty to learn to educate students on the latest developments of pharmacist-provided tobacco cessation. Similarly, 95.4% were interested in incorporating Tobacco Treatment Specialist training into their Doctor of Pharmacy curriculum. ConclusionGiven the expanding scope of pharmacists’ practice for prescribing tobacco cessation medications, there is a need to enhance curricular content in Doctor of Pharmacy programs. Current faculty expressed interest in expanding coursework to enable their graduates to work at the top of their license when treating tobacco use and dependence.

PENGARUH PENYULUHAN TERHADAP PENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN KELOMPOK TANI DAN KADER TUBERCULOSIS TERHADAP PENYAKIT TUBERCULOSIS, PENGOBATAN DAN PENCEGAHANNYA

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which ranks second as the cause of death in the infectious disease class after infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Countries contributing to the largest cases of tuberculosis starting from the highest order are India, Indonesia, and China. East Java is in second place after West Java Province. Sumenep Regency, ranks first in East Java Province in 2019. In mainland Sumenep, the most cases of pulmonary tuberculosis are located in Bluto District, one of the endemic areas. Therefore, community service by a team of lecturers from the Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya was carried out in Bluto District, Sumenep Regency. This targets four categories of Sustainable Development Goals, namely Good health and well-being; Quality education; Peace, justice and strong institutions; and Partnership for the goals. Besides that, this community service targets achievement on Key Performance Indicators 2, 3, 5 and 7. The community service was carried out for two days, namely on Saturday and Sunday, September 10-11 2022 at Kampung Negara, Bungbungan Village, Bluto District, Sumenep Regency. The participants in this first year were farmer groups and health center staff, as well as pharmacists who practice in various health facilities serving TB patients. From the results of the evaluation through a questionnaire with statistical analysis, and the results of the discussion it can be concluded that this counseling is very useful for participants according to their confession and can increase participants' understanding of TB disease, its treatment and prevention.

Pharmacy Students' Knowledge and Attitudes about Homeopathy: A Descriptive Survey Conducted in Turkey.

Homeopathy belongs to "Traditional and Complementary Medicine" (TCM) and is defined in the TCM regulation in Turkey as a holistic practice method that aims to improve health status with personalized medicines. The international and national literature includes a limited number of studies that examine individuals' knowledge, attitudes and behaviors toward homeopathy. Although in Turkey the Regulation on Pharmacists and Pharmacies states that the sale of homeopathic medicines is allowed only in pharmacies, no study was found that evaluated awareness about homeopathy among pharmacy students. The present study aims to assess pharmacy students' knowledge and attitudes toward homeopathy and to identify the factors that influence them. This descriptive study was conducted between December 1, 2021 and February 1, 2022 among the students of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University (KTU), through a face-to-face survey. In total, 418 questionnaires suitable for data quality were included in the study. The SPSS 23.0 statistical program was used to analyze the data and the statistical significance level was taken as p < 0.05. It was determined that 73% of the participants had heard about TCM practices and 55% had heard of homeopathy. Students in the fifth grade (p = 0.0001) and those working in an income-generating job (p = 0.026) were found to be those most aware of homeopathy. The students of the Faculty of Pharmacy correctly knew the basic working principles of homeopathy (p = 0.002). The source from which students obtained the most information about homeopathy was undergraduate courses. 80.4% of the participants thought that homeopathy should be applied by pharmacists. 47.0% of the students wanted to learn more about homeopathy or to carry out studies in the field of homeopathy in their careers. The results of this research revealed a high awareness amongst KTU pharmacy students about the practice of homeopathy.

Impostor Phenomenon and Grit as Predictors of Job Satisfaction in Female Pharmacy Faculty.

Impostor phenomenon (IP), grit, and other factors impact job satisfaction for faculty, particularly female faculty. The Impostor Phenomenon Research Collaborative (IPRC) evaluated IP, grit, and job satisfaction in pharmacy faculty. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of faculty using a survey, which included demographic questions and validated instruments: Clance Impostor Phenomenon (CIPS), Short GRIT Scale, and Overall Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. Differences between groups, relationships, and prediction were evaluated using independent t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and regression analyses. A total of 436 participants completed the survey; 380 self-identified as pharmacy faculty. Two hundred and one (54%) reported intense or frequent feelings of IP. The mean CIPS score was above 60, indicating a risk of negative outcomes related to IP. There were no differences in the prevalence of IP or job satisfaction levels when female and male faculty were compared. Female faculty had higher GRIT-S scores. Faculty reporting more IP had lower grit and lower job satisfaction. Job satisfaction in faculty was predicted by IP and grit; however, grit did not provide a unique prediction when combined with IP for male faculty. IP was not more prevalent in female faculty. Female faculty were grittier than male faculty. Higher grit was associated with less IP and higher job satisfaction. IP and grit predicted job satisfaction for female and male pharmacy faculty. Our findings suggest that improving grit may help mitigate IP and impact job satisfaction. Further research on evidence-based IP interventions is needed.

Acute Toxicity and Anxiolytic Activity Screening of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum, Terminalia catappa and Tapinanthus dodoneifolius Growing on Terminalia catappa Tree in MIce

Aims: Hydroalcoholic T. dodoneifolius, B.pinnatum and T. catappa leaf extracts were investigated for their acute toxicity and anxiolytic activities. Study Design: Acute toxicity (LD50) was determined using the limit dose acute and Anxiolytic activities were assessed by open-field field behavioural testing in mice. Place and Duration of Study: The study took place in the Neurobehavioural room of Department of Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in late December 2022. Methodology: Groups of mice (n=6; equal sexes) were each exposed to the open-field paradigm (OFT) following 1 hour of single oral administration of distilled water, extracts (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) and diazepam (0. 5 mg/kg) using the behavioural indices of mean centre zone time (M%CZT), centre zone re-entry (MCZR) and defeaction/urination frequency (MD/UF). Results: Acute toxicity testing shows that the three extracts are safe with LD50 of 5g/kg. Behavioural results indicate, compared to the distilled water treatment (M%CZT, 6.39±1.53; MCZR, 4.67±1.15, &amp; MU/UF, 4.83±0.75), single acute T. dodoneifolius (M%CZT, 7.50±1.73, 13.72±2.43, &amp; 20.94±3.91*; MCZR, 7.33±0.88, 9.50±0.76, &amp; 11.50±1.6*; MD/UF, 4.17±0.48, 3.17±0.54, &amp; 1.83±0.60*), and B.pinnatum (M%CZT, 9.72±1.91, 9.78±1.32, &amp; 19.67±2.01*; MCZR, 6.00±1.15, 10.50±0.76, &amp; 12.50±1.72*; MD/UF, 3.17±0.79, 2.33±0.42, &amp; 1.33±0.49*) extract treatments demonstrated consistent dose-dependency in their anxiolytic activity across the three parameters with T. catappa extract (M%CZT, 6.95±1.27, 12.17±2.01, &amp; 16.84±1.49*; MCZR, 8.17±1.60, 10.17±1.67, &amp; 10.83±1.96; MD/UF, 2.83±0.60, 2.00±0.73, &amp; 3.67±0.42) exhibiting dose-pendent anxiolytic effect only on the M%CZT. However, at the highest dose level of 500 mg/kg, all plant extract treatments caused anxiolytic effects that are comparable with those of 0.5 mg/kg diazepam treatments (M%CZT, 22.61±1.31*; MCZR, 12.17±1.66*; &amp; MD/UF, 2.62±0.21*). Conclusion: These findings justify the traditional use of these medicinal plant extracts in the remediation of nervous and related disorders.

Students’ experiences and attitudes toward a newly developed simulation-based pharmaceutical care clinical rotation: A pre-post study design

PurposeThis study aims to evaluate Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students’ experience with the newly developed simulation-based pharmaceutical care (PC) rotation by evaluating their knowledge and attitudes towards PC before and after the rotation. MethodsA self-administered questionnaire was distributed to sixth year PharmD students enrolled in the clinical training rotation “Comprehensive Pharmaceutical Care” during the 2020/2021 academic semesters at Jordan University of Science and Technology’s (JUST) Faculty of Pharmacy. Questionnaires were distributed before and after completing four experiential training weeks and consisted of three sections. The first section collected students’ demographic details while the second and third sections evaluated students' knowledge about, and attitudes toward PC, respectively. Descriptive statistics were used to describe and compare changes in students' knowledge and attitudes pre-and post-rotation. ResultsA total of 106 valid questionnaires were completed with a response rate of 99.07%. The rates of correct answers increased after the rotation with median total knowledge score increasing from 8 to 10 (out of 13, P value < 0.001). Significant improvements in students’ understanding of aspects relating to the concept and process of PC, and the role of clinical pharmacist in PC provision, were shown post the simulation-based clinical rotation. Similarly, their attitudes toward performing PC were either improved or emphasized. In contrast results also revealed that specific aspects of the rotation require further refinement, such as the comprehensiveness of the PC process and responsibilities in providing PC. ConclusionsPharmD students’ understanding and attitudes toward PC were either improved or emphasized after the simulation-based PC rotation. This study highlights the value of simulation as a unique instructional technique that can assist educators to develop PC competencies for pharmacy students.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities of Natural Dye Plant, Lawsonia inermis L. (Henna)

Farah Nabilah Ahmad Supian and Nurul Izzati Osman Author informationArticle notesCopyright and License information Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA Corresponding author. Correspondence: Dr. Nurul Izzati Osman Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Kampus

Quality Analysis of Various National and International Brands of Glimepirides Available in Pakistan

Objective: The primary focus of this research is to ascertain that these different generic drug products from national and multinational companies competing in the local market are equivalent in quality. Material and Methods: A comparative quality analysis was executed on national and multinational brands of glimepiride tablets obtained from local pharmacies of Hyderabad. A cumulative of 6 glimepiride brands were selected and internationally accepted in-vitro tests were carried out at Industrial pharmacy laboratory of Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, during time period August 2021 to August 2022 to compare with Pharmacopoeia standards. Results: All the drug products (Glimepiride tablets) obtained from local market were meeting the standards laid by BP for tests of weight uniformity, diameter, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration, and content uniformity/assay. Conclusion: Every generic of glimepiride tablets from various local and multinational manufacturers are pharmaceutical equivalents and can be prescribed interchangeably. Keywords: National, International, Brand, Glimepiride, Quality, Pharmaceutical Equivalents

Sosialisasi Informasi Obat di TK. Nurul Iman Tanjungsari Tasikmalaya

The healing process in treatment is strongly influenced by adherence and accuracy in the use of drugs. In the community, both at school and in the family, understanding of information and drug use for parents, students, and teachers. The purpose of community service that has been carried out is to provide socialization and understanding of information and how to use drugs for teachers and parents of students. The method of implementing the activity is through socialization in the form of counseling about drug information. The organizers of the activity are lecturers and students of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Bakti Tunas Husada University, while the service participants are teachers and parents of kindergarten students of Nurul Iman. From the activities carried out, it can be concluded that the activities can run smoothly and can provide an understanding of information and how to use drugs for community service participants.

Tissue Inhibitor Of Metalloproteinase 3 As A Potential Staging Biomarker In Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

To assessthe potential role of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 as a staging marker of hepatocellular carcinoma. The experimental study was conducted at Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt, from December 2020 to March 2022 after approval from the Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt, and comprised male albino rats. The subjects were divided into 4 groups. The control group was administrated a single intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, while the other groups were generated post-induction of hepatocellular carcinoma. The induction was done by injecting rats intraperitoneally with a single dose of 200mg/kg diethyl nitrosamine, followed by the administration of 0.05% phenobarbital sodium in drinking water daily. Rats were euthanised at 8, 16 and 24 weeks after the injection to obtain three groups related to the 3 stages of hepatocellular carcinoma. Serum was used for measuring the alpha protein level. Liver homogenates were used for the assessment of the hepatic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 expression, B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein expression, and the hepatic content of matrix metalloproteinase -9 and cyclin D1. Data was analysed using Graph Prism 8. Of the 24 rats with weight range 120-130g, 6(25%) were in each of the 4 groups. The relative protein and messenger ribonucleic acid tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 expressions were significantly decreased in the intervention groups compared to the control group, with more decline as the hepatocellular carcinoma stage increased. The matrix metalloproteinase -9 and cyclin D1 concentrations and the relative hepatic protein Ki67 expression were significantly raised in the intervention groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). The relative expression of hepatic B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein was markedly decreased in the intervention groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 might be a promising diagnostic and staging biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Do entry year pharmacy students have similar personal characteristics? Comparing personalities, professional goals, and role perceptions.

Schools and faculties of pharmacy are responsible for selecting students to admit into the profession. Despite many similarities, admission processes, pharmacists' training, and scope of practice are different across jurisdictions. Students that are selected for admission may then differ in a number of ways, including by personality traits and other individual difference measures. To compare the trait characteristics between students entering a New Zealand (NZ-University of Otago) and Canadian ((University of Waterloo) pharmacy programme and to compare their professional goals and role perceptions. Incoming first year students at each university were invited to take an online questionnaire that included personality characteristics and potential predictors of involvement in pharmacists' roles: (1) the Big Five Inventory (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism); (2) the Achievement Goals Questionnaire-Revised; (3) the Rational Experiential Inventory; and (4) Counsellor Role Orientation. Statistical tests were conducted to determine if there were differences between entry level pharmacy students from NZ and Canada. 184 students (97/150 Otago, 87/118 Waterloo) completed the survey. On average, Waterloo students scored higher on agreeableness (M=80 vs. 76, p=0.06), conscientiousness (M=70 vs. 68, p=0.30), mastery-approach (M=93 vs.90, p=0.06), and faith-in-intuition (M=67 vs. 61, p=0.03) compared to Otago pharmacy students who were higher for openness M=70 vs. 66, p=0.09). An item measuring reliance on physicians for medicine advice was endorsed more by Otago pharmacy students (M=35 vs. M=15, p<0.001). Items on time pressure (e.g., "It takes too much time to for a pharmacist to talk with a patient about the medication they receive") were higher for Otago students (M=41 vs. M=38, p=0.26). Higher scores for pharmacist restriction ("There should be legal restrictions on what pharmacists can tell patients") were also seen among Otago students (M=26 vs. M=12, p<0.001). There were important differences between entry level pharmacy students and practicing pharmacists in both jurisdictions. While entry-level pharmacy students had similar personality profiles, differences were observed in role expectations and in experiential learning orientation. This highlights differing societal views on the role of pharmacists in each respective country. Pharmacy schools should study their student bodies when designing their curricula and electives, helping ensure graduates feel like they have the training to do what they need to do. Future work will determine if these personality and learning goals influence students' preparation for practice.

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and living conditions in Bamako (Mali): a cross-sectional multistage household survey after the first epidemic wave, 2020

ObjectivesIn low-income settings with limited access to diagnosis, COVID-19 information is scarce. In September 2020, after the first COVID-19 wave, Mali reported 3086 confirmed cases and 130 deaths. Most reports...

Unpacking the Use of Therapy-Speak in Scholarly Writing

Pharmacy faculty have begun to adopt therapy-speak, which are common words and phrases derived from mental health services, more frequently in both informal modes of communication as well as in scholarly and creative efforts. In this Commentary, we consider the use of this trendy, idiomatic language in scholarly writing and characterize potential problems with its clear and lasting interpretation. Conversely, we also examine how contemporary language can be used to enhance scholarly writing by engaging members of the Academy with an interesting writing style. Finally, we challenge pharmacy faculty to carefully consider how and when such language can be used to communicate in a clear and straightforward style that creates interest among readers.

P256 Quality of life in breast cancer patients, preoperatively and postoperatively. Methods of influencing the quality of life. M. M. Valcan university of oradea, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, romania

P256 Quality of life in breast cancer patients, preoperatively and postoperatively. Methods of influencing the quality of life. M. M. Valcan university of oradea, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, romania

Factors Influencing Professional Identity Construction in Fourth-Year Pharmacy Students

Objectives. To explore the key factors that influence professional identity construction in fourth-year pharmacy students enrolled in a Doctor of Pharmacy program.Methods. A single-site instrumental case study of current fourth-year pharmacy students from the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, was used. Thirteen students participated in semistructured interviews. Poststructural social identity theories were used to analyze the data and identify themes that influence identity construction in pharmacy students.Results. Data analysis identified five overarching themes that influence pharmacy student professional identity construction: path to pharmacy, curriculum, environment, preceptors, and patient interactions. The Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy curriculum prioritized the health care provider identity, which influenced the students desire to "become" clinicians. Based on their internalized health care provider identity, they rejected preceptors and practice environments that negatively impacted their ability to embody this identity.Conclusion. The findings of this study suggest that pharmacy students align themselves strongly with health care provider identities at the cost of other potentially relevant identities. Pharmacy education programs may benefit from curricular reforms that incorporate and legitimize multiple pharmacist identities to ensure a strong pharmacy workforce for the future.

PRESCRIBING PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS OUTSIDE PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prescribing behavior of psychotropic drugs in non-psychiatric doctors, in the military hospitals of the south zone. The study was conducted over a six-month period, from May to October 2017, with a sample of 48 physicians from different disciplines and various medico-surgical services from the three hospitals. Physicians responded to an anonymous questionnaire mainly on the main drug classes prescribed psychotropic drugs, the main indications, and their frequency of prescription. The majority of physicians involved in all specialties are prescribers at variable rates. The rate of prescribers among neurologists, cardiologists, dermatologists, anesthesiologists, neurosurgeons, visceral surgeons and urologists was 100% while emergency physicians had a rate of 88.8%. In traumatologists, the rate was 75%. For ophthalmologists the rate was 50%. The rest of the specialties prescribed with a rate of less than 50%. The main psychotropic drugs prescribed were antidepressants and hypnotic / anxiolytic benzodiazepines, while the main indications were depression, anxiety disorders, insomnia and agitation. Virtually 44% of these prescribers were the initiators of treatment, and more than half of the presenters indicated that their knowledge of psychotropic drugs was limited to the therapeutic courses they received during their general medical training at the Faculty of Medicine. It is necessary to grant more hours to therapeutic courses at the faculties of medicine and pharmacy and to establish a compulsory continuing education for every doctor in the field of therapeutics and particularly that of psychotropic drugs, in order to ensure the respect of prescription rules for psychotropic drugs.