Faculty Of Medical Sciences Research Articles

Student criteria on the replacement of a face-to-face lecture with a virtual video lesson

It is presented the analysis results of student criteria on the replacement of a face-to-face lecture with a video-lesson, in the Nervous, Endocrine and Reproductive Systems Subject, taught by the Department of Basic Biomedical Science, or Salvador Allende Faculty of Medical Sciences, during the 2024 academic year.It was developed a descriptive research, with a mixed approach and based on a case study. The data were obtained through a survey and statistically processed to determine: reliability of the questionnaire, frequency of responses and the correlation between them. Students were satisfied with the substitution of the face-to-face lecture by recognizing the contribution of the video-lesson to the development of independence in learning. The results obtained anticipate a favorable perspective in relation to de class inversion, a didactic strategy considered to promote the learning self-regulation.

Attitude of medical students to the education process in the period of COVID-19 pandemic

INTRODUCTION: The move of medical education that requires personal presence for formation of most clinical competencies of a future doctor, to the distance format in the period of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic, has become a challenge. A study of perception of the new education format by students seems important to obtain feedback on the learning process, especially in the time of global pandemics. AIM: To study the attitude of medical students to the learning process in the period of COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a questionnaire developed at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of Kragujevac Rectorate (Serbia). The survey was conducted online via the anketolog.ru resource. The reference to the survey was posted in the University-Student system. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. A total of 694 students of Sechenov University took part in the survey. RESULTS: In general, students positively assessed the adaptation of the teachers to the education process in the circumstances concerned, availability of the learning materials, as well as interaction with the teachers, among other things, at exams, noting the flexibility and possibility to more rationally organize their personal time in the distance education format, and also reduce of expenditures in the study process. However, most students believe that online education cannot completely replace the traditional form in terms of obtaining knowledge, especially in acquiring clinical skills, and also note a decrease in motivations and concentration in distance learning, and inconveniences of using the existing online education platform. CONCLUSION: The research materials can serve as the basis for developing recommendations for improving the online education mechanisms.

PREVALENCE OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES AMONG INDUSTRIAL WORKERS EXPOSED TO HARMFUL FACTORS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and intensity of periodontal diseases among inductrial workers exposed to harmful factors. Subjects and methods. To achieve the goal, 263 employees from three industrial sectors in the Ivano-Frankivsk region were surveyed: chemical production, glass production, and the agro-industrial complex. Clinical examinations were conducted at the Department of Dentistry of the Faculty of Medical Sciences at IFNMU. The employees were divided into two groups: the main group, which included 185 workers directly involved in production, and the control group, which consisted of 78 individuals from administrative and support staff, matched for gender, age, and work experience. These control group members worked outside the main production areas. Clinical examinations for both groups followed a standard medical protocol, including the collection of anamnestic data and the assessment of patient complaints. Results and discussion. According to the obtained data, only 7,57% of 185 subjects in the main group had an intact periodontium, which is 1,7 times less common than the subjects of the control group, who did not have close contact with occupational pathogens. Periodontal diseases in the control group were found in 87,18% of people. This figure is close to the average population in the flat areas of the Ivano-Frankivsk region for age groups from 20 to 54 years. Among patients of the main group, the number of individuals with periodontal diseases was 5,25% higher, which is obviously due to the effect of unfavorable factors at enterprises. By studying the structure of periodontal diseases, it was established that among 171 individuals in the main groups that had periodontal diseases, gingivitis was diagnosed in 5,26% of patients, localized periodontitis in 3,51%, and periodontitis in 2,92%, and the rest – 88,31 % of people diagnosed with generalized periodontitis. Therefore, among patients of the main group who are exposed to occupational hazards, HP of the II and III degree is detected much more often - in 45,03% of patients, which is 12,67% more than in patients of the control group who are not in contact with harmful factors. The vast majority (67,64%) of employees of the administrative building had milder forms of periodontal disease: GP of the initial and first degree of development, gingivitis, localized periodontitis. Conclusions. Thus, a comparison of data from the study on the prevalence and condition of periodontal tissues in individuals exposed to occupational hazards in industrial production (main group) with the control group revealed the following: periodontal diseases develop much more rapidly in workers and are correlated with their work experience, leading to the presence of underlying conditions that contribute to the quick and intense progression of dystrophic-inflammatory processes in the periodontal tissues. Anamnestically, the majority of the subjects linked the initial manifestations of the disease to the onset of their work at the enterprise.

Implementing 3D printing and extended reality in anatomy education: Organization, evolution, and assessment of an innovative teaching program in an undergraduate medical school in the Netherlands

BackgroundA knowledge gap exists on how to implement three dimensional (3D) printing and extended reality (XR) technologies in anatomy education. Also, it remains unclear how students experience the implementation of these new technologies in anatomy education,. This report describes the result of an elective course on the use of 3D prints and XR at our Faculty of Medical Sciences. MethodsA 10-week elective course on the use of 3D prints and XR was organized for undergraduate students studying Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. Students were trained on how to construct 3D models and/or XR models from radiological data. Students received further education on the strengths and limitations of each technique and on how to evaluate scientific literature on this topic. Also, students received training on providing anatomy education using 3D models and/or XR models. The course was evaluated using a specifically designed survey containing twelve questions. Questions needed to be answered using a 5-point Likert scale to rate several topics concerning the course itself, educational elements and perceived study load. ResultsAn extensive course description is provided to help other anatomy educators to adopt 3D prints and/or XR models in the curriculum at their institution. Student evaluations indicated that learners found the constructed (virtual) models insightful and highly motivating, which helped them to actively engage in (future) anatomy education. DiscussionHere presented results encourage the further implementation of 3D models and/or XR models based on radiological data in anatomy education. However, future research on educational effectiveness are needed.

Perception on body image and its associated factors among undergraduates in selected faculties of a state university in Sri Lanka

Background: Perception on body image; the way individuals see or feel about their physical appearance, can influence one's mental well-being, self-esteem and lifestyle. Since there is a dearth of research on this in Sri Lanka, the perception of body image among undergraduates, who are an active social group, demands a com-prehensive understanding.Objective: To describe the perception on body-image and its associated factors among undergraduates in selected faculties of a state university in Sri Lanka.Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 389 undergraduates selected through convenience sampling from the faculties of Applied Sciences, Medical Sciences, Management and Commerce and Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura. Data was collected through a validated, pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire circulated as a Google form via social media. Perception on body image, mental well-being and self-esteem were assessed using the Body-focused shame and guilt scale (minimum 0, maximum 88, cut-off 37), WHO-5 well-being index (minimum 0, maximum 100, cut-off 40) and Rosenberg self-esteem scale (minimum 10, maximum 40, cut-off 28) respectively. All attributes were dichotomized using the means obtained from the pilot test.Results: Majority of the participants were females (n=270, 69.4%). Median age was 23 years (IQR=4). Majority (n=242, 62.2%) showed normal BMI (18.5-24.9). Two of every five undergraduates tend to have a negative perception on their body image.Among the participants who had negative per-ceptions on their body image, 69.0% had poor mental well-being, 72.3% had low self-esteem and 61.3% were highly concerned about fashion and cosmetics to improve their appearance.Conclusions: TNegative perception on body image is a hidden problem among undergraduates in Sri Lanka. The association of one’s gender, mental well-being, self-esteem and fashion with body-image perception is significant.

Improvement of laboratory markers of anaemia in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding with a 19.5-mg intrauterine device: a pilot study

Objectives To evaluate improvements in laboratory markers of anaemia (haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum iron, and ferritin) in women with subjective heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) treated with the levonorgestrel 19.5-mg intrauterine device. Materials and methods We conducted a pilot study at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Campinas, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campinas, SP, Brazil. We compared anaemia markers in 73 women aged 18–48 years suffering from HMB, one year after placement of the IUD. Results The mean age of participants was 30.0 years (range 24–38); more than half were white, and the mean body mass index (kg/m2) was 27.0. Twenty (27.4%) participants exited the study due to loss to follow-up (n = 12; 16.4%), expulsion (n = 7; 9.6%) and uterine perforation (n = 1; 1.4%). One-year post-IUD placement, amenorrhoea was reported by 10 (13.7%) women. According to intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses, the proportion of women with normal haemoglobin levels significantly improved (p = 0.014 in both analyses), as did haematocrit (p < 0.001 in both analyses) and serum iron (p = 0.003 in both analyses) compared to baseline evaluations. The proportion of women with normal ferritin levels also improved (p < 0.001) in both analyses using a cut-off of 15 ng/ml, though no significant difference was observed using a 30 ng/ml cut-off (p = 0.083 in both analyses). Conclusion The levonorgestrel 19.5-mg IUD effectively improved laboratory markers of anaemia one year after placement in women with HMB.

The Attitude of Iranian Nursing Students Towards End-of-Life Care: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: End-of-life care is a critical component of nursing within healthcare systems. The attitudes of nursing students towards this care significantly impact the quality of nursing services they provide. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the attitudes of Iranian nursing students towards end-of-life care. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 230 nursing students enrolled at the Islamic Azad University's Medical Sciences Faculty in Karaj, Iran, between April 24 and June 10, 2023. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was employed, which included demographic information and the Iranian-adapted Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale form B-I (FATCOD-BI). Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Results: The study achieved an effective response rate of 86.95%. The mean FATCOD-BI score was 98.76 (SD = 9.91), with a range of 74 to 138. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in attitudes towards end-of-life care based on gender (P = 0.036), academic semester (P = 0.027), and prior training received (P = 0.037). Conclusions: Nursing students demonstrated a generally positive attitude towards end-of-life care. This attitude was influenced by factors such as the level of education, gender, and prior training. Aligning nursing education with real-world professional demands is essential to closing the theoretical-practical gap. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating end-of-life care modules into the undergraduate nursing curriculum, highlighting a key priority for curriculum planners and nursing education policymakers.

Pain relief during intrauterine device placement in nulligravid women with both oral ketorolac and an analgesic: a double-blinded randomised trial

Objective We assessed whether the administration of oral ketorolac with an analgesic provides effective pain relief during placement of an intrauterine device (IUD) in nulligravid women. Methods We conducted a double-blinded randomised trial in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Campinas Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campinas, SP, Brazil. We randomised participants who voluntarily agreed to participate to receive either one pill containing ketorolac 20 mg together with one pill containing dipyrone 300 mg, scopolamine 6.5 µg, hyoscyamine 104 µg, and homatropine 1 mg or placebo 60 min before IUD placement. The participants and providers were blinded to the randomisation group. The primary outcome was pain assessment (measured on a 0–10 visual analogue scale) during IUD placement. Results We enrolled participants and randomised them 1:1 between November 7, 2023, and January 31, 2024. We analysed 60 women in each group. There were no differences between the groups in the pain score during tenaculum placement, uterine sounding, and IUD placement, and in the overall perception of pain. However, the pain score was significantly lower 10 min after the procedure in women who received the treatment compared with women who received the placebo. Conclusion Oral ketorolac associated with an analgesic administered 60 min before IUD placement was not significantly better than placebo during tenaculum placement, uterine sounding, and IUD insertion, and did not significantly reduce the overall pain perception. However, this treatment did significantly reduce pain 10 min after the procedure. Trial registration The trial was registered at Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (REBEC; in English: The Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials) under number RBR-7phn8yv on November 6, 2023. https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-7phn8yv

Reproductive Analysis of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf extract against Cadmium Induced Testicular Damage

The purpose of this study is to explore if treatment with aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum was effective in minimising cadmium induced testicular damage on the testes of male wistar rats. Twenty (20) mature male wistar rats was collected from Animal House of the Faculty of Basic medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Four subgroups, each consisting of four rats, were created from them. Group I was the control group and was given unlimited access to food and water for a period of two weeks. Group II was given a two-week treatmet of B. pinnatum together with CdcT + lovv. Group III had B. pinnatum at a medium dosage together with Cdcl for a fortnight. For two weeks, group IV received a high dosage of B. pinnatum along with Cdcl. Upon completion of the final dosage, the rats were sedated, and a blood sample was taken from each one via ocular puncture using a micro capillary tube for biochemical analysis and an epididymis dissection for semen analysis. All particulate parameters were analysed according to standard protocols. The results indicated a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in the rats’ final body weights in groups B and D in comparison to the control group. When the test groups’ testicular weight was compared to the control group, it dropped considerably (p&lt;0.05). Comparing all test groups to control, there was a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in both FSH and testosterone. When comparing the test groups to the control, there was a substantial (p&lt;0.05) decrease in the motility of active sperm, but there was a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in the motility of sluggish and non-motile sperm. This study shown that Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract cannot reverse the reproductive harm caused by cadmium in rats. Keywords: Testes, Cadmium, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Reproductive Analysis, Cadmium and Testicular Damage

Evidence-Based Strategies for Reforming the Medical Curriculum at the National Autonomous University of Honduras: A Systematic Literature Review.

Medical education worldwide has undergone numerous stages of reform. Cultural and financial restraints have decelerated progress in developing countries. Current reforms should focuson creating integrated, competency-based, and student-centered curricula that emphasize patient-centered care. The following review of literature published between 2014 and 2023 on global curricular reforms highlighted key components, challenges, and strategies for implementing or evaluating undergraduate medical programs that prioritize student-centered approaches and competency-based models. This review also compared the current curriculum at the National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH) with these international experiences to suggest strategies in order to encourage significant reform. The following review identified 47 articles that provided insights into ideal contexts for curricular reforms, while 15 publications detailed the current state of the UNAH medical curriculum and its potential weaknesses. Additionally, 25 articles discussed specific reforms in other countries, offering valuable results and conclusions for consideration. Drawing from these models and experiences, strategies were proposed for UNAH's curriculum reform, including identifying basic needs, defining project vision, training teaching staff and students, and integrating multidisciplinary teams of experts. Although training all teaching staff abroad may be financially unfeasible, selecting and training key individuals to train others could be a viable alternative. Successful reform requires a comprehensive, periodic, and systematic evaluation. Despite the challenges faced by developing countries, global experiences with alternative reform models offer promising solutions, providing an opportunity for the Faculty of Medical Sciences at UNAH to overcome local limitations and fulfill the primary task of training professionals who are clinically, ethically, and adaptively competent, with a focus on patient-centered and primary care approaches.

Prospective Evaluation of Ease and Difficulties of 869 Cases of Intrauterine Devices Removals

ObjectivesThe objective was to describe the ease and difficulty of removing intrauterine devices (IUDs). MethodsWe conducted a prospective study at the University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP. We included women who requested IUD removal. We excluded women with partial IUD expulsion in which the IUD was protruded at the external os. We identified difficult IUD removal when the removal was challenging, including the inability to visualize IUD strings extending from the cervical os. ResultsA total of 869 women participated. Women were aged 29.4 ± 8.0 years (mean ± SD; range 14–51) and the duration of IUD use at the time of removal was 4.3 ± 4.2 years. We found that 702 (80.8%) women had visible strings at the external os and the removals were performed at the first attempt without difficulty in 692 (79.6%) participants. The pain was more intense (>4) in cases of difficult removals. After multivariate logistic analysis, difficult removals were associated with users of IUD ≥3 years (3 times higher risk); for each previous cesarean delivery, the risk increased by 1.5 times. ConclusionsOur study showed that IUD removal is an easy and safe procedure, with only a small proportion of women reporting significant pain with IUD removal.

Correlation between the Oral and Mental Health of University Students in Serbia-A Cross-Sectional Study.

This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the correlation between subjective oral health status and mental health in a group of university students in Serbia. The study included 948 students, aged between 18 and 27, from the Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, and was conducted in 2020. The World Health Organization's Oral Health Questionnaire for Adults was utilized to evaluate the respondents' self-perceived oral health and oral hygiene practices. The existence of depressive symptoms was evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Zung self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) was used for determining anxiety symptoms. It is observed that 28.9% of respondents exhibit symptoms of depression and 42.3% showed symptoms of anxiety. Results show that students with severe depression and anxiety symptoms very often reported lower self-perceived oral health and oral health problems. Although the nature of this relationship has not been thoroughly evaluated, several studies have shown a mutually dependent connection between oral health and mental health. The results suggest that some aspects of oral health are associated with higher risks of developing symptoms of depression or anxiety, and vice versa.

Uma experiência precursora do SUS com a participação de Paulo Freire

Abstract The text is based on a round table held at the Faculty of Education (FE) of the State University of Campinas (Unicamp) as one of the activities to commemorate Paulo Freire’s Centenary (2021). It aims to record part of his time at the university, from 1980 to 1991, based on the work conducted with FE and the Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM) through training and extension activities at the Paulínia-SP School Health Center. It also describes and analyses the agendas of the country’s re-democratization process, the clashes over public policies in the National Constituent Assembly, and the process of setting up an integrated and universal system of education and collective public health from a participatory perspective.

A precursor experience of the SUS with the participation of Paulo Freire.

The text is based on a round table held at the Faculty of Education (FE) of the State University of Campinas (Unicamp) as one of the activities to commemorate Paulo Freire's Centenary (2021). It aims to record part of his time at the university, from 1980 to 1991, based on the work conducted with FE and the Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM) through training and extension activities at the Paulínia-SP School Health Center. It also describes and analyses the agendas of the country's re-democratization process, the clashes over public policies in the National Constituent Assembly, and the process of setting up an integrated and universal system of education and collective public health from a participatory perspective.

Impact of side effect management, patient outcomes, and health-care costs in atorvastatin and rosuvastatin therapy: An observational study

Background: Statins are widely prescribed for the management of hyperlipidemia and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin are among the most commonly used statins, with varying impacts on lipid profiles, side effect profiles, patient adherence, and health-care costs. Understanding these differences within specific populations can inform more tailored and cost-effective treatment strategies. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the differences in side effect management, patient outcomes, and health-care costs between atorvastatin and rosuvastatin therapies in a cohort from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted with 100 patients at the Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research, evenly split between atorvastatin (n=50) and rosuvastatin (n=50) groups. Data on demographic characteristics, side effects, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol reduction, medication adherence, and health-care costs were collected and analyzed. Results: The cohort had an average age of 62 years, with a higher prevalence of males (57%). Socioeconomic analysis showed 30% from low-income, 50% from middle-income, and 20% from high-income backgrounds. Side effects were more common in the atorvastatin group (35%) compared to the rosuvastatin group (28%), with muscle pain and gastrointestinal issues being predominant. Rosuvastatin treatment resulted in higher adherence rates (90%) and more significant LDL cholesterol reduction but incurred higher annual health-care costs (INR 28,000) versus atorvastatin (INR 25,000) (P=0.04). Conclusion: Both statins effectively reduced LDL cholesterol; however, rosuvastatin demonstrated higher patient adherence but at an increased cost. These findings underscore the need for individualized statin therapy that considers both clinical outcomes and economic constraints, particularly in settings with limited health-care resources.

The relationship between health literacy and the adoption of COVID-19 preventive behaviors: A cross-sectional study in Iran.

Health literacy (HL) is one of the effective factors in controlling the COVID-19 epidemic. Considering the high prevalence of COVID-19 disease, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between HL and the adoption of COVID-19 preventive behaviors. This was a descriptive-cross sectional study conducted on 214 students selected by simple random sampling method in Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2022. The data included demographic and background characteristics, health literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA), and a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure COVID-19 preventive behaviors. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23, descriptive statistics, and ordinal logistic regression tests. The mean and standard deviation of the scores of adoption of COVID-19 preventive behaviors and HL among students were 18.18) 4.02(out of 25 and 72.14) and 12.75 (out of 100, respectively. The results of the logistic regression test showed that the HL (P = 0.003), gender (P<0.001), mother's education (P = 0.039), educational level (P = 0.031), smoking (P = 0.032), and physical activity (P = 0.007) were effective factors in adopting preventive behaviors. Adopting preventive behaviors against COVID-19 was lower among students with lower levels of health literacy, male students, students with less physical activity, students with illiterate mothers, undergraduate students, and finally smokers. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to these students in designing educational programs. It is suggested to carry out more extensive studies to clarify the effect of HL on the adoption of COVID-19 preventive behaviors.

(154) LACK OF SEXUAL HEALTH EDUCATION IN UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL PROGRAMS IN BRAZIL

Abstract Introduction Sexual health (SH) is essential for physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being, influencing an individual’s overall quality of life (QL) and functioning. Healthcare systems should be prepared to meet the growing demand for care related to sexual disorders and limitations, providing safe and welcoming environments that allow patients to feel comfortable addressing such issues. Sexual stigma, resulting from a lack of quality education, undermines health outcomes and can limit treatment, perpetuate biases, and contribute to inadequate health results. Despite evidence showing patients’ desire to discuss their sexual lives, many doctors fail to address them. In this context, the disconnection between medical practice and the importance of sexual health becomes evident, neglecting the QL of patients. Objective To investigate the teaching and practical approach to SH in the one undergraduate medical program at the Faculty of Medical Sciences, identifying the impact of sexual stigma and the failure to adhere to the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. Methods An ongoing descriptive and cross-sectional study involving medical students in the fifth and sixth-year of the graduation. Anonymously and after reading the informed consent form, participants responded to an online questionnaire composed of questions related to the theoretical and practical approach offered during the medical education regarding Sexual Medicine and whether it was sufficient to provide confidence in addressing their patients’ SH. Results So far, 90 students have responded to the questionnaire. When asked about their level of preparation and knowledge to discuss sexual problems with their patients, a lack of comprehensive and scientifically accurate information is demonstrated: 25% feel confident, 34% are unsure, and 41% report inadequacy with the lectures provided so far, which, on a scale of 1 to 10, received a maximum score between 6 and 7. Theoretical unpreparedness directly impacts practical approach during patient consultations. Most students recognize the importance of establishing a good doctor-patient relationship (57%) and openly ask about the subject of SH (51%). However, they face challenges such as lack of knowledge, limited time, taboos, and not deeming it important in certain contexts, reflecting sexual stigma, its impact on education, and consequently, patients’ health. Conclusions The didactic activities, topics covered, and aspects of sexuality discussed during classes result in a low percentage of students feeling confident to address and treat sexual dysfunctions. Despite taboos, the subject must be addressed, avoiding the violation of non-maleficence and failure in the principle of beneficence. Improving sexual health education can train doctors who promote better treatments, advocate for research, education, and policies on sexual health, supporting the principle of beneficence. Therefore, it is necessary to include efficient theoretical and practical approaches to Sexual Medicine in the curriculum and emphasize the importance of sexual health as part of the holistic well-being of patients. Disclosure No.

Comparing the Anti-candidal Effect of Egg White (Machine and Local) with Amphotericin B in Vitro

Introduction: The increase in the resistance of fungal species and the high side effects of antifungal drugs have led researchers to study and find new treatment methods against fungi. This study evaluated the anti-candidacy effects of local and artificial egg whites and compared them with amphotericin B. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted experimentally in May 2023 in the Microbiology Laboratory of Khalkhal Faculty of Medical Sciences. This research tested the antifungal effects of local and machine chicken egg whites and amphotericin B using the micro broth dilution and zone of inhibition method. In this experiment, Candida albicans species were placed in the vicinity of different concentrations of substances, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) of these substances on C. albicans were determined according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. This study has been registered with the ethical code IR. IR.KHALUMS.REC.1401.019 in the Ethics Committee of Khalkhal Faculty of Medical Sciences. Results: Based on the results of the tests, the MIC of local and machine chicken egg whites on C. albicans was 25%, and their MFC was 50%. However, in these concentrations, no growth was observed in the presence of amphotericin B. Moreover, the MIC and MFC values of 25 µl of amphotericin B with 75 µl of local and machine egg whites were 3.125% and 6.25%, respectively. The zone of inhibition for C. albicans in the vicinity of local and machine chicken egg white and amphotericin B was 12, 11, and 16 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Local and machine chicken egg whites have antifungal properties against C. albicans.

Neurolinguistic channels: an important tool in the teaching-learning process in the Clinical Propedeutics and Medical Semiology course

Introduction: the ways in which we perceive, store, and encode information in our minds are known as neurolinguistic channels: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. The learning style can be developed through teaching-learning strategies and one way to do this is to build on the student's neurolinguistic channel. Objective: to identify the neurolinguistic channel of students and teachers. Correlate the neurolinguistic channels of students and teachers. Correlate the neurolinguistic channels of students and teachers with the results of the test question. Method: an observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study was carried out with an intentional universe of 61 students of the 5th semester of the Medicine career in the subject Clinical Propaedeutics and Medical Semiology and 3 professors of the Faculty of Medical Sciences "Miguel Enríquez". Data analysis was performed descriptively, qualitative variables were expressed in numbers and percentage, and non-parametric chi-square statistics were performed. Results: it was observed that in cases where the student-teacher channels coincided, 51,3 % of the students obtained grades between 4 and 5 points; whereas when the channels didn't agree, 73,7 % of the students obtained a grade of 2. The comparison shows a trend towards statistical significance (Χ2=3,31; p=0,1915). Conclusions: the auditory canal predominated in the students. A tendency towards better academic results was evidenced when there is convergence between the neurolinguistic channels of the teacher and the student

Convergence of the right and left external jugular veins to the midline: a rare finding of anatomical variation

Venous blood from the head and neck are drained mainly by the internal and external jugular veins. The external jugular vein is located in the anterolateral region of the neck taking a complex pathway perpendicularly down the neck to join the subclavian vein, however, there can be anatomical variations that affect its course. To describe an anatomical variation in the left and right external jugular veins discovered during the dissection of a cadaver in Human Anatomy class. The present study is a case report describing an anatomical variation in the external jugular veins observed during a routine dissection for Human Anatomy class at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais on an adult male cadaver of unknown age, preserved in formaldehyde solution. the dissection showed that the right and left external jugular veins converged toward the midline, joining just above the level of the jugular notch. Knowledge of variations in the neck superficial venous system is crucial to avoid complications from medical procedures. The present variation was not found described in the literature.