Factual News Research Articles

Linguistic-Based Detection of Fake News in Social Media

The tremendous growth and impact of fake news as a hot research field gained the public’s attention and threatened their safety in recent years. However, there is a wide range of developed fashions to detect fake contents, either those human-based approaches or machine-based approaches; both have shown inadequacy and limitations, especially those fully automatic approaches. The purpose of this analytic study of media news language is to investigate and identify the linguistic features and their contribution in analyzing data to detect, filter, and differentiate between fake and authentic news texts. This study outlines promising uses of linguistic indicators and adds a rather unconventional outlook to prior literature. It utilizes qualitative and quantitative data analysis as an analytic method to identify systematic nuances between fake and factual news in terms of detecting and comparing 16 attributes under three main linguistic features categories (lexical, grammatical, and syntactic features) assigned manually to news texts. The obtained datasets consist of publicly available right documents on the Politi-fact website and the raw (test) data set collected randomly from news posts on Facebook pages. The results show that linguistic features, especially grammatical features, help determine untrustworthy texts and demonstrate that most of the test news tends to be unreliable articles.

COMPANY PRESS IN PROTECTION OF JOURNALISTS IN THE PANDEMIC TIME OF COVID-19

esion. The pandemic and new regulations are great lessons for journalists to be able to process and produce optimal news regardless of unusual technical challenges. The press company reflects that this global epidemic is to strengthen coordination and compromise that leads to the priority of the safety of its workers. Not only medical personnel but journalists are also elements who are at the forefront of reporting actual and factual news to the public in an unusual way amid the Covid-19 pandemic. These methods have ultimately reformulated what journalism would consider the new normal in the future. Yet in the world of journalism, media companies and their journalists are different elements. As a company, the press agency is never free from profit and loss. Meanwhile, journalists must always have idealistic values. In a pragmatic view, profit and loss and idealism seem to be two poles that are difficult to unite. The two often contradict themselves. Although ideally, press institutions and journalists are bound in journalistic codes. There are journalistic obligations on media companies and journalists personally. When in charge of coverage, journalists are representatives of the media. If all kinds of technical and nontechnical difficulties occur, the media company automatically plays a role in eliminating these difficulties. Likewise, if there is a media product that is reported by journalists, it is considered problematic. The journalist is not the one who responded, but the company must install the front body. But apart from that, journalists themselves as adults who consciously choose journalists as a profession must be responsible for their actions when carrying out this profession. During the COVID 19 period, the momentum was for media companies to emphasize their attention to their journalists. Media companies should not only have protocols when assigning journalists to coverage but also have protocols for saving journalists as human beings. This momentum can also be used by media companies to reaffirm that journalists are required to have clear work safety.

University Students' Ability in Evaluating Fake News on Social Media

Background of the study: Social media has become a traffic information exchange, both true and false information. Therefore, social media users should not simply believe the information they received. This paper investigates the process of evaluating news on social media carried out by students in assessing the news they find on social media, and their ability to distinguish factual and false news.Purpose: It is to find out more about the process of students evaluating news on social media by assessing the news they found on social media, and how can they know which is the factual news and which is the fake news.Method: This research uses qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. This research was conducted at Gadjah Mada University. The purposive sampling technique was chosen to be used in determining participants.Findings: Overall, participants were able to identify almost all news articles. Participants are able to identify almost all factual news articles correctly and most fake news articles correctly. Only a small portion of all news articles cannot be correctly identified by participants. Participants are better to identify factual news than fake news.Conclusion: Although participants already have experience in finding fake news on social media and have self-taught knowledge about how to distinguish fake news from reliable news, this is no guarantee that they can tell the news article they got fake news or factual news. The researcher wants to give advice to the academic library to provide training on the characteristics of reliable referral sources and to think critically in assessing information as part of student information literacy training.

Misinformation Regarding 5G and COVID-19 and the Psychological Mechanism Behind Them

In late 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic started to spread around the world (Fauci, Lane, & Redfield, 2020). Along with the virus, misinformation about the pandemic started to spread as well. Rumors regarding the usefulness of masks, conspiracy theories regarding the legitimacy and origin of the virus, and the astonishing amount of fake news about the virus posted online every day are extremely hard to distinguish from factual news reports (Mian & Khan, 2020; Brennan, Simon, Howard, & Nielson, 2020). One example of this alarming phenomenon is the conspiracy theory that links the pandemic to 5G, which is in the early stages of being commercialized (Shafi et al., 2017). This conspiracy theory claims that 5G and the radiation it causes disrupted the natural magnetic field of the earth, and started this pandemic (Geary, 2020). Though it might look like an absurd concept, the “5G causes Corona” conspiracy theory has gained an extremely large following, and the effect of that is clear on and off the internet, as multiple 5G antennas have been vandalized all over the world by mobs claiming they are the means of spreading the coronavirus (Reichert, 2020). The fabrication and spreading of misinformation regarding 5G and its link to the coronavirus are largely connected with the multiple psychological mechanisms and manipulation of sources.

Populism and the politics of misinformation

ABSTRACT The proliferation of fake news and of conspiracy theories has coincided with the emergence of the digital media. Although the extensive distribution of misinformation is nothing new, the emergence of online media proved to be especially fertile for conspiratorial populists in transmitting distorted information. Since 2016, conspiracy theories, disguised as news, have spread like a snowstorm across the political scene on both sides of the Atlantic. As I discuss in this paper, this climate has enabled conspiratorial populists to be especially successful in spreading suspicion of established knowledge, which they claim to have been produced by the elite and which is eschewed for its association with the powerful. Alongside the diminished gatekeeping capabilities of the mainstream media, it thus becomes ever more difficult for people to distinguish between factual stories and fictitious news often spread via unscrupulous websites, as both can be presented in the same guise.

Measuring social response to different journalistic techniques on Facebook

Recent studies have shown that online users tend to select information that adheres to their system of beliefs, ignore information that does not, and join groups that share a common narrative. This information environment can elicit tribalism instead of informed debate, especially when issues are controversial. Algorithmic solutions, fact-checking initiatives, and many other approaches have shown limitations in dealing with this phenomenon, and heated debate and polarization still play a pivotal role in online social dynamics (e.g. traditional vs. anti-establishment polarization). To understand the effect of different communication strategies able to smooth polarization, in this paper, together with Corriere della Sera, a major Italian news outlet, we measure the social response of users to different types of news framing. We analyse users’ reactions to 113 ad-hoc articles published on the newspaper’s Facebook page and the corresponding news articles on the topic of migration, published from March to December 2018. We examine different journalistic techniques and content types by analyzing their impact on user comments in terms of toxicity, criticism of the newspaper, and stance concerning migration. We find that visual pieces and factual news reports elicit the highest level of trust in the media source, while opinion pieces and editorials are more likely to be criticized. We also notice that data-driven pieces elicit an extremely low level of trust in the news source. Furthermore, coherently with the echo chambers behaviour, we find social conformity strongly affecting the commenting behaviour of users on Facebook.

The comparison of nationalism and civic education value between Indonesian and Malaysian elementary school textbook

This research aim is to know how the values of nationalism and civic education lesson are taught and to know in what ways the similarities and the differences in the form or pattern of presentation of the values of nationalism and civic education lesson in the elementary school textbooks in Indonesia and Malaysia. This research is a type of qualitative research using content analysis method. The sample in this study were two elementary school textbooks in the third and fourth grades of the official ministry of education in Indonesia and Malaysia. The research result reveals that the way to present the value of nationalism and the civics lesson is through a story, narrative text, song/ poetry/ letter, classroom activities, images/ symbol/ pictures, and factual news. The second result reveals that there were similarities and differences in the insertion of the values of nationalism and civic lessons in both textbooks from Indonesia and Malaysia.

Investigating narrative involvement, parasocial interactions, and impulse buying behaviours within a second screen social commerce context

Using mobile devices for additional information search before, during and after watching television (either factual news or fictional TV series) - is an increasingly significant information management phenomenon. This activity has been recognised by both TV media executives and academia as ‘second screen’ activity. This paper develops and tests a ‘parasocial interaction-impulse buying’ - model that captures the behaviours of consumers watching a Chinese TV drama series. These audience-consumers were also engaging extensively (most on a daily basis) during the broadcast period with series related influencer social media activities on a second screen. A structural equation model was developed to analyse the data. Findings indicate that TV series audience consumers who are also highly engaged with influencer- consumer ‘second screen’ content are likely to experience positive narrative involvement leading to engagement in parasocial interaction behaviours and ultimately impulse buying behaviour. These findings have implications for managers by providing insights into (1) the effects of influencer second screen content (2) the processes by which consumers’ involvement in a TV show’s narrative leads to impulse buying of products. Thus, influencer related second screen consumer engagement should be considered a significant opportunity for marketers, as such activity makes consumers become more involved in the characters and the narrative of a particular TV show, leading to increased impulse buying.

The Welfare Effects of Social Media

The rise of social media has provoked both optimism about potential societal benefits and concern about harms such as addiction, depression, and political polarization. In a randomized experiment, we find that deactivating Facebook for the four weeks before the 2018 US midterm election (i) reduced online activity, while increasing offline activities such as watching TV alone and socializing with family and friends; (ii) reduced both factual news knowledge and political polarization; (iii) increased subjective well-being; and post-experiment Facebook use. Deactivation reduced post-experiment valuations of Facebook, suggesting that traditional metrics may overstate consumer surplus. (JEL D12, D72, D90, I31, L82, L86, Z13)

An Innovative and Implementable Approach for Online Fake News Detection Through Machine Learning

One should recollect the USA 2015 and 2016 U.S. presidential election cycle dealt with numerous scandals which were triggered by the forged news articles that blowout through the social media like Twitter and Facebook. When it was found that these articles were purposefully uploaded for financial and political gain, it’s become evident that bogus news has to be identified and removed to prevent public from being deceived for someone’s personal gain. This study builds a supervised machine language model to detect the fake news articles published during 2015 and 2016 U.S. election cycle. The data set contains identical number of bogusand factual news. The standard set of machine learning algorithms like K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes and Passive Aggressive Classifier are trained using either the title or the content of the article. There results show that the PAC classifier produces the highest accuracy of 94.63% over the other three classifiers using diagram term frequency.

ANALISIS BERITA POLITIK PADA SURAT KABAR HARIAN (SKH) KEDAULATAN RAKYAT TENTANG PEMBERANTASAN KORUPSI DI ERA PEMERINTAHAN JOKOWI-JK

This study examines the Political News Analysis of the Sovereignty of the People's Sovereignty on Eradicating Corruption as the Independence of the Mass Media in Proclaiming the Performance of the Jokowi-JK Government which focuses on 1 year of its administration (20 October 2014 October 20 2015). This research is based on two things, namely: first, how is the analysis of the political news regarding Corruption Eradication in the local mass media (Kedaulatan Rakyat) in reporting on the performance of the Jokowi-JK government; second, how the independence of the local mass media in reporting on the performance of the Jokowi-JK government in the area of ??corruption eradication. Media independence is seen from the method of Qualitative Approach with Critical Paradigm namely Critical Discourse Analysis; using Teun A. van Dijk's Model Analysis of text production involving aspects of cognition and social context. The production of text in the political news regarding the Eradication of Corruption in Judging the Performance of the Jokowi-JK Government presented by the Kedaulatan Rakyat SKH is a strong text structure. The Kedaulatan Rakyat Daily Newspaper is able to provide detailed Semantic Structure and more coherent relationships between words / sentences. In addition, the Kedaulatan Rakyat Daily Newspaper minimizes graphics and metaphor as rhetorical elements so as to be able to present more real and factual news. starting from text, social cognition and social context. The news on SKH Kedaulatan Rakyat is able to present the factual news objectivity in accordance with the truth and relevance. Not only that, the objectivity of the news about justice is able to be fulfilled by the People's Sovereignty SKH by presenting balanced news and explaining it more neutral without the support of the mass media.
 Keywords: Political News, Independence, Mass Media, Eradication of Corruption

The Welfare Effects of Social Media

The rise of social media has provoked both optimism about potential societal benefits and concern about harms such as addiction, depression, and political polarization. We present a randomized evaluation of the welfare effects of Facebook, focusing on US users in the run-up to the 2018 midterm election. We measured the willingness-to-accept of 2,743 Facebook users to deactivate their Facebook accounts for four weeks, then randomly assigned a subset to actually do so in a way that we verified. Using a suite of outcomes from both surveys and direct measurement, we show that Facebook deactivation (i) reduced online activity, including other social media, while increasing offline activities such as watching TV alone and socializing with family and friends; (ii) reduced both factual news knowledge and political polarization; (iii) increased subjective well-being; and (iv) caused a large persistent reduction in Facebook use after the experiment. Deactivation reduced post-experiment valuations of Facebook, but valuations still imply that Facebook generates substantial consumer surplus.

Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

The spread of fake news on social media became a public concern in the United States after the 2016 presidential election. We examined exposure to and sharing of fake news by registered voters on Twitter and found that engagement with fake news sources was extremely concentrated. Only 1% of individuals accounted for 80% of fake news source exposures, and 0.1% accounted for nearly 80% of fake news sources shared. Individuals most likely to engage with fake news sources were conservative leaning, older, and highly engaged with political news. A cluster of fake news sources shared overlapping audiences on the extreme right, but for people across the political spectrum, most political news exposure still came from mainstream media outlets.

Finding facts about fake news

Political Science There was a proliferation of fake news during the 2016 election cycle. Grinberg et al. analyzed Twitter data by matching Twitter accounts to specific voters to determine who was exposed to fake news, who spread fake news, and how fake news interacted with factual news (see the Perspective by Ruths). Fake news accounted for nearly 6% of all news consumption, but it was heavily concentrated—only 1% of users were exposed to 80% of fake news, and 0.1% of users were responsible for sharing 80% of fake news. Interestingly, fake news was most concentrated among conservative voters. Science , this issue p. [374][1]; see also p. [348][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aau2706 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaw1315

Anti-American Movements in Indonesia as Presented in Indonesian Online Media News: Violence Against American Cultural Symbols in Response to the “War On Terror”

This article aims to explain the impact of George W. Bush’s War on Terror policy toward the direction of anti-American violence movements committed by Muslim groups in Indonesia. The data were collected from factual news presented in three online news sites: www.detik.com, tempointeraktif.com and kompas.com, during 2000-2009, reporting series of violence movement in Indonesia. It is a media studies research employing: (i) socio-cultural approach to see the social condition and cultural values of the muslim-dominated Indonesian society which has long been colored by American cultural influence, (ii) historical approach to trace the radical movement in Indonesia and to understand what War on terror is, and (iii) Kroes’ theory on Americanization and American cultural influence to understand the presence of American cultural symbols in Indonesia. The findings show that American foreign policy of Bush’s War on terror had changed the direction of violence in Indonesia from anti-Christianity movements to anti-American movements. There are three levels of violence conducted by different Muslim groups in Indonesia. Deadly violence attacks in the form of bomb explosions were done by a radical group of Jema’ah Islamiyah connected to AlQaeda network. Expelling foreigners were done by organized Muslim militas like Front Pembela Islam (Islam Defenders Front) and Laskar Jihad. Burning American flag and sealing American fastfood franchise in Indonesia, the lowest level of violence, were done by Muslim student organizations conducting demonstration. The movements are identified as responses to War on terror and the targets of the attacks are characterized as American cultural symbols. Keywords: Media studies, violence movement, American cultural symbol, anti-America, War on Terror.

Mediated conversation and political propaganda: A discourse analysis of news practices on Greek prime-time news

This article examines the discourse practices of Greek journalism on mainstream commercial prime-time news. The article draws on data from Greek prime-time news and political current affair programmes over a 15-year period (from the early 2000s to date). By focusing on discourse and conversation analysis of journalistic talk in the studio, it will be shown that shifting discursive practices already in place long before the onset of the financial crisis that has afflicted Greece since 2010 have endowed Greek journalism with the discursive entitlements (or ‘frame space’) to challenge and hold politicians to account, in principle, allowing for more democratic journalistic gatekeeping. In reality, however, these same practices have created the conditions for an epistemological upgrading of opinion to the status of factual news reporting, in fact proposing ‘conversation as news’. These conversational practices have facilitated the Greek media’s role in shaping public opinion while allowing for the ideological manipulation of audiences.

How do non-governmental organizations influence media coverage of conflict? The case of the Syrian conflict, 2011–2014

It is often argued that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have become increasingly visible in media discourses on armed conflict and thus play a growing role in shaping states? foreign policies. However, there is little investigation of their influence on specific conflict coverage and what types of NGOs are influential, in what way and under what conditions. The authors elaborate a ?supply and demand? model of growing or declining NGO influence to theorize these dynamics and take Syria?s civil war from 2011?2014 as a ?best case? for testing it. They conducted an interpretative analysis of NGO output and media coverage to investigate the relative visibility of NGOs in the media over time. Further, they examine how different NGOs were referred to during two highly salient phases of the conflict for debates about foreign policy: the first escalation of protests and their repression in 2011 and the use of chemical weapons in 2013. They find evidence of rising NGO visibility and growing reliance on new types of semi-local NGOs for the provision of factual news about the conflict and human rights violations. Yet, large international NGOs such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch remained the most influential in pushing normative frames and advocating a tough stance on the Assad regime. The article discusses the implications of the findings for the theoretical argument and for broader accounts of NGOs influence.

Supporting Reporting: On the Positive Effects of Text- and Video-Based Awareness Material on Responsible Journalistic Suicide News Writing

Suicide is a global public health problem. Media impact on suicide is well confirmed and there are several recommendations on how media should and should not report on suicide to minimize the risk of copycat behavior. Those media guidelines have been developed to improve responsible reporting on suicide (RRS). Although such guidelines are used in several countries, we lack empirical evidence on their causal effect on actual journalistic news writing. We conducted an experiment with journalism students (N = 78) in Germany in which we tested whether exposure to awareness material promoting RRS influences news writing. As a supplement to the widely used text-based material, we tested the impact of a video in which a suicide expert presents the guidelines. A video was used as a supplement to text partly due to its potential benefit for prevention efforts over the Internet. We chose a low-budget production process allowing easy reproduction in different countries by local suicide experts. In the experiment, participants were either exposed to written, audio-visual, or no awareness material. Afterwards, participants read numerous facts of an ostensible suicide event and were asked to write a factual suicide news story based on these facts. Analyses indicate that awareness material exposure helped to improve RRS with the awareness video showing the strongest effects. We recommend that suicide prevention should use instructive awareness videos about RRS complementary to text-based awareness material.

Os framings da violência sexual infanto-juvenil em webnotícias: estudo de caso no G1 e Folha.com

ResumoO artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma análise pelo viés de framings para verificar como ocorre a cobertura noticiosa da violência sexual infanto-juvenil no G1 e Folha.com, no período de 2009 a 2011. A pesquisa tem como hipótese inicial que as notícias factuais sobre o tema não apresentam uma contextualização necessária para a compreensão do fenômeno violência sexual infanto-juvenil enquanto acontecimento noticioso. As webnotícias são analisadas de forma quantitativa e qualitativa e segmentadas nos tipos de framing (de conflito, responsabilidade, interesse humano, consequências econômicas e moralidade) propostos por Semetko e Valkenburg (2000). Os resultados revelam que a temática é recorrente nos sites analisados através do viés factual; no entanto, o viés do acontecimento noticioso preventivo, conceitual e estatístico é ainda pouco explorado.

Atlanta, a Soccer City?

Sidney Naron has been hired to be the Director of Strategic Marketing for a new Major League Soccer (MLS) expansion team in Atlanta, GA. Based on the information provided in the case, she will need to develop a multifaceted marketing plan that will be best suited for the new team. The strengths and weaknesses, of the new team are highlighted in the case, but Naron also must become acquainted with the club’s potential fan base via an analysis of the external environment (i.e., opportunities and threats). She then must strategically implement a marketing plan. The case is fictional; however, it is based on factual news and press conference information regarding MLS expanding to Atlanta. Thus, instructors and students likely will find the case relevant and timely.